1. Monitoring in septic shock
and surviving sepsis
guidelines
Dr.Ramaning Loni
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2. SEPSIS
• Sepsis is a clinical syndrome that complicates severe infection and is
characterized by
- the systemic inflammatory response syndrome,
- immune dysregulation,
- microcirculatory derangements, and
- end-organ dysfunction
• In this syndrome, tissues remote from the original insult display the
cardinal signs of inflammation, including
- vasodilatation,
- increased microvascular permeability, and
- leukocyte accumulation.
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3. Definitions
●Severe sepsis – Sepsis is considered severe when it is associated with
cardiovascular dysfunction, acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS), or dysfunction in two or more other organ systems as
defined in the section on multiple organ failure .
●Septic shock – Septic shock refers to sepsis with cardiovascular
dysfunction (as described in the section on multiple organ failure
below) that persists despite the administration of ≥40 mL/kg of
isotonic fluid in one hour.
●Refractory septic shock – There are two types of refractory septic
shock: fluid-refractory septic shock exists when cardiovascular
dysfunction persists despite at least 60 mL/kg of fluid resuscitation;
and catecholamine-resistant septic shock exists when shock persists
despite therapy with dopamine ≥10 mcg/kg per min and/or direct-
acting catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine).
Watson RS, Carcillo JA, Linde-Zwirble WT, et al. The epidemiology of severe sepsis in
children in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:695
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4. Sepsis Terminology
SIRS: Two of four findings
• HR ↓↑ ( exclude drugs, pain )
• RR ↑
• Temp ( < 36.0 / > 38.5 )
• TLC ↑
Infection:
• Clinical or Lab (culture, serology, PCR, Latex, MP etc )
One of these two is must
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5. + = Sepsis
Sepsis + Organ
Dysfunction
= Severe Sepsis
Severe Sepsis +
cardiovascular
dysfunction or
Persistent shock
in fluid
resuscitated
= Septic shock
SIRS Infection
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6. Epidemiology
Disease Burden: Increasing (Improved neonatal survival)
“Big four” killers of children: pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, measles
Indian Figures: 12 – 30% ICU admissions
Age and sex : Infants at a higher risk , Males > Females
Mortality:
US 10%, Khilnani et al 12 %, CMC PICU
Other predisposing conditions:
Trauma, malignancy, CP, CHD, CLD, splenectomy , Nephrotic etc
Cost: Very high
• Sepsis in children is a major cause of death in industrialized countries with
state of the art ICU ,the overall mortality from severe sepsis is much lower
than that in adults, estimated at about 2 % to 10%.
• The hospital mortality rate for severe sepsis is 2 % in previously healthy child
as compared to 8 %in chronically ill child in USA.
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7. Target points in treatment of shock
 Normal heart rate and BP for age
 Normal pulses
 CRT < 2 sec
 Warm extremities
 Urine output > 1ml/kg/hour
 Decreased serum lactate
 Reduced base deficit
 Central venous O2 saturation > 70%
AHA/PALS 2012 GUIDELINES
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8. Definition of shock: PALS
Shock: “Inadequate tissue perfusion resulting
in insufficient delivery of
oxygen and metabolic substrates
to meet metabolic demands”
“ DEMAND > SUPPLY ”
Septic Shock:
“ Persistent shock + severe sepsis in a
fluid replete child”
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9. Evaluation of “Early Goal Directed Therapy”
before admission to ICU
(i.e. in Emergency department / Casualty)
(N. Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1368-77)
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10. 46.5%
30.5%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Standard Therapy
n=133
EGDT
n=130
P = 0.009*
*Key difference was in sudden CV collapse, not MODS
28-day Mortality
Rivers E. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1368-77.
Early Goal-Directed Therapy Results
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11. www.picuforum.com

12. Cardiovascular dysfunction
Despite administration of isotonic IV fluid bolus 40 mL/kg in 1 hr: Decrease in BP (hypotension) 5% percentile for age or
systolic BP 2 SD below normal for age
OR
•Need for vasoactive drug to maintain BP in normal range (dopamine 5 mcg/kg/min) or ( dobutamine, epineph, or
norepinep at any dose)
•OR Two of the following:
Unexplained metabolic acidosis: base deficit 5.0 mEq/L
Increased arterial lactate 2 times upper limit of normal
Oliguria: urine output 0.5 mL/kg/hr
Prolonged capillary refill: 5 sec
Core to peripheral temperature gap 3°C
•Respiratory system
• PaO2/FIO2 ratio 300 in the absence of cyanotic congenital heart disease or preexisting lung disease
OR
•PaCO2 65 torr or 20 mm Hg above baseline PaCO2
OR
•Proven need or 50% FIO2 to maintain saturation ≥92%
OR Need for nonelective invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation
•Central nervous system
GCS 11 OR
•Acute change in mental status with a decrease in GCS <3 points from abnormal baseline
•Hematologic system
• Platelet count 80,000/mm3 or a decline of 50% in platelet count from highest valued recorded over 3 days (for chronic
heme-onc patients) OR INR 2/ APTT> 60 S
Renal system
•Serum creatinine level greater than twice the upper limit for age or twofold increase in baseline creatinine
Hepatic system
•Total serum bilirubin >4 mg/dL (in the absence of hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn, or primary liver
disease) OR [ALT twice upper limit of normal for age]
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13. Age specific vital signs and lab limits
Age HR RR TLC SBP
0-1 > 180 < 100 50 > 34 < 65
1wk- 1 mo > 180 < 100 50 > 19.5 / <5.0 < 75
1 -12 mo > 180 < 90 34 > 17.5 / < 5.0 < 100
1 – 5 yrs > 140 NA 22 > 15.5 / < 6.0 < 94
6 – 12 yrs > 130 NA 18 > 13.5 / <4.5 < 105
13 – 18 yrs > 110 NA 14 > 11.0 / < 4.5 < 117
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14. SURVIVING SEPSIS BUNDLE CARE GUIDELINES
2012
TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 3 HOURS:
1) Measure lactate level
2) Obtain blood cultures prior to administration of antibiotics
3) Administer broad spectrum antibiotics
4) Administer 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate 4mmol/L
TO BE COMPLETED WITHIN 6 HOURS:
5) Apply vasopressors (for hypotension that does not respond to initial fluid
resuscitation) to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) 65 mm Hg
6) In the event of persistent arterial hypotension despite volume resuscitation
(septic shock) or initial lactate 4 mmol/L (36 mg/dL):
- Measure central venous pressure (CVP)*
- Measure central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2)*
7) Remeasure lactate if initial lactate was elevated*
*Targets for quantitative resuscitation included in the guidelines are CVP
of 8 mm Hg,
ScvO2 of 70%, and normalization of lactate.
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16. Stepwise Management of Pediatric
Septic Shock
Recognize decreased mental status and perfusion
Maintain airway & establish access according
to PALS guidelines
Push 20 cc/kg isotonic saline/colloid boluses upto
and over 60 cc/kg
Correct hypoglycemia and hypocalcaemia
Step I
0 min
5 min
15 min Fluid can be administered as much as 200 ml/kg/ hr
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17. Stepwise Management of Pediatric
Septic Shock
Establish central venous access, begin
dopamine therapy and establish
arterial monitoring
Titrate Epinephrine for cold shock,
Nor epinephrine for warm shock
Step II
Fluid Refractory Shock
Fluid Refractory Dopamine Resistant Shock
15 min
Fluid Responsive Shock
Observe in PICU
60 min
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18. Stepwise Management of Pediatric
Septic Shock
At risk of Adrenal Insufficiency
CNS abnormality – HPA axis
Chronic steroid use
Purpura fulminans
Step III
Catecholamine –Resistant Shock
No risk of Adrenal Insufficiency
Give Hydrocortisone No Hydrocortisone
60 min
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19. Stepwise Management of Pediatric
Septic ShockStep IV
Normal Blood Pressure
Cold Shock
SVC O2 sat < 70%
Low Blood Pressure
Warm Shock
Low Blood Pressure
Cold Shock
SVC O2 sat < 70%
Add Vasodilator or Type III PDE
inhibitor with volume
loading ( Milrinone )
Titrate volume and
Epinephrine
Titrate volume and
Norepinephrine
Persistent Catecholamine Resistant Shock
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20. Stepwise Management of Pediatric
Septic ShockStep V
Persistent Catecholamine resistant shock
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21. Stepwise Management of Pediatric
Septic Shock
Place Pulmonary artery catheter and direct fluid,
ionotrope, vasopressor, vasodilator and
hormonal therapies to attain normal MAP –
CVP and CI > 3.3 and < 6.0 L/min/m2
Refractory shock
Step V
Persistent Catecholamine resistant shock
Consider ECMO
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22. Refractory Shock: Causes
• Pericardial effusion
• Pneumothorax
• Hypoadrenalism
• Hypothyroidsm
• Ongoing blood loss
• Intra abdominal catastrophe
• Necrotic tissue
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23. The 10 steps: goal-directed management of pediatric shock in ED
Joseph A. Carcillo, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, JULY-2007.
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24. www.picuforum.com

25. Pathophysiology
Inadequate oxygen delivery
Anaerobic metabolism (limited cell function).
Organ dysfunction.
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26. Components - tissue oxygen delivery
1. Sufficient O2 content in the blood( Hb
concentration and % of Hb that is saturated with
oxygen)
2. Adequate blood flow to the tissues
(cardiac output and vascular resistance)
C.O = S.V x H.R
Stroke volume - volume of blood ejected by heartwww.picuforum.com

27. Components - tissue oxygen delivery
STROKE VOLUME
3. Appropriate distribution of blood flow to the
tissues(size of the blood vessel)
Volume of blood
in ventricle
before
contraction
Resistance
against which
the ventricle is
ejecting
AFTERLOAD
CONTRACTILITY
PRE-LOAD
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28. (1) Preload:
“ amount of stretch on
ventricular muscle before it
contracts ” …….
Frank starling relationship
(2) After-load :
“ Sum of the forces that oppose the
ventricular ejection ”
(systemic vascular resistance)
(3) Contractility
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29. Shock and Heart
Preload Contractility Afterload
Distributive
( septic )
↓
(Vasodilatation)
normal / ↓
( Myocardial
Depression )
↓ / ↑
↓ / ↑
PVR
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30. Shock and Heart
Preload Contractility Afterload
Distributive
( septic )
↓
(Vasodilatation)
normal / ↓
( Myocardial
Depression )
↓ / ↑
↓ / ↑
PVR
Hypovolemic
(Severe
dehydration)
↓ Normal Normal
Cardiogenic
(CCF)
↑ ↓ ↑
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31. Resources available at different levels of health care facilities in resource-
limited countries and feasibility of monitoring and interventions. P.khilnani et
al/septic shock guidelines, Indian J Crit Care Med 2010. Jan-Mar; 14(1): 41-
52.
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32. Determination of the Quality of Evidence
Underlying methodology
A (high) RCTs
B (moderate) Downgraded RCTs or upgraded observational studies
C (low) Well-done observational studies with control RCTs
D (very low) Downgraded controlled studies or expert opinion based on other evidence
Factors that may decrease the strength of evidence
1. Poor quality of planning and implementation of available RCTs, suggesting high likelihood of
bias
2. Inconsistency of results, including problems with subgroup analyses
3. Indirectness of evidence (differing population, intervention, control, outcomes, comparison)
4. Imprecision of results
5. High likelihood of reporting bias
Main factors that may increase the strength of evidence
1. Large magnitude of effect (direct evidence, relative risk > 2 with no plausible confounders)
2. Very large magnitude of effect with relative risk > 5 and no threats to validity (by two levels)
3. Dose-response gradient
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33. Initial Resuscitation and Infection Issues
A. Initial Resuscitation
1. We recommend the protocolized, quantitative resuscitation of patients
with sepsis- induced tissue hypoperfusion (defined in this document as
hypotension persisting after initial fluid challenge or blood lactate
concentration ≥ 4 mmol/L). This protocol should be initiated as soon as
hypoperfusion is recognized and should not be delayed pending ICU
admission. During the first 6 hrs of resuscitation, the goals of initial
resuscitation of sepsis-induced hypoperfusion should include all of the
following as a part of a treatment protocol (grade 1C):
a) CVP 8–12 mm Hg
b) MAP ≥ 65 mm Hg
c) Urine output ≥ 0.5 mL・kg・hr
d) Superior vena cava oxygenation saturation (Scvo2) or
mixed venous oxygen saturation (Svo2) 70% or 65%,respectively.
2. We suggest targeting resuscitation to normalize lactate in patients with
elevated lactate levels as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion (grade 2C).
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34. Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group of Zhejiang Province:
The effect of early goal-directed therapy on treatment of critical
patients with severe sepsis/septic shock: A multi-center, prospective,
randomized, controlled study [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong
Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2010; 6:331–334
• Early goal-directed therapy, was evaluated in a multicenter
trial of 314 patients with severe sepsis in eight Chinese
canters.
• Results ;This trial reported a 17.7% absolute reduction in 28-
day mortality (survival rates, 75.2% vs. 57.5%, p = 0.001).
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35. 6-Hour Bundle Remeasure Lactate If Initial Lactate Was
Elevated
• Hyperlactatemia is typically present in patients with severe sepsis or septic
shock and may be secondary to anaerobic metabolism due to
hypoperfusion.
• The prognostic value of raised blood lactate levels has been well
established in septic shock patients.
• Obtaining a lactate level is essential to identifying tissue hypoperfusion in
patients who are not yet hypotensive but who are at risk for septic shock.
• A number of studies have suggested that elevated lactate levels may
result from cellular metabolic failure in sepsis rather than from global
hypoperfusion. Elevated lactate levels can also result from decreased
clearance by the liver..
1.Weil MH, Afifi AA. Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of
the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock). Circulation. 1970;41:989-1001.
2. Vincent JL, Dufaye P, Berre J, et al. Serial lactate determinations during circulatory shock.
Critical Care Medicine. 1983;11:449-451.
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36. Serum Lactate level
• The global prevalence of severe sepsis patients initially
presenting with either hypotension with lactate ≥ 4 mmol//L,
hypotension alone, or lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L alone, is reported as
16.6%,49.5%, and 5.4%, respectively.
• The mortality rate is high in septic patients with both
hypotension and lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L(46.1%), and is also
increased in severely septic patients with hypotension alone
(36.7%) and lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L alone (30%) .
Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR, et al; Surviving Sepsis Campaign: The
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Results of an international guideline-based
performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010;
38:367–374
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37. The consensus panel judged use of CVP and Svo 2
targets to be recommended physiologic targets for
resuscitation.
• Either intermittent or continuous measurements of oxygen saturation
were judged to be acceptable.
• During the first 6 hrs of resuscitation, if Scvo2 less than 70% or
Svo2equivalent of less than 65% persists with what is judged to be
adequate intravascular volume repletion in the presence of persisting
tissue hypoperfusion,
• Then dobutamine infusion (to a maximum of 20 μg/kg/min) or transfusion
of packed red blood cells to achieve a hematocrit of greater than or equal
to 30% in attempts to achieve the Scvo2 or Svo2 goal are options.
• The strong recommendation for achieving a CVP of 8 mm Hg and an Scvo2
of 70% in the first 6 hrs of resuscitation of sepsis-induced tissue
hypoperfusion, although deemed desirable, are not yet the standard of
care as verified by practice data.
The publication of the initial results of the international SSC performance
improvement program demonstrated that adherence to CVP and Scvo2
targets for initial resuscitation was low.
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38. Mixed and central venous O2
saturations
SvO2[Mixed venous saturation]
• SvO2, (mixed venous oxygen saturation), is obtained from a pulmonary artery
catheter and reflects overall SvO2 of blood returning from the upper body, the lower
body, and the heart via the coronary sinus.
• Placement of a pulmonary artery catheter is associated with increased risks, severe
complications and increased health care costs
• This risk benefit ratio is still a matter of controversy
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39. SvO2 and ScvO2
• SvO2 is reflective of the balance between systemic oxygen delivery and
consumption and variables which affect these two factors will alter mixed
venous oxygen saturation
• Situations in which oxygen delivery is increased with fixed oxygen consumption
will increase SvO2
• The converse is also true; reduced oxygen delivery with fixed oxygen
consumption will result in reduced SvO2.
• Healthy individuals at rest have a SvO2 of 65–75%.
• Indeed, it has been shown that the SvO2 is well correlated with the ratio of O2
supply to demand
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40. Central venous O2 saturation
• If ScvO 2 is not available, lactate normalization may be a feasible option in
the patient with severe sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion.
• ScvO 2 and lactate normalization may also be used as a combined end
point when both are available
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41. Central venous saturation /ScvO2
• ScvO2 (central venous oxygen saturation) is the oxygen saturation of central
venous blood.
• This value is obtained by placing a fiberoptic central venous catheter into the
SVC (for continuous) or a simple catheter.
• It is routinely inserted in critically ill patients for monitoring of CVP and
administration of inotropes/vasopressors and TPN.
• ScvO2 reflects oxygen saturation of blood returning from the upper body and
indicates the balance between oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption in the
cranial portion of the body, including the brain.
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42. ScvO2
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43. ScvO2 and SvO2
• Variations in regional blood flow from the upper body, lower body, and heart
will affect the absolute values for ScvO2 and SvO2
• Whether the central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) reflects changes in SvO2
was investigated as early as in 1969 by Scheinman et al
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44. Difference between SvO2 and ScvO2
• Central venous blood sampling reflects the venous blood of the upper body but
neglects venous blood from the lower body (i.e. intra-abdominal organs).
• Venous oxygen saturation differs among several organ systems since they
extract different amounts of oxygen.
• ScvO2 is usually less than SvO2 by about 2–3% because overall the lower body
extracts less oxygen than the upper body, making inferior vena cava oxygen
saturation higher
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45. Venous Oxygen Saturation
• Pulmonary artery catheter  SvO2
• Mixed venous oxygen saturation
• Global oxygen balance
• Central venous catheter  ScvO2
• Central venous oxygen saturation
ScvO2
SvO2
SvO2 vs ScvO2
Normal: SvO2 > ScvO2  2~3%
(difference decrease as CVP tip in RA)
Shock: SvO2 < ScvO2  5~18%
(ScvO2 of 50% is considered critical)
Anesthesia / Cerebral trauma / Barbiturate coma: SvO2
< ScvO2 (highest difference In IiCP)
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46. Drop in SvO2 does not necessarily mean that tissue hypoxia is
occurring but represents increased metabolic stress.
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47. Emanuael P.Rivers et
al.Early and innovative
interventions for severe
sepsis and septic
shock;taking advantage of
a window
opportunity;CMAJI,octobe
r 2005;173[9].1054-1065.
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48. Mixed or central venous O2 saturation
Emanuael P.Rivers et al.Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis
and septic shock;taking advantage of a window opportunity;CMAJI,october
2005;173[9].1054-1065.
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49. www.picuforum.com

50. www.picuforum.com

51. Conclusions: This study supports the current ACCM/PALS
guidelines. Goal-directed therapy using the endpoint of a ScvO2 ≥
70% has a significant and additive impact on the outcome of children
and adolescents with septic shock.
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52. • Rivers et al. demonstrated in a recent prospective randomized study in
patients with severe sepsis and septic shock that, in addition to maintaining
CVP above 8–12 mmHg, MAP above 65 mmHg, and urine output above 0.5
ml/kg per h, the maintenance of a ScvO2 above 70% resulted in an absolute
reduction of mortality by 15%.
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53. Recommandations,SSC guidelines 2012
A. Initial resuscitation :
1. For respiratory distress and hypoxemia, Start O2 with face mask or if
needed and available, high flow nasal cannula o2 therapy or NP CPAP.
For improved circulation, peripheral iv access can be used for fluid
resuscitation and inotropes infusion if central line is not available .
if mechanical ventilation is required then cardiovascular instability during
intubation is likely after appropriate cardiovascular resuscitation [Grade
2C].
2. Initial therapeutic end points of septic shock; capillary refill of ≤2 secs,
normal blood pressure for age, normal pulses with no differential
between peripheral and central pulses, warm extremities, urine output
>1 mL·kg-1·hr-1, and normal mental status. Scvo2 saturation ≥70% and
cardiac index between 3.3 and 6.0 L/min/m2 should be targeted
thereafter (grade 2C).
3. Follow American College of Critical Care Medicine-Pediatric Life Support (
ACCM-PALS guidelines for the management of septic shock (grade 1C).
4. Evaluate for and severe pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, or
endocrine emergencies in patients with refractory shock (grade 1C).
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54. ABCs: airway and breathing
• Airway, breathing and circulation remain the fundamental principles
of resuscitation also in patients with septic shock.
• Priority is given to the airway, which is immediately assessed and
secured, if necessary. High flow oxygen via face mask, nasal cannula
or Nasopharyngeal CPAP should be given, even in the absence of
respiratory distress or hypoxemia.
• Aggressive airway management and ventilation should be
considered in any patient not responding to fluid resuscitation and
peripherally administered inotropes.
• Indeed, early intubation and mechanical ventilation may support
cardiac output (CO) by reducing the work of breathing, reduce
oxygen consumption by sedation, facilitate procedures for
establishing invasive hemodynamic monitoring, provide airway
protection.
Brierley J, Carcillo JA, Choong K, et al. Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic
support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock: 2007 update from the
American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 2009;37:666-88.
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55. Airway CirculationBreathing
Patent / protected
Tachypnea /
dyspnoea / acidotic
CRT, warm / cool extremities
BP, HR, pulses, Organ
dysfunction (mentation, UO)
Keep assessing
‘Airway’
High flow oxygen
Keep assessing
‘Work Of Breathing’ Keep assessing
‘circulation’
Ventilate for airway
protection and impending
respiratory failure
Target 1. Preload,
2. Contractility
3. Afterload
Start NS 20 cc / kg x 3 times administration immediately
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56. Preload correction
NS 20 cc/kg over 5-10 min up to or more 3 boluses if pulses
do not improve : check liver, crepitations for overload
• Monitor central venous pressure
• Place for CVP : SVC/IVC (cava atrial junction)
• Access: Femoral
Rt IJV
Subclavian
• CXR confirmation is must
• Confirm oscillation with respiration
• Target is 10 mm Hg ( Other signs such as ↑ liver size)
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57. PICC Line
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58. Preload correction continues
No response
(pulse volume not good, no urine output, CRT ↑)
Colloid
Options: Hetastarch Limited published data
Voluven Starch with fewer coagulation problems
Haemaccel Acceptable and cheaper has side effects
Albumin high cost, no added advantage
Plasma Not recommended for volume expansion
PCV ↑ O2 carrying capacity
Hetastarch / Voluven : 10 -20 ml / kg (longer half life) X twice
PCV: 10-15 cc / Kg
Volume upto 200ml/kg in first hr may be needed
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59. B. Screening for Sepsis and Performance Improvement
1. Routine screening of potentially infected seriously ill patients for severe sepsis
to allow earlier implementation of therapy (grade 1C).
2. Hospital–based performance improvement efforts in severe sepsis (UG).
C. Diagnosis
1. Cultures as clinically appropriate before antimicrobial therapy if no significant
delay (> 45 mins) in the start of antimicrobial(s) (grade1C). At least 2 sets of
blood cultures (both aerobic and anaerobic bottles) be obtained before
antimicrobial therapy with at least 1 drawn percutaneously and 1 drawn
through each vascular access device, unless the device was recently (<48 hrs)
inserted (grade 1C).
2. Use of the 1,3 beta-D-glucan assay (grade 2B), mannan and anti-mannan
antibody assays (2C), if available and invasive candidiasis is in differential
diagnosis of cause of infection.
3. Imaging studies performed promptly to confirm a potential source of infection
(UG).
Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines
2012
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60. Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines 2012
D. Antimicrobial Therapy
1. Administration of effective intravenous antimicrobials within the first hour of
recognition of septic shock (grade 1B) and severe sepsis without septic shock (grade 1C)
as the goal of therapy.
2a. Initial empiric anti-infective therapy of one or more drugs that have activity against all
likely pathogens (bacterial and/or fungal or viral) and that penetrate in adequate
concentrations into tissues presumed to be the source of sepsis (grade 1B).
2b. Antimicrobial regimen should be reassessed daily for potential deescalation (grade 1B).
3. Use of low procalcitonin levels or similar biomarkers to assist the clinician in the
discontinuation of empiric antibiotics in patients who initially appeared septic, but have
no subsequent evidence of infection (grade 2C).
4a. Combination empirical therapy for neutropenic patients with severe sepsis (grade 2B)
and for patients with difficult-to-treat, multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens such as
Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp. (grade 2B). For patients with severe infections
associated with respiratory failure and septic shock, combination therapy with an
extended spectrum beta-lactam and either an aminoglycoside or a fluoroquinolone is
for P. aeruginosa bacteremia (grade 2B). A combination of beta-lactam and macrolide
for patients with septic shock from bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae infections
(grade 2B).
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61. The following are the investigations
done in septic shock
1. Rapid blood glucose
2. Arterial or venous blood gas
3. Complete blood count with
differential
4. Blood lactate
5. Serum electrolytes
6. Blood urea nitrogen and
serum creatinine
7. Ionized blood calcium
8. Serum total bilirubin and
alanine aminotransferase
1. Prothrombin and partial
thromboplastin times (PT and
PTT) International normalized
ratio (INR)
2. Fibrinogen and D-dimer
3. Blood culture
4. Urinalysis
5. Urine culture
6. Other cultures as indicated by
clinical findings
7. Diagnostic serologic testing as
indicated to identify suspected
sources of infection
8. Inflammatory biomarkers (eg, C-
reactive protein, procalciton) in
selected caseswww.picuforum.com

62. continued
4b. Empiric combination therapy should not be administered for more than 3–5 days.
De-escalation to the most appropriate single therapy should be performed as soon
as the susceptibility profile is known (grade 2B).
5. Duration of therapy typically 7–10 days; longer courses may be appropriate in
patients who have a slow clinical response,undrainable foci of infection,
bacteremia with S. aureus; some fungal and viral infections or immunologic
deficiencies, including neutropenia (grade 2C).
6. Antiviral therapy initiated as early as possible in patients with severe sepsis or
septic shock of viral origin (grade 2C).
7. Antimicrobial agents should not be used in patients with severe inflammatory
states determined to be of noninfectious cause (UG).
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63. E. Source Control
1. A specific anatomical diagnosis of infection requiring consideration for
emergent source control be sought and diagnosed or excluded as rapidly
as possible, and intervention be undertaken for source control within the
first 12 hr after the diagnosis is made, if feasible (grade 1C).
2. When infected peripancreatic necrosis is identified as a potential source of
infection, definitive intervention is best delayed until adequate
demarcation of viable and nonviable tissues has occurred (grade 2B).
3. When source control in a severely septic patient is required, the effective
intervention associated with the least physiologic insult should be used
(eg, percutaneous rather than surgical drainage of an abscess) (UG).
4. If intravascular access devices are a possible source of severe sepsis or
septic shock, they should be removed promptly after other vascular access
has been established (UG).
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64. F. Infection Prevention
1a. Selective oral decontamination and selective digestive decontamination
should be introduced and investigated as a method to reduce the
incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia; This infection control
measure can then be instituted in health care settings and regions where
this methodology is found to be effective (grade 2B).
1b. Oral chlorhexidine gluconate be used as a form of oropharyngeal
decontamination to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in
ICU patients with severe sepsis (grade 2B).
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65. Pediatric septic shock
SSC 2012 guidelines
Antibiotics and Source Control
1. Empiric antibiotics be administered within 1 hr of the identification
of severe sepsis. Blood cultures should be obtained before
administering antibiotics when possible but this should not delay
administration of antibiotics. The empiric drug choice should be
changed as epidemic and endemic ecologies dictate (eg H1N1,
MRSA, chloroquine resistant malaria, penicillin-resistant
pneumococci, recent ICU stay, neutropenia ) (grade 1D).
2. Clindamycin and anti-toxin therapies for toxic shock syndromes with
refractory hypotension (grade 2D).
3. Early and aggressive source control (grade 1D).
4. Clostridium difficile colitis should be treated with enteral antibiotics
if tolerated. Oral vancomycin is preferred for severe disease (grade
1A).
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66. How to choose an antibiotic in septic shock
Age, community / hospital acquired,
underlying condition, site of infection, pattern of
resistance in the area/ hospital, indwelling devices,
exposure to drugs including antibiotics, safety, cost
Likely organisms
Decide antibiotic
FIRST SHOT should be rapid response and also
the BEST SHOT
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67. G. Fluid Therapy of Severe Sepsis
1. Crystalloids as the initial fluid of choice in the resuscitation of severe
sepsis and septic shock (grade 1B).
2. Against the use of hydroxyethyl starches for fluid resuscitation of severe
sepsis and septic shock (grade 1B).
3. Albumin in the fluid resuscitation of severe sepsis and septic shock when
patients require substantial amounts of crystalloids (grade 2C).
4. Initial fluid challenge in patients with sepsis-induced tissue
hypoperfusion with suspicion of hypovolemia to achieve a minimum of
30 mL/kg of crystalloids (a portion of this may be albumin equivalent).
More rapid administration and greater amounts of fluid may be needed
in some patients (grade 1C).
5. Fluid challenge technique be applied wherein fluid administration is
continued as long as there is hemodynamic improvement either based
on dynamic (eg, change in pulse pressure, stroke volume variation) or
static (eg, arterial pressure, heart rate) variables (UG).
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68. Dynamic indices of preload assessment
• Dynamic tests to assess patients’ responsiveness to fluid replacement have become
very popular in recent years in the ICU [marik PE et al 2009]
• These tests are based on monitoring changes in stroke volume during mechanical
ventilation or after passive leg raising in spontaneously breathing patients.
• A systematic review (29 trials, n = 685 critically ill patients) looked at the
association between stroke volume variation, pulse pressure variation, and/ or
stroke volume variation and the change in stroke volume/ cardiac index after a fluid
or positive end-expiratory pressure challenge[marik et al 2009].
• The diagnostic OR of fluid responsiveness was 59.86 (14 trials, 95% CI,
23.88−150.05) and 27.34 (five trials, 95% CI, 3.46−55.53) for the pulse pressure
variation and the stroke volume variation, respectively.
• Utility of pulse pressure variation and stroke volume variation is limited in the
presence of atrial fibrillation, spontaneous breathing, and low pressure support
breathing. These techniques generally require sedation.
Marik PE, Monnet X, Teboul JL: Hemodynamic parameters to guide fluid therapy. Ann Intensive Care 2011;
1:1
Marik PE, Cavallazzi R, Vasu T, et al: Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid
responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: A systematic review of the literature. Crit CareMed 2009;
37:2642–2647 www.picuforum.com

69. Dynamic Marker of fluid
responsiveness
• Passive Leg raising by
450 – act as one fluid
bolus
– Fluid responsive –
Increases the pulse
pressure by 12 % ,
increases the Aortic
blood flow by 10%
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70. Volume responsiveness
Positive response No response
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71. Pediatric septic shock; initial resuscitation
of fluids
• In the industrialized world with access to inotropes and
mechanical ventilation, initial resuscitation of hypovolemic
shock begins with infusion of isotonic crystalloids or albumin
with boluses of up to 20 mL/kg crystalloids (or albumin
equivalent ) over 5–10 minutes, titrated to reversing
hypotension, increasing urine output, and attaining normal
capillary refill, peripheral pulses, and level of consciousness
without inducing hepatomegaly or rales. If hepatomegaly or
rales exist then inotropic support should be implemented, not
fluid resuscitation.
• In non-hypotensive children with severe hemolytic anemia
(severe malaria or sickle cell crises) blood transfusion is
considered superior to crystalloid or albumin bolusing (grade
2C).
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72. Crystalloids vs. Colloids
The absence of any clear benefit following the
administration of colloid solutions compared to
crystalloid solutions, together with the expense
associated with colloid solutions, supports a high-
grade recommendation for the use of crystalloid
solutions in the initial resuscitation of patients with
severe sepsis and septic shock.
Dellinger et al,SSC guidelines for severe sepsis and septic
shock in children,2012 .
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73. CHRYSTMAS study
• The CRYSTMAS study demonstrated no difference in mortality with
HES vs. 0.9% normal saline (31% vs. 25.3%, p = 0.37) in the
resuscitation of septic shock patients; however the study was
underpowered to detect the 6% difference in absolute mortality
observed.
• Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T, et al: Assessment of hemodynamic
efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl
fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: The CRYSTMAS
study. Crit Care 2012; 16:R94
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74. The CHEST study,
• The CHEST study, conducted in a heterogeneous population of
patients admitted to intensive care (HES vs. isotonic saline, n =
7000 critically ill patients), showed no difference in 90-day
mortality between resuscitation with 6% HES with a molecular
weight of 130 kD/0.40 and isotonic saline (18% vs. 17%, p =
0.26); the need for renal replacement therapy was higher in
the HES group (7.0% vs. 5.8%; relative risk [RR], 1.21;95%
confidence interval [CI], 1.00−1.45; p = 0.04).
• Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, et al; CHEST Investigators; Australian and
New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group: Hydroxyethyl
starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care.N Engl J Med 2012;
367:1901–1911
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75. • The SAFE study indicated that albumin administration
was safe and equally as effective as 0.9% saline.
• A meta-analysis aggregated data from 17 randomized trials (n
= 1977) of albumin vs. other fluid solutions in patients with
severe sepsis/septic shock ; 279 deaths occurred among 961
albumin-treated patients vs. 343 deaths among .016 patients
treated with other fluids, thus favoring albumin (odds ratio
[OR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67−1.00;= 0%). When albumin-treated
patients were compared
Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al; SAFE Study Investigators: A comparison of albumin
and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2247
2256.
Delaney AP, Dan A, McCaffrey J, et al: The role of albumin as a resuscitation fluid for
patients with sepsis: A systematic review and metaanalysis.Crit Care Med 2011; 39:386–
391
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76. • A meta-analysis of 56 randomized trials found no overall
difference in mortality between crystalloids and artificial
colloids (modified gelatins, HES, dextran) when used for initial
fluid resuscitation.
Perel P, Roberts I: Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation
in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 3.
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77. H. Vasopressors
1. Vasopressor therapy initially to target a mean arterial pressure
(MAP) of 65 mm Hg (grade 1C).
2. Nor epinephrine as the first choice vasopressor (grade 1B).
3. Epinephrine (added to and potentially substituted for nor
epinephrine) when an additional agent is needed to maintain
adequate blood pressure (grade 2B).
4. Vasopressin 0.03 units/minute can be added to nor epinephrine
(NE) with intent of either raising MAP or decreasing NE dosage (UG).
5. Low dose vasopressin is not recommended as the single initial
vasopressor for treatment of sepsis-induced hypotension and
vasopressin doses higher than 0.03-0.04 units/minute should be
reserved for salvage therapy (failure to achieve adequate MAP with
other vasopressor agents) (UG).
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78. Vasopressors continued
6. Dopamine as an alternative vasopressor agent to norepinephrine only in highly
selected patients (eg, patients with low risk of tachyarrhythmias and absolute or
relative bradycardia) (grade 2C).
7. Phenylephrine is not recommended in the treatment of septic shock except in
circumstances where (a) norepinephrine isassociated with serious arrhythmias,
(b) cardiac output is known to be high and blood pressure persistently low or (c)
as salvage therapy when combined inotrope/vasopressor drugs and low dose
vasopressin have failed to achieve MAP target (grade 1C).
8. Low-dose dopamine should not be used for renal protection (grade 1A).
9. All patients requiring vasopressors have an arterial catheter placed as soon as
practical if resources are available (UG).
I. Inotropic Therapy
1. A trial of dobutamine infusion up to 20 micrograms/kg/min be administered or
added to vasopressor (if in use) in the presence of (a) myocardial dysfunction as
suggested by elevated cardiac filling pressures and low cardiac output, or (b)
ongoing signs of hypoperfusion, despite achieving adequate intravascular
volume and adequate MAP (grade 1C).
2. Not using a strategy to increase cardiac index to predetermined supranormal
levels (grade 1B).
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79. Pediatric part
D. Inotropes/Vasopressors/Vasodilators
1. Begin peripheral inotropic support until central venous
access can be attained in children who are not responsive to
fluid resuscitation (grade 2C).
2. Patients with low cardiac output and elevated systemic
vascular resistance states with normal blood pressure be
given vasodilator therapies in addition to inotropes (grade
2C).
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80. Hemodynamics of Septic Shock
Warm Shock:
• Warm limbs Low BP
(Low SVR)
Cold Shock:
• Cold limbs Low BP
Normal BP
(High SVR)
MAP proportional to SVR , so normal BP is unreliable
Pressors
+ Inotropes
Dilators
Inotropes
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81. Dose Action Indication
Dopamine 5-10
>10
Inotropic + pressor
Pressor
Initial choice
Dobutamine 5-20 Inotropic &
Mild vasodilator
Adjuvant
Low BP, Cold shock
Adrenaline 0.05 - 0.1
0.1 - 1
Inotropic + dilator
Inotropic + pressor
Cold Shock first line
Noradrenaline 0.05-0.1
(Max 1-2)
Pressor Warm shock 2nd line
Milrinone 0.3 Drug Low BP
Cold shock
Vasopressin 0.0005
u/kg/hr
Pressor Warm shock 3rd line
Pharmacological actions of vasoactive drugs
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82. www.picuforum.com

83. E. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
Consider ECMO for refractory pediatric septic shock and respiratory failure (grade
2C).
F. Corticosteroids
Timely hydrocortisone therapy in children with fluid refractory, catecholamine
resistant shock and suspected or proven absolute(classic) adrenal insufficiency
(grade 1A).
G. Protein C and Activated Protein Concentrate
No recommendation as no longer available.
H. Blood Products and Plasma Therapies
1. Similar hemoglobin targets in children as in adults. During resuscitation of low
superior vena cava oxygen saturation shock (< 70%), hemoglobin levels of 10 g/dL
are targeted. After stabilization and recovery from shock and hypoxemia then a
lower target > 7.0 g/dL can be considered reasonable (grade 1B).
2. Similar platelet transfusion targets in children as in adults (grade 2C).
3. Use plasma therapies in children to correct sepsis-induced thrombotic purpura
disorders, including progressive disseminated ntravascular coagulation, secondary
thrombotic microangiopathy, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (grade
2C).
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84. Role of steroids in pediatric septic shock
Hydrocortisone: reserved for Fluid refractory catecholamine
resistance and suspected or proven adrenal insufficiency
At risk children
• Severe septic shock and purpura
• Previous exposure to steroids
• Pituitary and adrenal abnormality
Absolute adrenal insufficiency
• Cortisol < 18 microgm /dl
Relative adrenal insufficiency
• Post ACTH rise cortisol < 9 microgm / dl
Stress dose
• 50mg /m2/24 hrs
Surviving sepsis campaign 2012 CCM
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85. Pediatric special considerations
I. Mechanical Ventilation.
Lung-protective strategies during mechanical ventilation (grade 2C
J. Sedation/Analgesia/Drug Toxicities
1. We recommend use of sedation with a sedation goal in critically ill
mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis (grade 1D).
2. Monitor drug toxicity labs because drug metabolism is reduced during
severe sepsis, putting children at greater risk of adverse drug-related
events (grade 1C).
K. Glycemic Control
Control hyperglycemia using a similar target as in adults ≤ 180 mg/dL.
Glucose infusion should accompany insulin therapy in newborns and
children because some hyperglycemic children make no insulin whereas
others are insulin resistant (grade 2C).
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86. Pediatric considerations of SSC
guidelines 2012
L. Diuretics and Renal Replacement Therapy
Use diuretics to reverse fluid overload when shock has resolved,
and if unsuccessful then continuous venovenous hemofiltration
(CVVH) or intermittent dialysis to prevent > 10% total body weight
fluid overload (grade 2C).
M. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Prophylaxis
No recommendation on the use of DVT prophylaxis in prepubertal
children with severe sepsis.
N. Stress Ulcer(SU) Prophylaxis
No recommendation on the use of SU prophylaxis in prepubertal
children with severe sepsis.
O. Nutrition
Enteral nutrition given to children who can be fed enterally, and
parenteral feeding in those who cannot (grade 2C
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87. Unresolved Issues
• Time to achieve various therapeutic endpoints may be variable.
There are no evidence-based guidelines for defining expected time
frame of response for each of the monitoring parameters.
• Arterial blood gases (ABGs) and lactate estimations are available in
a few centers; in others this cannot be used. Use of mixed venous
oxygen saturations (ScVO2) is still beyond reach of most centers.
• Ability to place central lines particularly subclavian or internal
jugular vein is still limited.
• In children with shock, the noninvasive BP measurements may be
unreliable and invasive intra-arterial BP is ideal; it may not be
feasible in majority of resource-limited centers.
• Echocardiography for determining the cardiac filling is also not
practical in many centers.
• Precise therapeutic end-points for severely malnourished children
are unknown.
P.Khilnani et al;Guidelines for treament of septic shock in resource limited
environments.Indian J Crit Care Med. 2010 Jan-Mar; 14(1): 41–52. www.picuforum.com

88. Martin.w,Dusner
,et
al,Recommandati
ons for sepsis
management in
resource limited
setting;intensive
care
medicine,2012;38:
557-559.
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89. References
• Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines 2012
• P.Khilnani et al;Guidelines for treament of septic shock in
resource limited environments.Indian J Crit Care Med. 2010
Jan-Mar; 14(1): 41–52.
• Roger’s Textbook of pediatric intensive care, 5th edition,2008.
• Paolo Biban et al, Early recognition and management of septic
shock in children, Paediatric Reports 2012; volume 4:e13
• Martin.w,Dusner ,et al,Recommandations for sepsis management in
resource limited setting;intensive care medicine,2012;38:557-559.
• Emanuael P.Rivers et al.Early and innovative interventions for
severe sepsis and septic shock;taking advantage of a window
opportunity;CMAJI,october 2005;173[9].1054-1065.
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90. Thank You
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