5. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Assumptions without scientific proof
Theory
• Defect in the structure/function of
speech mechanism
• Constitutional problem caused by
cerebral dominance of the wrong
hemisphere
• Symptom of psychopathology
• Lack of harmony between thought
and speech
Wendell
Johnson
1935
6. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Assumptions without scientific proof
• Breathing exercises
Theory • Vocal and articulatory gymnastics
• Psychoanalytic therapy
• Defect in the structure/function of • Solving environmental disturbances
speech mechanism • Think about what you say before you
• Constitutional problem caused by
say it
cerebral dominance of the wrong • Changing handedness
hemisphere
• Symptom of psychopathology
• Lack of harmony between thought
and speech
Wendell
Johnson
1935
8. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Conditions that affect degree of stuttering
‣ Relationship between stuttering and……
‣ Personality characteristics of the person
who stutters
Theory
• Neurotic personality
• Learned behavior
• Outward symptom of inner conflict
Charles Van Riper
1935 1945
9. RESEARCH TREATMENT
• Mental hygiene
‣ Conditions that affect degree of stuttering • Eliminate fear
‣ Relationship between stuttering and…… • Building self confidence
‣ Personality characteristics of the person • Mental and physical relaxation
who stutters • Desensitization
Theory
• Neurotic personality
• Learned behavior
• Outward symptom of inner conflict
Charles Van Riper
1935 1945
10. RESEARCH TREATMENT
• Mental hygiene
‣ Conditions that affect degree of stuttering • Eliminate fear
‣ Relationship between stuttering and…… • Building self confidence
‣ Personality characteristics of the person • Mental and physical relaxation
who stutters • Desensitization
• Voluntary stuttering
Theory • More relaxed stuttering
• Neurotic personality • Cancellations
• Learned behavior • Pullouts
• Outward symptom of inner conflict • Preparatory sets
• Rhythmic coordination of speech
Charles Van Riper
1935 1945
11. RESEARCH TREATMENT
• Mental hygiene
‣ Conditions that affect degree of stuttering • Eliminate fear
‣ Relationship between stuttering and…… • Building self confidence
‣ Personality characteristics of the person • Mental and physical relaxation
who stutters • Desensitization
• Voluntary stuttering
Theory • More relaxed stuttering
• Neurotic personality • Cancellations
• Learned behavior • Pullouts
• Outward symptom of inner conflict • Preparatory sets
• Rhythmic coordination of speech
• Family therapy
Charles Van Riper
1935 1945
13. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ How people learn to stutter
‣ Attempts to prove current theories
‣ Personality dynamics of related to
stuttering
‣ Nature of stuttering
Theory
• Stuttering is interruptions in the
forward flow of speech
• Stuttering is determined by inner
conflict, attitudes, self-perceptions and
mode of self-protection
• Communicative disorder characterized
by fear
Joseph Sheehan
1935 1945 1965
14. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ How people learn to stutter Psychological approaches
‣ Attempts to prove current theories • Role Therapy
‣ Personality dynamics of related to • Release anxiety
stuttering • Psychodynamic therapy
‣ Nature of stuttering
Theory
• Stuttering is interruptions in the
forward flow of speech
• Stuttering is determined by inner
conflict, attitudes, self-perceptions and
mode of self-protection
• Communicative disorder characterized
by fear
Joseph Sheehan
1935 1945 1965
15. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ How people learn to stutter Psychological approaches
‣ Attempts to prove current theories • Role Therapy
‣ Personality dynamics of related to • Release anxiety
stuttering • Psychodynamic therapy
‣ Nature of stuttering
Theory Stuttering modification
• Stuttering is interruptions in the • Voluntary stuttering
forward flow of speech • More relaxed stuttering
• Stuttering is determined by inner • Cancellations, pullouts, preparatory
conflict, attitudes, self-perceptions and sets
mode of self-protection • Rhythmic coordination of speech
• Communicative disorder characterized
by fear
Joseph Sheehan
1935 1945 1965
16. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ How people learn to stutter Psychological approaches
‣ Attempts to prove current theories • Role Therapy
‣ Personality dynamics of related to • Release anxiety
stuttering • Psychodynamic therapy
‣ Nature of stuttering
Theory Stuttering modification
• Stuttering is interruptions in the • Voluntary stuttering
forward flow of speech • More relaxed stuttering
• Stuttering is determined by inner • Cancellations, pullouts, preparatory
conflict, attitudes, self-perceptions and sets
mode of self-protection • Rhythmic coordination of speech
• Communicative disorder characterized
by fear • Group therapy
Joseph Sheehan
1935 1945 1965
18. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Operant conditioning of fluency
‣ Learning theory
‣ Delayed auditory feedback
‣ Differences between stuttering and
normal disfluency
‣ Relationship to communicative factors
Theory
• Stuttering is learned behavior
• Distortions in speech breathing,
vocal onsets, articulator movement
• Fluency can be shaped
Ronald L. Webster
1935 1945 1965 1975
19. RESEARCH TREATMENT
Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Operant conditioning of fluency • Breathing exercises
‣ Learning theory • Gentle onsets
‣ Delayed auditory feedback • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Differences between stuttering and • Constant monitoring
normal disfluency • Rate control
‣ Relationship to communicative factors
Theory
• Stuttering is learned behavior
• Distortions in speech breathing,
vocal onsets, articulator movement
• Fluency can be shaped
Ronald L. Webster
1935 1945 1965 1975
20. RESEARCH TREATMENT
Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Operant conditioning of fluency • Breathing exercises
‣ Learning theory • Gentle onsets
‣ Delayed auditory feedback • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Differences between stuttering and • Constant monitoring
normal disfluency • Rate control
‣ Relationship to communicative factors
Theory • Psychological approaches
• Stuttering is learned behavior
• Distortions in speech breathing,
vocal onsets, articulator movement
• Fluency can be shaped
Ronald L. Webster
1935 1945 1965 1975
21. RESEARCH TREATMENT
Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Operant conditioning of fluency • Breathing exercises
‣ Learning theory • Gentle onsets
‣ Delayed auditory feedback • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Differences between stuttering and • Constant monitoring
normal disfluency • Rate control
‣ Relationship to communicative factors
Theory • Psychological approaches
• Stuttering is learned behavior Stuttering modification
• Distortions in speech breathing, • Voluntary stuttering
vocal onsets, articulator movement • Advertising stuttering
• Fluency can be shaped
Ronald L. Webster
1935 1945 1965 1975
22. RESEARCH TREATMENT
Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Operant conditioning of fluency • Breathing exercises
‣ Learning theory • Gentle onsets
‣ Delayed auditory feedback • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Differences between stuttering and • Constant monitoring
normal disfluency • Rate control
‣ Relationship to communicative factors
Theory • Psychological approaches
• Stuttering is learned behavior Stuttering modification
• Distortions in speech breathing, • Voluntary stuttering
vocal onsets, articulator movement • Advertising stuttering
• Fluency can be shaped
• Intensive group therapy programs
Ronald L. Webster
1935 1945 1965 1975
24. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Speech Motor Control
‣ Measure stuttering
‣ Criteria for successful therapy
‣ Causes of stuttering
‣ Naturalness of speech after treatment
‣ Relationship between stuttering and
language development
Theory
• Disorder of speech motor control
• Stuttering cannot be cured
• Stuttering is a problem of control
• Stuttering begins as language develops
Nijmegen
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985
25. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Speech Motor Control Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Measure stuttering • Breathing exercises
‣ Criteria for successful therapy • Gentle onsets
‣ Causes of stuttering • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Naturalness of speech after treatment • Constant monitoring
‣ Relationship between stuttering and • Rate control
language development
Theory
• Disorder of speech motor control
• Stuttering cannot be cured
• Stuttering is a problem of control
• Stuttering begins as language develops
Nijmegen
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985
26. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Speech Motor Control Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Measure stuttering • Breathing exercises
‣ Criteria for successful therapy • Gentle onsets
‣ Causes of stuttering • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Naturalness of speech after treatment • Constant monitoring
‣ Relationship between stuttering and • Rate control
language development
Theory
• Psychological approaches
• Disorder of speech motor control
• Stuttering cannot be cured
• Stuttering is a problem of control
• Stuttering begins as language develops
Nijmegen
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985
27. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Speech Motor Control Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Measure stuttering • Breathing exercises
‣ Criteria for successful therapy • Gentle onsets
‣ Causes of stuttering • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Naturalness of speech after treatment • Constant monitoring
‣ Relationship between stuttering and • Rate control
language development
Theory
• Psychological approaches
• Disorder of speech motor control Stuttering modification
• Stuttering cannot be cured • Voluntary stuttering
• Stuttering is a problem of control • Advertising stuttering
• Stuttering begins as language develops
Nijmegen
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985
28. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Speech Motor Control Fluency shaping techniques
‣ Measure stuttering • Breathing exercises
‣ Criteria for successful therapy • Gentle onsets
‣ Causes of stuttering • Light articulatory contacts
‣ Naturalness of speech after treatment • Constant monitoring
‣ Relationship between stuttering and • Rate control
language development
Theory
• Psychological approaches
• Disorder of speech motor control Stuttering modification
• Stuttering cannot be cured • Voluntary stuttering
• Stuttering is a problem of control • Advertising stuttering
• Stuttering begins as language develops
• Self-help movement developed
Nijmegen
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985
30. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Imaging Research
‣ Genetic research
‣ Coordination of speech processes
‣ Comparison of stuttering to normal
models of speech production
Theory
• Differences of brain function related to
stuttering
• Motor control and neurological
processing interact
• Dynamic multifactorial model emerges
Peter Fox
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995
31. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Imaging Research • Interaction between affect, behavior
‣ Genetic research and cognition
‣ Coordination of speech processes
‣ Comparison of stuttering to normal
models of speech production
Theory
• Differences of brain function related to
stuttering
• Motor control and neurological
processing interact
• Dynamic multifactorial model emerges
Peter Fox
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995
32. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Imaging Research • Interaction between affect, behavior
‣ Genetic research and cognition
‣ Coordination of speech processes
‣ Comparison of stuttering to normal • Modification of stuttering
models of speech production • Desensitization
• Voluntary Stuttering
Theory
• Pausing
• Differences of brain function related to
stuttering
• Motor control and neurological
processing interact
• Dynamic multifactorial model emerges
Peter Fox
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995
33. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Imaging Research • Interaction between affect, behavior
‣ Genetic research and cognition
‣ Coordination of speech processes
‣ Comparison of stuttering to normal • Modification of stuttering
models of speech production • Desensitization
• Voluntary Stuttering
Theory
• Pausing
• Differences of brain function related to • Tolerance to disfluency
stuttering • Enhance self-esteem
• Motor control and neurological
processing interact
• Dynamic multifactorial model emerges
Peter Fox
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995
34. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Imaging Research • Interaction between affect, behavior
‣ Genetic research and cognition
‣ Coordination of speech processes
‣ Comparison of stuttering to normal • Modification of stuttering
models of speech production • Desensitization
• Voluntary Stuttering
Theory
• Pausing
• Differences of brain function related to • Tolerance to disfluency
stuttering • Enhance self-esteem
• Motor control and neurological
processing interact • Fluency controls
• Dynamic multifactorial model emerges • Slow smooth speech
• Continuous phonation
Peter Fox
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995
36. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Research
‣ Genetic Research
‣ Pharmacology
‣ Auditory feedback
Theory
• Unclear genetic factor
• Differences in brain function and
possibly structure between people
who do and do not stutter
• Relates to a dynamic system
involving elements of speech and
language production, emotional
reactivity and learning
Ed Conture
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995 Today
37. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Research
• Integration of stuttering
‣ Genetic Research
modification and fluency shaping
‣ Pharmacology
with affective component
‣ Auditory feedback
Theory
• Unclear genetic factor
• Differences in brain function and
possibly structure between people
who do and do not stutter
• Relates to a dynamic system
involving elements of speech and
language production, emotional
reactivity and learning
Ed Conture
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995 Today
38. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Research
• Integration of stuttering
‣ Genetic Research
modification and fluency shaping
‣ Pharmacology
with affective component
‣ Auditory feedback
Theory
• Unclear genetic factor • Positive reinforcement for fluency
• Differences in brain function and in young children (Lidcombe)
possibly structure between people
who do and do not stutter
• Relates to a dynamic system
involving elements of speech and
language production, emotional
reactivity and learning
Ed Conture
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995 Today
39. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Research
• Integration of stuttering
‣ Genetic Research
modification and fluency shaping
‣ Pharmacology
with affective component
‣ Auditory feedback
Theory
• Unclear genetic factor • Positive reinforcement for fluency
• Differences in brain function and in young children (Lidcombe)
possibly structure between people
who do and do not stutter
• Relates to a dynamic system
• Auditory feedback devices
involving elements of speech and
language production, emotional
reactivity and learning
Ed Conture
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995 Today
40. RESEARCH TREATMENT
‣ Brain Research
• Integration of stuttering
‣ Genetic Research
modification and fluency shaping
‣ Pharmacology
with affective component
‣ Auditory feedback
Theory
• Unclear genetic factor • Positive reinforcement for fluency
• Differences in brain function and in young children (Lidcombe)
possibly structure between people
who do and do not stutter
• Relates to a dynamic system
• Auditory feedback devices
involving elements of speech and
language production, emotional • Pharmaceuticals (Pagaclone)
reactivity and learning
Ed Conture
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995 Today
47. DYNAMIC STUTTERING THERAPY
Ideas
Theory imagination
habits
perspective
• Stuttering is one symptom of a Language experience Articulation
malfunctioning integrated system that emotions
self-talk
intentions
includes elements of speech-language
beliefs genetics
planning and production.
• Reflects brain processing behavior
• Over-control of an automatic system
Feedback Phonation
Barbara Dahm
1935 1945 1965 1975 1985 1995 Today
48. CHANGING THE SYSTEM
Ideas
imagination
habits
experience perspective
Language Articulation
emotions intentions
self-talk
beliefs genetics
behavior
Feedback Phonation
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
49. CHANGING THE SYSTEM
Developing new brain map for
speaking
Developing a mind that supports change
and development
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
50. GOALS FOR CHANGING THE SYSTEM
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
51. GOALS FOR CHANGING THE SYSTEM
developing ideas
• To focus on the preverbal message
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
52. GOALS FOR CHANGING THE SYSTEM
developing ideas
• To focus on the preverbal message
language formulation
• To formulate internal speech automatically as a
developing sequence of sounds (syllables)
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
53. GOALS FOR CHANGING THE SYSTEM
developing ideas
• To focus on the preverbal message
language formulation
• To formulate internal speech automatically as a
developing sequence of sounds (syllables)
phonation
• To generate a natural voice that supports intonation
as an automatic reflection of internal speech
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
54. GOALS FOR CHANGING THE SYSTEM
developing ideas
• To focus on the preverbal message
language formulation
• To formulate internal speech automatically as a
developing sequence of sounds (syllables)
phonation
• To generate a natural voice that supports intonation
as an automatic reflection of internal speech
articulation
• To allow the articulators to function automatically and
without awareness as a reflection of the phonetic plan
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
55. GOALS FOR CHANGING THE SYSTEM
developing ideas
• To focus on the preverbal message
language formulation
• To formulate internal speech automatically as a
developing sequence of sounds (syllables)
phonation
• To generate a natural voice that supports intonation
as an automatic reflection of internal speech
articulation
• To allow the articulators to function automatically and
without awareness as a reflection of the phonetic plan
monitoring
• To allow sub-conscious monitoring - without (listening)
to speech fluency or how the speech sounds
Before Therapy During Therapy After Therapy Long After Therapy
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
He believed the nature of the stuttered event would reveal the nature of the disorder and the pathway to treatment
Came to see stuttering as an anxiety-motivated avoidant response that becomes
conditioned to cues associated with its occurrence.
Speakers learn to react abnormally to normal disfluencies
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
Research consisted of studies concerning the variation of the stuttered event under different experimental conditions
Found that stuttering behaves like a response to to some cues
Van thought stuttering was a reaction to words improperly patterned
SM seeks to normalize reactions to stuttered events - react calmly without struggle
Neither believed in trying to get people to be fluent
Developed procedures and tried to justify them
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
No need to understand the nature of stuttered events. They could be changed by stimulus control. Looked for procedures that could reliably reduce stuttering in the lab.
FS seeks to reduce or eliminate the occurrence of stuttering events
Speak in a way so there won’t have interruptions
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency
Both FS and SM focus on altering behavior associated with the occurrence of stutter events
Concern is largely centered on the speaker’s reaction to disfluency