Presentation by Stephen Lee at the UCGEC Smart Grid Seminar Series - 1st Seminar, April 29, 2009 in Palo Alto, CA

1. Holistic Power Supply and
Delivery Chain –
Foundations for a Smart
Grid
Stephen Lee
Senior Technical Executive
Power Delivery & Utilization
April 29, 2009
US-China Green Energy Council (UCGEC)
Smart Grid Seminar
Palo Alto, California

2. 2
Outline Of Presentation
• Key Messages
– Avoid hype
– Consider all parts together (Holistic approach)
– Remove deficiencies in foundations
– Implement new solutions
• Useful References
• Holistic Power Supply & Delivery Chain
• Conclusions

3. 3
Useful Public References
• www.iso-ne.com/pubs/whtpprs/
smart_grid_report_021709_final.pdf
• EPRI (www.epri.com)
– Facilitate the development of a
smart grid interoperability roadmap
for NIST (National Institute of
Standards and Technology)
– Vision for a Holistic Power Supply
and Delivery Chain (#1018587)
– The Green Grid (#1016905)
• North American Electric Reliability
Corporation (www.nerc.com)
– About NERC -> Understanding the
Grid -> Reliability Concepts /
Terminology / Technical Reports
– NASPI (http://www.naspi.org)
• Stephen Lee (LinkedIn)
http://www.linkedin.com/in/stylee
IEEE Power and Energy Magazine
Sept/Oct 2007

4. 4
Smart Grid: Hype Cycle
SmartSmart
GridGrid
Need an Objective Assessment of the Potential for Smart Transmission and
the Path to Achieve it

5. 5
Current State – Power Grid Operations
2-4 Sec scan rates
Limited to info from lines and
transformers at substations
MW, MVAR, KV breaker status
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
15
1617
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
15
1617
Limited Grid Visibility

6. 6
Smart Transmission State – Power Grid
Operations
750 +282j
250 +84j
100 +62j
20 + 8j
276 + 120j
130 + 8j
300 + 100j
750 + 262j
440
+ 200j
120 + 11j
350 + 150j
227 + 420j
704 + 308j
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
15
1617
176 +88j
Higher speed scan rates
Allows more frequent analysis of
system state
Enhanced Grid Visibility

7. 7
End-uses & DR
Distribution System
Transmission System
Energy Storage
Fuel Supply System
Fuel Source/Storage
Power Plants
Renewable Plants
Data CommunicationData Communication
Wide Area ControlWide Area Control
Sensors
Controllers
ZIP
M
Dynamic Load ModelsDynamic Power Plant Models
End-to-End Power Delivery Chain Operation &
Planning
Monitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & ControlMonitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & Control

8. 8
North America Electricity Interconnections

9. 9
Independent System Operators / Regional
Transmission Operators (ISO/RTO)

10. 10
North America Electricity Balancing Authorities

11. 11
New Challenges for a Smart Grid
• Need to integrate:
– Large-scale stochastic (uncertain) renewable
generation
– Electric energy storage
– Distributed generation
– Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
– Demand response (smart meters)
• Need to deploy and integrate:
– New Synchronized measurement technologies
– New sensors
– New System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)

12. 12
Foundations Need Strengthening
• End-to-End Situational Awareness
• Alarm Management and Real-Time Root-
Cause Diagnosis
• Dynamic Models of all Generators and
Loads
• Faster System Restoration
• System Integrity Protection Schemes
– Faster reflex actions on wide-area
problems
– Measurement-based safety nets to
prevent cascading blackouts, e.g., load
shedding, islanding/separation, damping

13. 13
Why Accurate Models of Loads (Electricity
Consumption) and Generators Are Needed?
• Inadequacy of current model
data
– Inaccurate voltage recovery
simulation after disturbances
– Uncertainty about generator
reactive power capabilities
• Implications
– Uncertainty about the
stability margin of the power
grid
– Hidden risk of cascading
blackouts, or
– Under utilization of available
transmission capacity for
greater economic benefits
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (seconds)
Voltage(pu)
Hassayampa 500 kV
Measured
Simulated H=0.3
Simulated H=0.03
Simulated H=0.05
Simulated H=0.1
Simulated H=0.2
Simulated H =0.5

14. 14
Major Power System Disturbances
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Duration in Hours
LoadLostinGW
1 - 2003 NE
2 - 1965 NE
3 - 1977 NYC
4 - 1982 WSCC 5 - 1996 WSCC
6 - 1996 WSCC
7 - 1998 MW
Restoration Objectives:
▪ Minimize Duration of Outages
▪ Minimized Unserved Loads
▪ Avoid Equipment Danage
Source: NSF/EPRI Workshop on Understanding and Preventing Cascading Failures in Power Systems, Oct 28, 2005.
Effective System Restoration Can Reduce The
Societal Impact Of Widespread Blackouts
Extensive (magnitude & duration) blackouts
cost Billions of $ to the economy

15. 15
New Solutions Are Needed
• Optimal end-to-end commitment and dispatch by ISO/RTO as
backstop for system reliability
• Virtual Service Aggregators serving as Energy Balancing Authorities
– Dispatch and control stochastic renewable generation
– Dispatch and control (and own?) large scale energy storage
plants
– Manage demand response proactively
– Manage smart electric vehicle charging
• “Virtual” Vertically Integrated Utilities
– Own/operate Generation/renewable/storage, some transmission,
& Virtual Service Aggregator
– Interstate ownership and operation (overcome NIMBY-ism)
• National/Continental Backbone Transmission Grid
– Holistic transmission planning
– Virtual RTO
– Transmission toll collection system
http://www.energypulse.net/centers/author.cfm?at_id=259

16. 16
Potential Role of the Virtual Service Aggregator
(Virtual Vertically Integrated Utility)
Traditional
Central Station
Power Plants
Traditional
Central Station
Power Plants
Large-Scale
Renewable
Resources
Large-Scale
Renewable
Resources
Large-Scale
Energy
Storage
Large-Scale
Energy
Storage
Transmission
Grid
Transmission
Grid
Real Regional
Control Center
Real Regional
Control Center
Virtual
Service
Aggregator
Virtual
Service
Aggregator
End Uses
and
Distributed
Resources
End Uses
and
Distributed
Resources
Financial
Settlement of
Net Difference
Power Flow
Financial
Transaction
Loads
Loads
PHEVsPHEVs
Distributed
Generation
& Storage
Distributed
Generation
& Storage
S

17. 17
Conclusions
• Urgent Need to Make the Bulk Power System Really
Smart
• Failure to Make this a High Priority would Jeopardize the
Modernization of the Electric Power System
• Key Messages:
– Avoid hype
– Consider all parts together (Holistic approach)
– Remove deficiencies in foundations
– Implement new solutions
THANK YOU!
slee@epri.com