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Presented by:
Magdalene Ucheh
Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.
The development of feminist
film theory was inf luenced
by second wave feminism
and the development of
women's studies within the
academy.

Feminist scholars began
applying the new theories
arising from these
movements to analyzing
film.
Feminist view film to be a
cultural practise
representing myths about
women and feminity as well
as men and masculinity.
(They see this type of
representation as unreal)

Representation and
spectatorship are central to
Feminist theory.
Belief in the social, political,

and economic equality of the sexes.
The movement organized around

this belief.
Feminist Theory is an outgrowth of the general
movement to empower women worldwide.

Feminism can be defined as a recognition and
critique of male supremacy combined with
efforts to change it.
To demonstrate the importance of women

To reveal that historically women have been

subordinate to men
To bring about gender equity.

Simply put:
Feminists fight for the equality of women and
argue that women should share equally in
society’s opportunities and scare resources.
The origins of the feminist movement are found in
the abolitionist movement of the 1830’s.
Seneca Falls, New York is said to be the birthplace
of American feminism.

Initial attempts in the United States in the early
1970’s were generally based on sociological theory
and focused on the function of women characters
in particular film narratives or genres and of
stereotypes as a ref lection of a society's view of
women.
Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

spearheaded the first Women’s Rights
Convention in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848.
The convention brought in more than 300

people.
The discussion was focused on the

social, civil, and religious condition of women.
The convention lead to the Declaration of
Sentiments.
Modeled after the Declaration of Independence.
All men and women created equal.
Spoke of the supremacy of man in regards to

divorce and education
The convention marked a 22 year battle to gain

women the right to vote in the United States.
In 1920 women won the right to vote.
Works such as Marjorie Rosen’s Popcorn Venus:
Women, Movies, and the American Dream (1973)
and Molly Haskell’s From Reverence to Rape: The
Treatment of Women in Movies (1974) analyzed
how the women portrayed in film related to the
broader historical context, the stereotypes
depicted, the extent to which the women were
shown as active or passive, and the amount of
screen time given to women.
The contemporary feminism movement began
in the 1960’s.
Free

love helped escape the sexual double
standard.
Divorce became commonplace
Women were “happy housewives” no more
Higher level employment and fulfillment outside

the home were becoming the norm
Liberal Feminism
Marxist Feminism
Radical Feminism
Socialist Feminism
Post modern Feminism
 Views women’s oppression as stemming

from their work in the family and the
economy
 Women’s inferior position is the result

of class-based capitalism
 Socialist believe that history can be

made in the private sphere (home) not
just the public sphere (work)
 An increased emphasis on the private

sphere and the role of women in the
household

 Equal opportunities for women in the

public sphere
Division of labor is related to gender role

expectations.
Females give birth. Males left to support family
Bourgeoisie=Men
Proletariat=Women
For Marxists, the root cause of all forms of
oppression consists in the division of society
into classes. For many feminists, on the other
hand, the oppression of women is rooted in the
nature of men. It is not a social but a biological
phenomenon. It is an unhistorical vision of the
human condition, from which profoundly
pessimistic conclusions must flow.
The conclusion must be that the oppression of
women by men has always existed and
therefore, presumably, will always exist.
Male power and privilege is the basis of social

relations
Sexism is the ultimate tool used by men to keep

women oppressed
Women's oppression is the most widespread
focused on men and patriarchy as the main causes

of the oppression of women)
Women’s oppression provides a conceptual model

for understanding all other forms of oppression

Refusing to reproduce is the most effective way to

escape the snares
Speak out against all social structures because they

are created by men
• Started as a social movement

• Early feminist theory and criticism was directed at

the stereotyped representation of women in classic
Hollywood film.
• this

stereotyped image of women in classic
Hollywood had a negative effect on female
spectators.

• Therefore, there was a call for a more positive

representation of women in Hollywood.
Realism v. Idealism – Idealism – not one
reality, but possibly multiples to be discovered

Realism v. Nominalism – Realist – feminist
movements and actions to reform are real in their
consequences of change

Idealism v. Materialism – Idealism – gaining
power and voice through movements
Feminism can be defined as a social
movement and an ideology in support of the
idea that a larger share of scarce resources
should be allocated to women.

Feminist believe that women should enjoy
the same rights in society as men and that
should share equity in society’s
opportunities.
Feminist sociological theory represents an
attempt to give a voice to women and female
perspective.
Feminist sociological theory is generally critical
of the traditional scientific sociological
approach that stresses a commitment to
neutrality, objectivity, and empirical research.
Giving a voice to women remains feminist
sociological theory’s greatest contribution to the
field of sociology specifically and society in
general.
One is that they leave themselves wide open to

attack because they themselves are very biased in
their approach.
Second, although a commitment to empirical

research is not a must in designs of social theory;
relying on such techniques as oral testimony and
the analysis of such content a diaries risk a lack of
objectivity and bias. When an individual is asked
for his or her story, it is always biased from his or
her perspective.
Third, most feminists claim that all sociological
theories are gender-biased but fail to provide any proof
of this claim.

Fourth, gender is just one variable in human
interaction. Many feminist believe that interactions are
based solely on gender distinction.
Fifth criticism of the feminism comes from within
feminist sociological theory itself. The fact that there is
such a great variety of sociological feminist theories
represents a clear lack of consensus among feminists as
to the best means to go about fighting
sexism, discrimination, and oppression.
Main Problem: Classic cinema narrative is
constructed by men. Therefore, representing
women from a male perspective.
In Classic cinema, the representation of women
was how men viewed women.
The representation of women in Classic film is to
look Natural, Realistic and Narrative.
Within Classic Film Narrative the following
generally takes place:
1. The Male character is established as active and
powerful. The story will unfold around him.
2. The Female character is passive and powerless.
She is the object of desire for the male
character.
Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.
1) Voyeurism: how we get visual pleasure through
looking at (Characters, figures and situations)
 Camera: physically shoots from the male Characters

point of view.
 Characters: male character is viewing and gazing at

the women.
 Spectator: you are made to identify with the male

characters and simple view the women as a spectacle.
2) Narcissistic: visual pleasure derives
from the spectators self-identification with
the characters and environments.
Hollywood is tailor made for male desire
Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.
The feminist model of film analysis initially appeared
in the U.S. during the 1960's, as the Women’s Liberation
movement first gained prominence.

At that point, the theory employed a sociological
approach; that is, a particular film analyzed from a
feminist perspective was studied in terms of the era in
which it was made and, if it was a period piece, the
time frame in which it was set.
Later feminist film analysts began to
deconstruct movies by employing Freudian
psychoanalytic and psychosexual theories.
This does not mean scholars have embraced
Freudian ideas; rather, feminist film
theorists have recognized how Freud’s highly
sexist ideas have permeated and been
accepted by American society.
This was (and still is) particularly true of
Hollywood, which has always been run by a
"good ol’ boy" network.
Freud, was a Viennese
doctor and the first
psychoanalytic theorist. He
came up with a
comprehensive personality
theory, including a
psychosexual analysis:
Stage One is the ORAL STAGE, which lasts from birth till
about 1-2 years of age. The central issue during this stage is
oral gratification.
Stage Two is the ANAL STAGE, from 1-2 till about 3-4 years
of age. The central focus at this point is waste elimination
and control, with a child concerned with controlling
him/herself (being retentive/letting go).
The third phase is the PHALLIC STAGE, from age four till
around six years. This is the stage feminist film theorists
tend to focus on, because this is when there is the first
differentiation between genders.
Thus, in Freud’s view, females should never hold positions
of control and power. In other words, this psychosexual
theory upholds the views of the typical patriarchal society:
that men are superior to women and should be the ones in
charge.
Feminist film scholars obviously take issue with the
notion, inferred from Freud’s theory, that females, given
their biological "inadequacy," should not be in positions of
power.
If women do try to compete with men, it’s perceived as a
threat by the patriarchy because the women are not only out
to gain power for themselves, but they want to usurp power
from males, thereby "castrating" them.
Freud’s view of females is manifest in movies
where women who assume positions of
power, e.g., become sexually aggressive or
desirous of a career, are punished for
stepping outside the boundaries established
by the ruling patriarchy; that is, the
pigeonholes of faithful wife/caregiving
mother/virginal, dutiful daughter .
Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.
“Scopophilia, a drive which has
the look as its object of
desire, is evidently of crucial
importance to the cinema. It is
a drive that is dependent upon
the maintenance of a distance
between subject and object." -Stephen Neale
According to film theorist Laura
Mulvey, popular movies are philocentric; that
is, constructed for male viewing pleasure.

This means that films are scopophilic in
nature, with women as passive objects meant
to satisfy the active male desire to gaze at the
female form.
This is referred to as the male gaze, and it is
accomplished in the cinema in three distinct
ways:
1.) Females within the narrative who are shown looking at
(and usually lusting after) female characters;
2.) Through the lens of the movie camera, which lingers on a
woman in scopophilic fashion;
3.) Through the eyes of (heterosexual) males in the viewing
audience who are invited to stare at an attractive woman on
the screen and live out their fantasies through her
All three methods of the male gaze objectify a woman, turning
her into a commodity on display, instead of recognizing her as
an equal human being. In this way, she loses her basic
humanity.
Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.
Marilyn Monroe
In Seven Year Itch
The camera focuses only a
series of female body parts – a
long pair of legs, the curve of
a waist, and shapely breasts
(in a lacy bra), taking its time
to finally reveal the film’s
star, Julia Roberts
Again, we have a filmic female
depicted as a mere
commodity, both literally (she’s a
hooker)
and figuratively.
The signs in the Hollywood film convey the
patriarchal ideology that underlies our
social structure and that constructs women
in very specific ways -- ways that ref lect
patriarchal needs -- the patriarchal
unconscious.”
Men don't simply look at women: rather,
their gaze carries power of action and
possession. The sexualization and
objectification of women is not just for
purpose of eroticism, but it is designed to
annihilate the threat that females pose.
Mainstream Hollywood films can be analyzed
and criticized for being propatriarchy, usually through by applying
psychoanalytic theory. This is often referred
to as "reading (them) against the grain.“
Patriarchal myths function to position
women as silent, absent and marginal.
Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.

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Film Theory. Feminism theory.sept.

  • 3. The development of feminist film theory was inf luenced by second wave feminism and the development of women's studies within the academy. Feminist scholars began applying the new theories arising from these movements to analyzing film.
  • 4. Feminist view film to be a cultural practise representing myths about women and feminity as well as men and masculinity. (They see this type of representation as unreal) Representation and spectatorship are central to Feminist theory.
  • 5. Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. The movement organized around this belief. Feminist Theory is an outgrowth of the general movement to empower women worldwide. Feminism can be defined as a recognition and critique of male supremacy combined with efforts to change it.
  • 6. To demonstrate the importance of women To reveal that historically women have been subordinate to men To bring about gender equity. Simply put: Feminists fight for the equality of women and argue that women should share equally in society’s opportunities and scare resources.
  • 7. The origins of the feminist movement are found in the abolitionist movement of the 1830’s. Seneca Falls, New York is said to be the birthplace of American feminism. Initial attempts in the United States in the early 1970’s were generally based on sociological theory and focused on the function of women characters in particular film narratives or genres and of stereotypes as a ref lection of a society's view of women.
  • 9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott spearheaded the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848. The convention brought in more than 300 people. The discussion was focused on the social, civil, and religious condition of women.
  • 10. The convention lead to the Declaration of Sentiments. Modeled after the Declaration of Independence. All men and women created equal. Spoke of the supremacy of man in regards to divorce and education
  • 11. The convention marked a 22 year battle to gain women the right to vote in the United States. In 1920 women won the right to vote.
  • 12. Works such as Marjorie Rosen’s Popcorn Venus: Women, Movies, and the American Dream (1973) and Molly Haskell’s From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in Movies (1974) analyzed how the women portrayed in film related to the broader historical context, the stereotypes depicted, the extent to which the women were shown as active or passive, and the amount of screen time given to women.
  • 13. The contemporary feminism movement began in the 1960’s. Free love helped escape the sexual double standard. Divorce became commonplace Women were “happy housewives” no more Higher level employment and fulfillment outside the home were becoming the norm
  • 14. Liberal Feminism Marxist Feminism Radical Feminism Socialist Feminism Post modern Feminism
  • 15.  Views women’s oppression as stemming from their work in the family and the economy  Women’s inferior position is the result of class-based capitalism  Socialist believe that history can be made in the private sphere (home) not just the public sphere (work)
  • 16.  An increased emphasis on the private sphere and the role of women in the household  Equal opportunities for women in the public sphere
  • 17. Division of labor is related to gender role expectations. Females give birth. Males left to support family Bourgeoisie=Men Proletariat=Women
  • 18. For Marxists, the root cause of all forms of oppression consists in the division of society into classes. For many feminists, on the other hand, the oppression of women is rooted in the nature of men. It is not a social but a biological phenomenon. It is an unhistorical vision of the human condition, from which profoundly pessimistic conclusions must flow. The conclusion must be that the oppression of women by men has always existed and therefore, presumably, will always exist.
  • 19. Male power and privilege is the basis of social relations Sexism is the ultimate tool used by men to keep women oppressed Women's oppression is the most widespread focused on men and patriarchy as the main causes of the oppression of women)
  • 20. Women’s oppression provides a conceptual model for understanding all other forms of oppression Refusing to reproduce is the most effective way to escape the snares Speak out against all social structures because they are created by men
  • 21. • Started as a social movement • Early feminist theory and criticism was directed at the stereotyped representation of women in classic Hollywood film. • this stereotyped image of women in classic Hollywood had a negative effect on female spectators. • Therefore, there was a call for a more positive representation of women in Hollywood.
  • 22. Realism v. Idealism – Idealism – not one reality, but possibly multiples to be discovered Realism v. Nominalism – Realist – feminist movements and actions to reform are real in their consequences of change Idealism v. Materialism – Idealism – gaining power and voice through movements
  • 23. Feminism can be defined as a social movement and an ideology in support of the idea that a larger share of scarce resources should be allocated to women. Feminist believe that women should enjoy the same rights in society as men and that should share equity in society’s opportunities.
  • 24. Feminist sociological theory represents an attempt to give a voice to women and female perspective. Feminist sociological theory is generally critical of the traditional scientific sociological approach that stresses a commitment to neutrality, objectivity, and empirical research. Giving a voice to women remains feminist sociological theory’s greatest contribution to the field of sociology specifically and society in general.
  • 25. One is that they leave themselves wide open to attack because they themselves are very biased in their approach. Second, although a commitment to empirical research is not a must in designs of social theory; relying on such techniques as oral testimony and the analysis of such content a diaries risk a lack of objectivity and bias. When an individual is asked for his or her story, it is always biased from his or her perspective.
  • 26. Third, most feminists claim that all sociological theories are gender-biased but fail to provide any proof of this claim. Fourth, gender is just one variable in human interaction. Many feminist believe that interactions are based solely on gender distinction. Fifth criticism of the feminism comes from within feminist sociological theory itself. The fact that there is such a great variety of sociological feminist theories represents a clear lack of consensus among feminists as to the best means to go about fighting sexism, discrimination, and oppression.
  • 27. Main Problem: Classic cinema narrative is constructed by men. Therefore, representing women from a male perspective. In Classic cinema, the representation of women was how men viewed women.
  • 28. The representation of women in Classic film is to look Natural, Realistic and Narrative. Within Classic Film Narrative the following generally takes place: 1. The Male character is established as active and powerful. The story will unfold around him. 2. The Female character is passive and powerless. She is the object of desire for the male character.
  • 30. 1) Voyeurism: how we get visual pleasure through looking at (Characters, figures and situations)  Camera: physically shoots from the male Characters point of view.  Characters: male character is viewing and gazing at the women.  Spectator: you are made to identify with the male characters and simple view the women as a spectacle.
  • 31. 2) Narcissistic: visual pleasure derives from the spectators self-identification with the characters and environments. Hollywood is tailor made for male desire
  • 33. The feminist model of film analysis initially appeared in the U.S. during the 1960's, as the Women’s Liberation movement first gained prominence. At that point, the theory employed a sociological approach; that is, a particular film analyzed from a feminist perspective was studied in terms of the era in which it was made and, if it was a period piece, the time frame in which it was set.
  • 34. Later feminist film analysts began to deconstruct movies by employing Freudian psychoanalytic and psychosexual theories. This does not mean scholars have embraced Freudian ideas; rather, feminist film theorists have recognized how Freud’s highly sexist ideas have permeated and been accepted by American society. This was (and still is) particularly true of Hollywood, which has always been run by a "good ol’ boy" network.
  • 35. Freud, was a Viennese doctor and the first psychoanalytic theorist. He came up with a comprehensive personality theory, including a psychosexual analysis:
  • 36. Stage One is the ORAL STAGE, which lasts from birth till about 1-2 years of age. The central issue during this stage is oral gratification. Stage Two is the ANAL STAGE, from 1-2 till about 3-4 years of age. The central focus at this point is waste elimination and control, with a child concerned with controlling him/herself (being retentive/letting go). The third phase is the PHALLIC STAGE, from age four till around six years. This is the stage feminist film theorists tend to focus on, because this is when there is the first differentiation between genders.
  • 37. Thus, in Freud’s view, females should never hold positions of control and power. In other words, this psychosexual theory upholds the views of the typical patriarchal society: that men are superior to women and should be the ones in charge. Feminist film scholars obviously take issue with the notion, inferred from Freud’s theory, that females, given their biological "inadequacy," should not be in positions of power. If women do try to compete with men, it’s perceived as a threat by the patriarchy because the women are not only out to gain power for themselves, but they want to usurp power from males, thereby "castrating" them.
  • 38. Freud’s view of females is manifest in movies where women who assume positions of power, e.g., become sexually aggressive or desirous of a career, are punished for stepping outside the boundaries established by the ruling patriarchy; that is, the pigeonholes of faithful wife/caregiving mother/virginal, dutiful daughter .
  • 40. “Scopophilia, a drive which has the look as its object of desire, is evidently of crucial importance to the cinema. It is a drive that is dependent upon the maintenance of a distance between subject and object." -Stephen Neale
  • 41. According to film theorist Laura Mulvey, popular movies are philocentric; that is, constructed for male viewing pleasure. This means that films are scopophilic in nature, with women as passive objects meant to satisfy the active male desire to gaze at the female form. This is referred to as the male gaze, and it is accomplished in the cinema in three distinct ways:
  • 42. 1.) Females within the narrative who are shown looking at (and usually lusting after) female characters; 2.) Through the lens of the movie camera, which lingers on a woman in scopophilic fashion; 3.) Through the eyes of (heterosexual) males in the viewing audience who are invited to stare at an attractive woman on the screen and live out their fantasies through her All three methods of the male gaze objectify a woman, turning her into a commodity on display, instead of recognizing her as an equal human being. In this way, she loses her basic humanity.
  • 45. The camera focuses only a series of female body parts – a long pair of legs, the curve of a waist, and shapely breasts (in a lacy bra), taking its time to finally reveal the film’s star, Julia Roberts
  • 46. Again, we have a filmic female depicted as a mere commodity, both literally (she’s a hooker) and figuratively.
  • 47. The signs in the Hollywood film convey the patriarchal ideology that underlies our social structure and that constructs women in very specific ways -- ways that ref lect patriarchal needs -- the patriarchal unconscious.” Men don't simply look at women: rather, their gaze carries power of action and possession. The sexualization and objectification of women is not just for purpose of eroticism, but it is designed to annihilate the threat that females pose.
  • 48. Mainstream Hollywood films can be analyzed and criticized for being propatriarchy, usually through by applying psychoanalytic theory. This is often referred to as "reading (them) against the grain.“ Patriarchal myths function to position women as silent, absent and marginal.