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Kainamu Whakamomori: Maori Attempted Suicide in Aotearoa
1. Kainamu Whakamomori: Attempted
Suicide in Aotearoa
Dr Nicole M. C oupe KÄI TAH U , TE ATIAWA
Pos t Doctoral Fellow
N ga P ae o te Maram atanga
n.m.coupe@mas s ey.ac.nz
2. Summary
Aotearoa contemporary context
Maori attempted suicide medical record review
Maori attempted suicide case control study
Translating research into suicide prevention
3. Definitions
Changes in coding
Differences in DHB reporting and patient management
Hospitalisations are numbers of episodes rather than
individual people
Readmissions same condition counted as additional
discharges
People transferred between hospitals are counted each time
4. Intentional self harm rates
A otearoa Non-Mäori Mäori
100,000 No. 100,000 No. 100,000 No.
Total 1 31 .5 5292 1 34.1 4573 1 1 5.1 71 9
Fem ale 1 78.6 361 0 1 85.0 31 43 1 43.9 467
M ale 84.2 1 682 83.3 1 430 85.0 252
5. Suicide & Intentional Self Harm Rates
Age standardised
rate (per 100,000)
450
400 Male
350 Female
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- 75- 80- 85+
Age groups (years)
Total 20-24 years (300.0/100,000)
Males 25-29 years (201.6/100,000)
Females 15-19 years (425.4/100,000)
Mäori 20-24 years (277.5/100,000)
Males 20-25 years (210.0/100,000)
Females 20-24 years (343.4/100,000)
6. Suicide & Intentional Self Harm Rates
Age standardised
rate (per 100,000)
450
400 Male
350 Female
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
5-14 15-24 25-44 45-64 65+
Age groups (years)
15-24 years both males and females
Rates decrease with life style age group
7. DHB intentional self harm
West Coast (250.3) &
Canterbury (218.7)
Waitemata, Auckland,
Counties, Waikato, Hutt
Valley, Nelson
Marlborough, Otago
125-187/100,000
Capital & Coast (61.9) &
Southland (63.1)
8. Hospitalisation & Deprivation
Increase
hospitalisations Age standardised
rate (per 100,000)
with increased 180
160
deprivations 140
120
100
Least deprived 80
60
areas 83/100,000 40
20
0
Most deprived 1 2 3
NZDep2001 quintile
4 5
areas
154.7/100,000
9. Other researchers of suicide attempts
Bennett – Päkeh ä youth suicid e
Tiatia – Pacific youth suicid e
Beautrais – Serious suicid e attem pts
H atcher – Problem solving therapy after suicid e
attem pt
N ad a-Raja, C ollings, C oggan
10. Mäori attempted suicide
M äori M ed ical Record Review
M äori Attem pted Suicid e C ase C ontrol
12. Mäori Medical Record Review
R e cord s from E m e rge ncy D e p artm e nts b e twe e n Ju ly 1 s t 1 999 –
D e ce m b e r 31 s t 2000
N = 252 ind ivid u als / 0 p re s e ntations - 1 8m th s
31
61 % fe m ale ; 85% s ole M äori, 43% C ou ntie s M anu kau , 25% e m p loye d ,
21 % u ne m p loye d , 1 7% b e ne ficiarie s , 56% living with wh änau
70% P ois oning (53% p re s crip tion m e d ications , 20% analge s ics ), 1 5%
cu tting or p ie rcing
H om e , 1 800-2400 h ou rs , 37% p re s e ntations alcoh ol (fe m ale s
you nge r), 1 5% M arij ana
u
71 % firs t tim e rs – re p e at p re s e ntations (74% 2x, 1 7% 3x, 9% 5x)
E D s e rvice 53 % m e d ications , 88% p s ych iatric, 1 6% cu ltu ral
inform e d , 1 3% ab s cond e d or re fu s e d s e rvice s
87% with p os t d is ch arge p lans , 67% h om e , 1 8% p s ych iatric care ,
F ollow u p C M H S , H os p ital p s ych s e rvice s G P , C u ltu ral S e rvice s 4%
13. Conclusion
1 M äori e ve ry 2 d ays p re s e nts to
Au ckland E D for D S H
20% p re s e nte d following O D analge s ics
50% p re viou s ly b e e n to E D and 33%
m ore th an twice
O ve rnigh t ad m is s ions allow cu ltu rally
ap p rop riate as s e s s m e nt and follow u p
14. Kaupapa Mäori Methodology
C om m u nity d rive n S e lf id e ntification
re s e arch
P articip ant
M äori p rincip al
controlle d inte rvie w
inve s tigator
Tim e
M äori re s e arch te am
P lace
M äori d e cis ion
Koh a
m aking
P artne rs h ip s with D is s e m ination
non-M äori
15. Mäori case control study
C AS E S : C O N TR O LS :
n= 250 n= 250
M äori (s e lf M äori (s e lf
Id e ntification) id e ntification)
1 6 – 50 ye ars
1 6 – 50 ye ars
Atte m p te d s u icid e
P op u lation b as e d
(d iagnos e d )
Au ckland R e gion
Au ckland re gion
227 s ite s ; 3045
3 h os p itals (Au ckland ,
h ou s e h old s
M id d le m ore , N orth
S h ore )
16. Method Mäori case control study
Q u e s tionnaire (> 400 qu e s tions )
C u ltu ral Ind icators
D e m ograp h ic & s ocio-e conom ic factors
G e ne ral H e alth Q u e s tionnaire (G H Q – 28)
H os p ital Anxie ty & D e p re s s ion S cale (H AD S ) & M e ntal H e alth
F actors
S u b s tance U s e (C AG E )
H e alth s e rvice acce s s ib ility
S ocial s u p p orts
E nvironm e ntal factors
S u icid ality (C ID I)
Be ck’s S cale of S u icid e Inte nt (S IS – 1 4)
17. Results
C as e s e le ction
1 s t Au gu s t 2000 to 1 3th Janu ary 2002 (1 5m th s )
Inte rvie ws com p le te N ov 2002 (27m th s )
21 4 (85.5% ) cas e s & 203 (81 .2% ) controls
19. Measuring culture
Identity Profiles
Cultural indicators Secure Positive Notional Compromised
2: Identify as Mäori Yes Yes Yes No
4: No. of Mäori generations 3+ 2 1 Any response
8.1: Times to own marae 5+ 2-4 0-1 Any response
9.4: Role whänau plays in life > large Small <small Any response
10: Interest Mäori land Yes Yes/dk No Any response
basic -
15: Te reo Mäori ability adv - native learner No ability Any response
Q.2 = yes + Q.2 = yes + Q.2 = yes
3 other 2 other + 3 other Q.2 = no
positive positive negative + any other
Minimum criteria responses responses responses response
21. Whakamomori: Mäori suicide prevention model
Variable OR C onfidenc e P value
D e m o graphics Age 0.99 Intervals
0.95 -1 .04 0.8
G e nd e r F e m al e 0.75 0.31 -1 .80 0.5
Mal e 1
C ultural Id e ntity S e cure 1 0.2
P o s itive 3.31 1 .1 0-9.95
No tio nal 1 .56 0.1 9-1 9.95
C o m pro m is e d 1 .7 0.23-1 2 .38
Health S tatus GHQ–28 1.28 1.20-1.35 <0.0001
Inte rpe rs o nal At l as t o nce
e 2 .04 0.69-5.88 0.2
Abus e No 1
Al ho l (C AG E )
co Two ite m s 1 .51 0.61 -1 .64 0.4
Le s s than 2 1
Marij
uana Us e 1 .55 0.68-3.85 0.3
D o n’t us e 1
E d ucatio n S cho o l l ave r ≤
e 1 .84 0.75 -4.51 0.2
S cho o l l ave r >
e 1
E m pl ym e nt
o Ye s 1 .03 0.36-2.93 0.96
No 1
Inco m e U nd e r$2 0,000 0.84 0.31 -2.28 0.7
At l as t $2 0,000
e 1
22. Whakamomori: Mäori suicide prevention model
Variable OR C onfidenc e P value
D e m o graphic Age Intervals
0.99 (0.96-1 .03) 0.8
G e nd e r F e m al
e 0.88 (0.43-1 .81 ) 0.7
Mal e 1
C ul
tural Id e ntity S ec ure 1 0.003
P o s itive 2.48 (1 .21 -5.08)
No tio nal 8.32 (2.51 -27.61 )
C o m pro m is e d 4.3 (1 .31 -1 4.1 )
Inte rpe rs o nal A t leas t onc e 2.27 ( 1.15-4.35) 0.02
Abus e No 1
S ubs tance U s e
Al ho l (C AG E )
co Two items 1.85 ( 1.00-3.45) 0.05
Mo re than two 1
Marij
uana Us e 2.27 ( 1.24-4.16) 0.008
D o n’t us e 1
E d ucatio n S cho o l l ave r ?
e 1 .69 (0.77-3.71 ) 0.07
S cho o l l ave r > 1
e
E m pl ym e nt
o Ye s 0.77 (0.37-1 .60) 0.5
Inco m e Le s s than 1 .73 (0.88-3.40) 0.1
At l as t $20,000 1
e
23. Translation research - implementation
Whakawhanaungatanga – Self Harm & Suicide
Prevention Collaborative
Case Finding Assessment Tool – Early
detection and management of people at risk of
suicide in primary care setting
24. Whakawhanaungatanga
Implementation of
guidelines into
Emergency
Departments
Mental Health
Services
Maori Health Services
25. Methodology
Tools
National targets
Mapping an individual clients pathway
through secondary care
Plan – Do – Study – Act Cycles
26. National Targets
90% of people attending the ED identified with self-harm
or suicidality are seen within 1 hour
100% of people presenting with self-harm or suicidality
will have documented assessment.
100% of people presenting with self-harm or suicidality
will be provided with a written copy of their care plan on
discharge (also significant others/ whänau if appropriate)
100% of people presenting with self harm or suicidality
will have a follow up appointment within 48-hours of
discharge.
90% of people who do not attend that appointment will be
contacted within 48 hrs.
27. Client Pathway Map
What is a typical problem at each point of the process?
Are there examples of best practice?
Identify measures to monitor improved processes
Test changes
28. Plan – Do – Study – Act
What are we trying to
accomplish?
An aim with a clear outcome
target is essential to assign
resources & garner support
What changes can we make
to result in improvement?
The hypothesis generation
step…where we test ideas
before implementing changes
How will we know that a
change is an improvement?
Measurement to demonstrate
improvement
29. Who’s In
Emergency departments, mental health & Maori health
services in DHB’s
Northland
Waitemata
Counties Manukau
Waikato
Lakes
Taranaki
Mid Central
Hutt Valley
West Coast
Southland
30. Primary Care tool development
Detection & Management of people at risk of
suicide in the primary care setting
Depression
Anxiety
Interpersonal abuse
Substance use (alcohol & drugs)
Gambling
Smoking
Eating Disorder
31. Methodology
Kaupapa Epidemiology
Randomised control trial
− Raukura Hauora o Tainui (PHO), West Auckland PHO,
North Shore PHO and Tairawhiti PHO
− N=1000 face validity
− N=1200 content validity
Kaupapa
− Maori co-leadership, data collection & analysis,
participants
Notas del editor
Not possible to compare to previous years as the definition of intentional self harm has been extended
Area of high concentration Mäori suicide and suicidal behaviours
Epidemiology driven by kaupapa Mäori processes
Identification of case and controls
Several validated questionnaires employed Over 400 questions in total
15 months selection 27 months interviewing High response rates for Mäori
Cultural identity indicators 6 items identity genealogy marae access whanau (family) access whenua (land) access Mäori language ability Production of 4 discrete identity profiles
Cultural identity profiles with respect to possible confounders age & gender SES GHQ-28 HADS Substances Abuse Only significant factors secure identity protective wrt age, gender, substances & abuse Notional identity increases risk by age, gender and SES
Mäori Suicide prevention model combining demographics, cultural identity, health status, abuse, substances and SES Having a poor general health status is the only significant factor to affect the level of Mäori attempted suicide
Removing general health status from the model reveals more significant factors that may affect the level of Mäori attempted suicide cultural identity abuse marujuana