Biology and pharmaceutical sciences, branches of biology, applied biology, economic botany

1. BIOLOGY AND
PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES

2.  The word biology is the combination of two greek words i.e. bios: Life
and logos: disclosure. Thus biology is science dealing with the study of
living things.
 Living things have four characteristics. They can grow, respire,
reproduce and have property of autonomic movements.
 Livings things may be found from plant or animal origin. Thus the
branch dealing with plants known as botany(Gk botane: plant) and the
branch dealing with animals (Gk zoon: animal) known zoology.
 General biology includes study of plants, animals,
includes

Bacteria & viruses,

Fungi,

Algae,

Bryophyta,

Pteridophyta,

Gymnosperms,

Angiosperms and
their life processes.

3. Bacteria

Microscopic 0.2mm or less

Present everywhere

4. Economic importance-Useful aspect

Products in our day to day life are the result of
bacteria


Curd
Cheese

Antibiotics

Streptomycin

Amoxicillin

5. Economic importance-Harmful aspect
Diseases in human being

Tuberculosis - M c o ba c te rium tube rc ulo s is
y
 Syphilis- Try p o ne m a p a llid um
 Gonorrhoea- N is s e ria g o nno rho e a
e

Diphtheria- Co ry ne ba c te rium d ip hthe ria e
 Tetanus- Clo s trid ium te ta ni
 Whooping cough- Bo rd e te lla p e rtus s is
 Anthrax-Ba c illus a nthra c is


6. Food poisoning (Botulism)Clo s trid ium bo tulinum

Diseases in plants
 Citrus canker- Xa ntho m o na s
c itri


7. Viruses


Causes diseases only in plants &
humans
In humans -e.g. cough & cold
(caused by 100 different
viruses), measles, mumps, AIDS
etc

In plants- e.g. yellow vein mosaic
of bhindi, Papaya mosaic, leaf
roll of papaya etc

8. FUNGI
Non green plants
 Grow on dead & decaying organic matter and absorb
food from it
 Microscopic form to large ones with big fruiting bodies
 Common example is mushroom

Microscopic form
Macroscopic form

9. Forms which you have seen
Edible mushroom
 Poisonous mushroom like toadstool
 Bread mould-A p e rg illus , Pe nic illium , M o r etc
s
uc
 On the leaves of sarso, muli etc as black rounded
spots
 Yeast -baking, brewing (bread, beer, wine)
 Antibiotics- Penicillin & Cephalosporin
 Cheese- Roquefort & Camembert


10. Economic importance- useful aspect
In market different
forms of mushroom are
available which are
edible

Packed button mushroom
 Truffles


11. Economic importance- useful aspect
Soy sauce , tofu,
tempeh , miso

tofu
tempeh

12. Economic importance- useful aspect
G a no d e rm a luc id um
tea, powder, tooth paste
Used in cancer treatment

13. Economic importance- harmful aspec

Crop diseases- e.g.
potato blight (cause of
irish famine in 1845)
Dandruff in human
beings-M la s s e z ia furfur
a


14. Economic importance- harmful aspec
Athelets foot-Tric ho p hy to n sp.
Ring worm-Tric ho p hy to n sp.

15. ALGAE
Largest producer of
carbohydrate
 Range from microscopic
to giant forms
 Some forms are edible
like Ulva (sea lettuce)
 Agar agar extracted
from algae G e lid ium used as a solidifying
agent in culture medium


16. Sometimes colour
of sea & snow
shows the colour of
algae
(Cha m y d o m o na s
niva lis )


17. Causes water bloom
(Forms a layer on the
surface of dirty water)


18. BRYOPHYTA
Marcantia
Amphibious

plant
Grows on land

as well as water
Anthoceros

19. PTERIDOPHYTA
Grows in moist and
shady places.e.g.
Ferns


Ly c o p o d ium

20. GYMNOSPERMS
Do not produce flowers but
form seeds
 Seeds are naked. Fruits not
formed
 E.g. Cy c a s , Pinus , Ep he d ra
 Terpentine oil is extracted from
Pinus
 Chilgoza is the seed of Pinus
g e ra rd ia na
 Cy c a s (sago palm) is a source
of sago
 Ep he d ra is a source of medicine
Ephedrine


21. ANGIOSPERMS


Flowering plants
Produce seeds in fruit

22.  The study of botany has paramount importance as human being
totally depends upon the living world for his food, clothing and
shelter.
Food is basic need of life without which no one can survive. Food
may be plant or animal origin like pulses, cereals, vegetables, eggs,
meat etc.
 Increased population creates food problem because the
population increases in a geometric ratio while food increases
arithmetically.

23. • Biology is such a very vast subject and is intimately
connected with several other sciences.
BRANCHES OF BOTANY
1. Morphology: (Gk morphe: form) structure of an organ
or organism as whole which includes
a) External morphology: external structures of plant and
mainly dealing with size and shape.
b) Internal morphology which includes:
i. Cytology or cell biology: This deals with study of
cells.
ii. Histology: This deals with structure and
arrangement of tissues.
iii.Anatomy: This deals with internal gross structure of
plants and animals.

24. 2. Physiology: This branch deals with life
processes of growth, respiration, excretion,
nutrition etc. in animals and plants.
3. Ecology: deals with the study distribution and
abundance of plants, the interactions among and
between members of plant species and their
interaction with their environment.
4. Genetics: deals with studies of heredity and
variation in plants.
5. Taxonomy:
science that finds, describes,
classifies, identifies, and names plants on the
basis of external features, internal features &
showing relatedness.
6. Palaeontology: This deals with study of ancient
organisms through animals or plant fossils.

25. • Biology is closely related with the following under
disciplinary subjects:
a) Biochemistry: it involves study of chemistry of living
organisms.
b) Biophysics: It deals with study of principles of
physics as seen in organism and has applications in
the field of space biology, soil sciences and radiation
biology.
c) Biometry: This deals with study of collection and
analysis of biological data, available in genetics and
physiology.
d) Aerobiology: This deals with the scientific and mutidisclipinary approach focused on transport of
organism and biologically significant materials and
also with their sources, release in atmosphere and
allergic properties.

26. • Applied Biology: Application of biological knowledge
practically for the human welfare is known as Applied
biology.
• Applied biology is divided in following subclasses.
1. Agriculture: Dealing with cultivation of crop plants for
better yields.
2. Horticulture : Dealing with cultivation of flower and
fruits yielding plants.
3. Fisheries: Dealing with the study of culture,
development and propagation of fishes as foods.
4. Forestry: Dealing with the study of exploration and
conservation of forests.
5. Medicine: Dealing with the study of causes and cures
of diseases.

27. • Applied Botany/ Economic Botany: This deals with
the study of economically valuable plants and their
products, wherein botanical knowledge is utilized for
the well being of mankind.
.
• Plants are known to constitute the environment right
from the dawn of human race. Human beings at the
most primitive stage of their development were totally
dependant on plants as their main source of food,
cloth and shelter.
• With the increased complexity of civilization human
life has become more dependant on plants as will
revealed by the superficial study of economically
important plants.
• It is needless to say that human life has become more
comfortable, secure and healthy to great extent due to
plants.

28. • Applied botany has been divided into
following
subclasses.
1. Pharmaceutical botany: it is botanical study of drugs,
spices and poisonous plants.
2. Plant pathology : Deals with diseases of plants, along
with their diagnosis, cure and prevention.
3. Plant breeding: Deals with hybridization of
crossbreeding of plants, produce new or improved
varieties of plants.
4. Pharmacognosy: Dealing with the study of crude
drug mainly of plant origin, with special reference to
their cultivation, collection preparation for market,
standardization and storage.
5. Bacteriology: A branch of microbiology dealing with
study of bacteria.
6. Agricultural botany or agronomy: it is botanical
study of the plants of agricultural importance.

29. Relevance of Biology and pharmaceutical sciences
• By going through classification of biology and the
subjects closely related to biology, it is observed that
various
disciplines
intimately
associated
with
pharmaceutical sciences have liaison (link) with each
other.
• Pharmacy or pharmaceutical sciences deals with study
of drugs. Drugs may be obtained from animal, mineral or
synthetic sources. The two earlier sources are part and
parcel of biology.
• By cumulative study of all disciplines of biology, we can
study plants and animals in most respects.
Approximately 90 % of drugs are obtained from plants or
animals.
• Thus biological studies helps us to understand plant or
animal drugs properly. The scientific knowledge of plant
habitat and cultivation provide us various methods of
cultivating medicinal plants with better yield.

30. • Studies of non-living contents of cells under
cytology
tells
us
about
the
chemical
constituents which are present in plants and
animals, due to which they are used as curative
substances.
• Several plants of fungal origin like penicillium,
ergot and algal growth like agar and chondrous
have provided several antibiotics, alkaloids and
pharmaceutical aids, respectively.
• Pathological plant products like gum, resins
and excretory products tannins, latices,
essential oils have given us high valuable drugs.
• It is due to Phytochemistry that we are able to
get many compounds having high therapeutic
potential like glycosides, steroids, enzymes etc.

31. • Relevance of animals to pharmaceutical
sciences is not inferior to any extent as
compared to plants.
• Insects have offered numerous pharmaceutical
aids like shellac, honey, bees-wax and and
colouring agents (cochineal).
• Many organs of animals are used for extraction
of hormones & other biological products viz.
adrenaline, insulin, thyroid, liver –oils, etc.
• Apart from that, several animals as whole or
their organs are utilized for pharmacological
standardization, evaluation & experimental
trials of drugs.