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5 rhinitis
1. Acute Rhinitis Chronic Rhinitis Acute Rhinosinusitis Chronic Rhinosinusitis Nasal endoscope Surgery Otorhinolaryngology The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Zhang Gehua [email_address]
What is acute rhinitis? Acute rhinitis usually is an infectious disease, which is caused by viruses and bacteria. The starting point for the disease is exposure to cold or irritation of nasal mucous membrane by dust and chemical substances. --------characterized by a runny nose and stuffiness and usually caused by the common cold. Most frequently rhinitis is caused by viruses, which reach the nasal mucous membrane together with the inhaled air. The treatment includes their elimination and setting up such conditions, which prevent viruses from spreading. Acute rhinitis (runny nose) is one of the most frequent diseases. It means acute inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane and is followed by nasal dysfunction (which affects respiration, protection, olfaction, moistening and warming of the inhaled air, etc.)
Symptoms start 1 to 3 days after infection. Usually, the first symptom is a scratchy or sore throat or discomfort in the nose. Later, people start sneezing, have a runny nose, and feel mildly ill. Fever is not common, but a mild fever may occur at the beginning of the cold. At first, secretions from the nose are watery and clear and can be annoyingly plentiful, but eventually, they become thicker, opaque, yellow-green, and less plentiful. Many people also develop a mild cough. Symptoms usually disappear in 4 to 10 days, although the cough often lasts into the second week.
Acute edema of the nasal mucous membrane can lead to inflammation of sinuses ( maxillary sinusitis, frontal sinusitis and some other kinds of sinusitis ), middle year ( otitis ), eye mucosa ( conjunctivitis ), and further inflammation of the other respiratory organs ( pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia ).
For relieving nasal congestion, inhaled decongestants are better than forms taken by mouth. However, taking inhaled forms for more than 3 to 5 days, then stopping, may make congestion worse than it was originally. Antihistamines will help dry a runny nose, but be care for some of them can cause drowsiness. Newer antihistamines, available only by prescription, are less likely to cause drowsiness . If the infection last longer and discharge keep, we will consider about the antibiotics.
Chronic rhinitis is usually an extension of rhinitis caused by inflammation or an infection. However, it also may occur with diseases such as syphilis, tuberculosis, rhinoscleroma (a skin disease characterized by very hard, flattened tissues that first appear on the nose), rhinosporidiosis (an infection in the nose characterized by bleeding polyps), leishmaniasis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and leprosy—all of which are characterized by the formation of inflamed lesions (granulomas) and the destruction of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone. Chronic rhinitis causes nasal obstruction, pus-filled discharge from the nose, and frequent bleeding. The formation of inflamed lesions and the destruction of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone.
Chronic rhinitis is usually an extension of rhinitis caused by inflammation or an infection. However, it also may occur with diseases such as syphilis, tuberculosis, rhinoscleroma (a skin disease characterized by very hard, flattened tissues that first appear on the nose), rhinosporidiosis (an infection in the nose characterized by bleeding polyps), leishmaniasis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and leprosy—all of which are characterized by the formation of inflamed lesions (granulomas) and the destruction of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone. Chronic rhinitis causes nasal obstruction, pus-filled discharge from the nose, and frequent bleeding. The formation of inflamed lesions and the destruction of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone.
Sinuses have small orifices (ostia) which open into recesses (meati) of the nasal cavities. Meati are covered by turbinates (conchae). Turbinates consist of bony shelves surrounded by erectile soft tissue. There are 3 turbinates and 3 meati in each nasal cavity (superior, middle, and inferior).
Rhinosinusitis simply defined is an inflammatory and/or infectious condition of 1 or more of the paranasal sinus cavities. Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) implies that the duration of the condition is less than 1 month. Most cases of ARS are community acquired and are associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections (URI), although other causes may be responsible. It is estimated that 0.5 to 2% of colds result in ARS, and up to 1 in 20 URI lead to acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS). Acute infectious rhinosinusitis can be broken down into several different categories based on several characteristics including location of occurrence (hospital- or community acquired), immune status of the patient, and offending microorganism (viral, bacterial, and/or fungal).
Nasal polyps or tumors. These tissue growths may block the nasal passages or sinuses. Allergic reactions. Allergic triggers include fungal infection of the sinuses. Deviated nasal septum. A crooked septum — the wall between the nostrils — may restrict or block sinus passages. Trauma to the face. A fractured or broken facial bone may cause obstruction of the sinus passages. Other medical conditions. The complications of cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux, or HIV and other immune system diseases may result in nasal blockage. Respiratory tract infections. Infections in your respiratory tract — most commonly, colds — can inflame and thicken your sinus membranes, blocking mucus drainage and creating conditions ripe for growth of bacteria. These infections can be viral, bacterial or fungal in nature. Allergies such as hay fever. Inflammation that occurs with allergies may block your sinuses. Immune system cells.
Nasal endoscopy. A thin, flexible tube (endoscope) with a fiber-optic light inserted through your nose allows your doctor to visually inspect the inside of your sinuses. Imaging studies. Images taken using computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show details of your sinuses and nasal area. These may identify a deep inflammation or physical obstruction that's difficult to detect using an endoscope. Nasal and sinus cultures. Laboratory tests are generally unnecessary for diagnosing chronic sinusitis. However, in cases in which the condition fails to respond to treatment or is progressing, tissue cultures may help pinpoint the cause, such as identifying a bacterial pathogen. An allergy test. If your doctor suspects that the condition may be brought on by allergies, an allergy skin test may be recommended. A skin test is safe and quick and can help pinpoint the allergen that's responsible for your nasal flare-ups.
Prevention Take these steps to reduce your risk of getting chronic sinusitis: Avoid upper respiratory infections. Minimize contact with people who have colds. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially before your meals. Carefully manage your allergies. Work with your doctor to keep symptoms under control. Avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air. Tobacco smoke and air contaminants can irritate and inflame your lungs and nasal passages. Use a humidifier. If the air in your home is dry, such as it is if you have forced hot air heat, adding moisture to the air may help prevent sinusitis. Be sure the humidifier stays clean and free of mold with regular, thorough cleaning.
Endoscopic sinus surgery - also called endoscopy or sinoscopy - is a procedure used to remove blockages in the sinuses (the spaces filled with air in some of the bones of the skull). These blockages cause sinusitis, a condition in which the sinuses swell and become clogged, causing pain and impaired breathing.
What Are The Most Common Complications? It is important to note that no surgery is successful in 100% of cases. All surgeries have the potential for complications. With endoscopic sinus surgery, as with most surgeries, serious complications are uncommon. Most complications are not serious and are easily treated with antibiotics or other simple measures. Any complications from endoscopic sinus surgery are the same as with any type of sinus surgery. While complications are infrequent with all sinus surgeries, there are fewer incidents with endoscopic sinus surgery than the more invasive traditional surgeries. The most common serious complication, which occurs in approximately 2% of cases, is leakage of the body's spinal fluid. This is usually discovered during the surgery itself and repaired at that time so that no adverse effects will occur. The worst and most rare complication is blindness, which is caused by damage to the optic nerve in the eye.
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