IGCSE GEOGRAPHY POPULATION

1. should be able to:
Describe the growth of the
world’s population and
associated
problems and show an
understanding of the causes
and consequences of overpopulation and underpopulation.

2. Identify and suggest reasons for contrasting patterns of
population growth (or decline) as influenced by migration,
.
birth rate and death rate, especially the(benefits and
 Describe the consequences impact of HIV/AIDS
problems) of different patterns of population
growth.
 Identify and suggest reasons for different
types of population structure as shown by
age/sex pyramids.
 Describe the factors influencing the density
and distribution of population and population
migration.

3. POPULATION
 Number of people living in an area or
country or region is known as population.
 Distribution of population: Describes the
way in which people are spread out across the
world. This distribution is uneven and
changes over periods of time.

4. Distribution of population:
 Sparsely populated:
 Densely populated:
 Population explosion
 The annual growth rate of the world’s population
rose slowly but steadily until the beginning of the
19th century. For the next 150 years it grew at an
increasingly faster rate. This process called a
POPULATION EXPLOSION.

5. Density of population:
•The number of people living in one
square kilometer of an area. Density of
population can be calculated by total
population divided by total area. This is
shown by choropleth map.

6. FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY
OF POPULATION
(Reasons for the differences in population
distribution and density)
 Physical factors such as relief, climate, vegetation, soil,
natural resources, water supply and water supply.
 Social factors such as the proportion of urban to rural
population, better housing opportunities, education, health
facilities and entertainment.
 Economic factors such as the resources, amount of
industrialization, transportation and development of
tourism.
 Political factors such as government policy on birth
control.

7. A map of the world, with colours to highlight the population
density of each country or territory. Numbers on the legend are in
people per km2 and all countries smaller than 20,000 km2 are
represented by a dot.

8. A Map shows the physical distribution of
specific data for a geographic area. This style
of map shows statistical information rather than
topographical information

9. THE POPULATION GROWTH
 Birth rate: Birth rate describes the average
number of live births in a year for every 1000
people per year.

 Death rate: Death rate describes the average
number of deaths per 1000 people in the
population per year.
 The difference between the birth rate and
death rate is either the natural increase or
natural decrease.

10. THE POPULATION GROWTH
 Natural increase: where the birth rate is the
higher is known as natural increase of
population. (growth of population as a result
of births and deaths)
 Birth Rate - Death Rate = Natural Increase
 Natural decrease: where the death rate is
the higher is known as natural decrease.

11. The population growth rate (‘natural increase of population) is calculated by
No of births ─ No of deaths X
100
Total population
Example:
60753 – 30457 X100 =1.03%
2938475

12. THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
This model shows the relationship between birth rates and death rates and it is used
to represent population changes over a period of time

14. population change
Stage 1ss
Stage 1
High birth rate due to lack
of family planning
method, high infant
mortality rate an
Agricultural family needs
more children to support
agricultural field.
Children’s are considered
assign of virility and high
religious belief. High
death rate due to
shortage of food,
dangerous diseases such
as plague, malaria etc
poor hygienic and
shortage of medical
facilities.

15. Stage 2
There is a sudden falling down of death rate due to
improvements
in medical
facilities
improvement
in food
production,
improvement
in sanitation
and
improvement
in transport.

16. Stage 3
Sudden falling down of birth rate in the 3rd
stage due to
improvements in
family planning
methods,
improving in
education
especially in
women,
increased desire
for material
wealth
emancipation of
women( equal
rights) and later
marriage.

17. Stage 4
Birth rate is falling more slowly Due to
family planning,
government
policy, improving
in education, later
marriage. And
also death rate
falling very slowly
due to
improvements in
medical facilities
improvement in
food production.

18. Stage 5
Zero population
it means neither
increase nor decrease
of population. E.g.
Italy, Sweden,
Germany, Switzerland.
It has a broad base due
to high birth rate. It
doesn’t have bulges at
its middle, because of
less number of
working population. It
goes on shaping
towards the top due to
short life expectancy
rate.

19. Uses of the demographic
transition model
Studying the way population
change.
Understanding trends in births,
deaths and natural increase.
 Predicting the changing structure
of population and planning to
meet its changing needs.

20. The limitation of the
Demographic Transition Model
 LEDCs may not follow the patterns of change
found in MEDCs 30 to 50 years ago.
 Birth rates have not fallen as rapidly as might
be expected in some LEDCs because of social
customs and beliefs.
 Government planning for population change
may interrupt the model, e.g. the one child
policy in china.
 Some industrialising LEDCs are moving more
rapidly through the stages than the MEDCs
did.

21. Over population and under population
 OVER POPULATION:
 The number of population is higher than the
availability of resources. E.g. china, India,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia.
 UNDERPOPULATION
 The numbers of people are too few to fully exploit
the available resources. Quality of life can only
slowly be improved.
 Optimum population: the population is such that it
can maximise the benefits from the resources
available. It is only when we have optimum
population that the quality of life is maximised.

22. CAUSES OF OVER POPULATION
Reasons for High Birth rate:
 High birth rate due to lack of education
 Lack of medical facilities
 High infant mortality rate
 Agricultural family needs more children to
support the agricultural field.
 Children are considered to be sign of virility
and religious belief

23. PROBLEMS OF AN OVER POPULATED COUNTRY
(The problems of population growth in LEDCs)
 Unemployment
 House shortages
 Lack of food
 Shanty towns
 Crime prostitution
 Strain on services
 Overcrowded buses and trains
 Poor sanitation etc

24. POPULATION STRUCTURE
(What are the reasons for different
types of population structure?)
 Population structure is important for future planning




of a country.
The population structure can be studied using a
population pyramid of age and sex pyramid.
The rate of natural increase, the birth rate, the death
rate and life expectancy all affect the population
structure of a country.
POPULATION PYRAMID: the age and sex structure
of a population can be present as a diagram known
as population pyramid.
LIFE EXPECTANCY: is the number of years that the
average person born in a country can expect to live.

25. POPULATION STRUCTURE
The population pyramid displays the age
and sex structure of a country or given area
OLD DEPENDANTS
Population in
Five Year
Age bands
MALES
Usually, but not always,
To the left In % to make for easier
comparisons
between countries
ECONOMICALLY
ACTIVE
YOUNG
DEPENDANTS
FEMALES
To the right

26. What Population Pyramids Show Us
Economically
More
Developed
Country
Economically
Less
Developed
Country
KEY
slope of pyramid indicate the death rate
width of the base is related to birth rate/fert
proportions of men and women can suggest male o
height of graph can indicate life expectancy (i
wedge as occurs on graph B as these people are
"kinks" indicate dramatic reductions in birth r
death rate in the past
area of graph indicates total population - comp
population age groups or different sex on one g
The overall shape of the population pyramid can indic
Economically More Developed Country or Economically L

27. Population Pyramids related to the
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1
IMPLICATIONS
Stage 2
Stage 3
IMPLICATIONS
IMPLICATIONS
Stage 4
IMPLICATIONS
Both birth rates and
Population continues
Low Crude Birth Ra
Population
Death rates are
to grow but at and Crude Death Ra
slower
starts
High, so population
rate. Low C Death Rate.
Higher dependancy
to grow at an
growth rates are
Dramatically declining
and longer life ex
exponential
slow but population
Crude Birth Rate.
Crude Death Rate d
rate due to
Is usually
restored Crude
Rise slightly beca
fall in
Due to high birth
The ageing populat
Death Rate.
Rate. Short life
More living In
Expectancy
EXAMPLES
middle age.
Life
Scotland today.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
expectancy
Japan, USA
Scotland before 1760
Scotland 1870 -1950
rises
Scotland 1760 - 1830
New Guinea
Algeria, Tunisia
Infant
Republic of Congo
Remote parts of
Morocco
mortality rate
Amazonia
falls.
There is some merit in including or considering

28. Population pyramid of a less developed
nation
Population Pyramid of Nigeria (1995)

29. Importance of Population Pyramids
A BROAD BASE POPULATION
PYRAMID MEANS:
•increase food production
•build more homes & schools
•plan for more job opportunities for the young in future
•implement birth control programme/campaigns
•Usually agricultural with problems of overpopulation.
•Many Dependents

30. Population pyramid of a developed nation
Population Pyramid of Sweden (1995)

31. Importance of Population Pyramids
A NARROW BASED POPULATION
PYRAMID MEANS:
Birth rate and Death rate low
•Work out incentives to encourage more births
•hiring foreign labour
•proper medical services & health care for the aged

32. Stages of development

33. THANK YOU
BY:
SURESH KUMAR KUNDUR
BILLABONG HIGH INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
MALDIVES