15. GDP versus stabilisation levels Notes: Values given in this table correspond to the full literature across all baselines and mitigation scenarios that provide GDP numbers. a) Global GDP based on market exchange rates. b) The 10th and 90th percentile range of the analysed data are given where applicable. Negative values indicate GDP gain. The first row (445-535ppm CO2-eq) gives the upper bound estimate of the literature only. c) The calculation of the reduction of the annual growth rate is based on the average reduction during the assessed period that would result in the indicated GDP decrease by 2030 and 2050 respectively. d) The number of studies is relatively small and they generally use low baselines. High emissions baselines generally lead to higher costs. e) The values correspond to the highest estimate for GDP reduction shown in column three. Source: Climate Change 2007 – Assessment Report, IPCC
23. The reality gap between what is needed and what has been a chieved is the percentage point difference in emissions between the Kyoto target and actual emissions of Annex I countries in 2005. Emissions changes exclude LULUCF. EIT countries are shaded. EU countries’ targets are those agreed under the EU burden sharing agreement. The figure for Turkey is from 2004. Source: CAN International 2008
24. Greenhouse gas emissions of Annex I countries 1990-2005, excluding LULUCF2 Source: CAN International 2008
25. Developing countries would account for most of the projected increase in world greenhouse gas emissions over the coming decades Source: OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (2008) and OECD ENV-Linkages model
26. Cost-effective mitigation action would imply only limited costs in the first decades Source: OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (2008) and OECD ENV-Linkages model
27. Costs of abatement without redistribution Source: OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (2008) and OECD ENV-Linkages model
28. Who is most hurt by global warming? Source: Nordhaus and Boyer (2000), Mendelsohn et al. (2000) and IPCC (1995).
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32. Uncertainty Emission estimates for different countries [Mt CO2-eq, logarithmic scale] based on UN-FCCC (X-axis) or IEA/EDGAR (Y-axis) statistics
33. Effort sharing Assessing the effort sharing for greenhouse gas emission reductions in ambitious global climate scenarios Tommi Ekholm, Sampo Soimakallio & Sanna Syri VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Niklas Höhne & Sara Moltmann Ecofys GmbH
51. CDM all figures as at 24 November 2008 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM The clean development mechanism allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2. CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to meet a part of their targets under the Protocol. The CDM assists countries in achieving sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission targets. Source: UNFCCC CDM manual
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