1. 654–655 Buddy Mays/CORBIS
Enlightenment
and
Revolution
A statue of Louis XIV on horseback
outside of the palace of Versailles
in France
1500 1600 1700 1800
1492 1543 1690 1776
Columbus Copernicus sup- John Locke Declaration of
reaches the ports idea of sun- writes about Independence
Americas centered universe government is signed

2. Chapter Preview Chapter Overview Visit
jat.glencoe.com for a preview
By the end of the Renaissance, Europe and the rest of the of Chapter 18.
world were entering a time of rapid change. Read this chapter
to find out how voyages of exploration and scientific discover-
ies affected people in different parts of the world.
View the Chapter 18 video in the World History: Journey
Across Time Video Program.
The Age of Exploration
In the 1400s, Europeans began to explore overseas and
build empires. Trade increased and goods, technology,
and ideas were exchanged around the world.
The Scientific Revolution
Scientific ideas and discoveries gave Europeans a new
way to understand the universe.
The Enlightenment
During the 1700s, many Europeans believed that reason
could be used to make government and society better.
The American Revolution
Britain and France established colonies in North America.
Britain’s American colonies eventually rebelled against
Britain and formed a new nation, the United States.
Summarizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and
summarize information about the Enlightenment and era of revolutions.
Step 1 Mark the Step 2 Fold the Reading and Writing
midpoint of a side paper in half As you read the chapter,
edge of one sheet again from write information under
of paper. Then side to side. each appropriate tab. Be
fold the outside sure to summarize the
edges in to touch information you find by
the midpoint. Step 4 Label writing only main ideas
as shown. Scienti and supporting details.
fi
Revolu c Enlighten-
Step 3 Open the tion ment
paper and cut
Cut along the
along the inside
fold lines on Age can
fold lines to form both sides. Explo of Ameri on
ti
ratio
n Revolu
four tabs.
655

3. Monitor and Adjust
Your Reading Strengths
Different people read differently. Some people read and
understand something quickly, while other people may need to
read something several times to comprehend it fully. It is impor-
tant to identify your own strengths and weaknesses as a reader.
Read the following paragraph describing the story of how
Newton discovered gravity:
According to tradition, Newton
was sitting in his garden one day
when he watched an apple fall to
the ground. The apple’s fall led him
to the idea of gravity, or the pull of
the earth and other bodies on
objects at or near their surfaces.
—from pages 675–676
on what
Depen ding up
ing, you
you are read ow down
d to sl • Can you visualize this scene in your mind,
may nee p. W hen you almost like a movie?
u
or speed re slowl
y.
study, read mo • Are there any words you do not know?
for
ou read
W hen y can read
• What questions do you have about this passage?
pleasu re, you • What does this scene make you think of based
ickly.
more qu on what you have previously read, seen, or
experienced?
• Do you need to reread it?
656 Unit Title
656

4. (t)Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia/Bridgeman Art Library, (b)Michael Holford
Improve Your Reading Read to Write
Choose one explorer,
The paragraph below appears in Section 3. Read the philosopher, or scientist
passage and answer the questions that follow. that you were intro-
duced to in this chapter.
Write a list of questions
that a modern talk-
During the 1600s and 1700s, many show host might ask if
he or she interviewed
European thinkers favored limits on this person.
government power. However, power-
ful kings and queens ruled most of
Europe. This system was known as Catherine the Great
absolutism. In this system, monarchs
held absolute, or total, power. They
claimed to rule by divine right, or by
the will of God. This meant that rulers
did not answer to their people, but
rather to God alone.
—from page 686
• What words or sentences made
you slow down as you read?
• Did you have to reread any parts?
• What questions do you still have
after reading this passage?
Peter the Great
As you read the chapter, identify one
paragraph in each section that is diffi-
cult to understand. Discuss each para-
graph with a partner to improve your
understanding.
657

5. The Age of
Exploration
What’s the Connection? Meeting People
You have learned how Italy’s cities Vasco da Gama
grew rich from trade. In the 1400s, Christopher Columbus
other European states began exploring Magellan (muh • JEH • luhn)
the world in search of wealth. John Cabot (KA • buht)
Focusing on the Jacques Cartier
• In the 1400s, trade, technology, and (ZHAHK kahr •TYAY)
the rise of strong kingdoms led to a
new era of exploration. (page 659) Building Your Vocabulary
mercantilism
• While the Portuguese explored Africa, (MUHR • kuhn • TUH • LIH • zuhm)
the Spanish, English, and French export (EHK • SPOHRT)
explored America. (page 661)
import (IHM • POHRT)
• To increase trade, Europeans colony (KAH • luh • nee)
set up colonies and created joint- commerce (KAH • muhrs)
stock companies. (page 666)
invest (ihn •VEHST)
• Exploration and trade led to a
worldwide exchange of products, Reading Strategy
people, and ideas. (page 668) Cause and Effect Complete a
diagram like the one below showing
Locating Places why Europeans began to explore.
Strait of Magellan (muh • JEH • luhn)
Netherlands (NEH • thuhr • luhnz)
Moluccas (muh • LUH • kuhz)
1400 1500 1600
1420 1492 1520 1588
NORTH EUROPE Portugal begins Columbus Magellan’s England
AMERICA CHINA
INDIA mapping Africa’s reaches the crew sails defeats the
AFRICA
coast Americas around the world Armada
SOUTH
AMERICA
658 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution

6. Europe Gets Ready to Explore
In the 1400s, trade, technology, and Early
compass
the rise of strong kingdoms led to a new era of
exploration.
Reading Focus Do you like traveling to places that
you have never been? Read to see why Western
Europeans set off to explore the world.
In the 1400s and 1500s, nations in
Western Europe began exploring the world.
They soon gained control of the Americas
and parts of India and Southeast Asia as
well. Why did they begin exploring in the
1400s? Many events came together to create
just the right conditions for exploration.
Trade With Asia As you have read, in the
Middle Ages, Europeans began buying vast
amounts of spices, silks, and other goods European explorers
and traders began to
from Asia. In the 1400s, however, it became
use smaller, faster
harder to get those goods. ships called caravels
First of all, the Mongol Empire had col- in the 1400s. What
lapsed. The Mongols had kept the Silk Road advantage did tri-
running smoothly. When their empire col- angular sails offer
a ship? Astrolabe
lapsed, local rulers along the Silk Road
imposed new taxes on merchants. This
made Asian goods more expensive. New Technology Even though the Euro-
Next, the Ottoman Turks conquered peans wanted to go exploring, they could not
the Byzantine Empire and blocked Italian do it without the right technology. The
merchants from entering the Black Sea. Atlantic Ocean was too dangerous and diffi-
The Italians had trading posts on the coast cult to navigate.
of the Black Sea where they bought goods By the 1400s, they had the technology
from Asia. Now, they could no longer they needed. From the Arabs, Europeans
reach them. They had to trade with the learned about the astrolabe and the com-
Turks instead, and this drove prices even pass. The astrolabe was an ancient Greek
higher. device that could be used to find latitude.
Europeans still wanted the spices and The compass, invented by the Chinese,
silks of East Asia. Anyone who could find a helped navigators find magnetic north.
way to get them cheaply would make a lot Even with these new tools, the Europeans
of money. Merchants began looking for a needed better ships. In the 1400s, they began
route to East Asia that bypassed the Middle using triangular sails developed by the
East. If they could not get there by land, Arabs. These sails let a ship zigzag into the
maybe they could get there by sea. wind.
CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution 659
(t)Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, (c)SuperStock, (b)Michael Holford

7. The rise of towns and trade helped
make governments stronger. Kings and
queens could tax the trade in their kingdom
and then use the money to build armies and
navies. Using their new power, they were
able to build strong central governments.
By the end of the 1400s, four strong
kingdoms—Portugal, Spain, France, and
England—had developed in Europe. They
had harbors on the Atlantic Ocean and were
anxious to find a sea route to Asia. The
question was where to go.
Did Maps Encourage Exploration? By the
1400s, most educated people in Europe knew
the world was round, but they only had
maps of Europe and the Mediterranean.
When the Renaissance began, however, peo-
ple began to study ancient maps as well as
books written by Arab scholars.
Twelve hundred years earlier, a Greek-
educated Egyptian geographer named
Claudius Ptolemy had drawn maps of the
Prince Henry’s school for navigation helped
world. His book Geography was discovered
make possible the discovery of new water by Europeans in 1406 and printed in 1475.
routes and new lands. Here, Prince Henry is With the invention of the printing
shown watching for the return of his ships. press, books like Ptolemy’s could be
What types of professionals did Prince Henry printed and sold all over Europe.
invite to his research center?
Ptolemy’s ideas about cartography, or the
science of mapmaking, were very influen-
They also began building ships with many tial. His basic system of longitude and lat-
masts and smaller sails to make their ships go itude is still used today.
faster. A new type of rudder made steering European cartographers also began
easier. In the 1400s, these inventions came reading a book written by al-Idrisi, an Arab
together in a Portuguese ship called the car- geographer. Al-Idrisi had published a book
avel. With ships like the caravel, Europeans in 1154 showing the parts of the world
could begin exploring the world. known to Muslims. By studying the works
of al-Idrisi and Ptolemy, Europeans learned
The Rise of Strong Nations Even with the geography of East Africa and the Indian
new technology, exploration was still Ocean. If they could find a way around
expensive and dangerous. For most of the Africa, they could get to Asia.
Middle Ages, Europe’s kingdoms were Summarize What were the
weak and could not afford to explore. This main reasons the Europeans began exploring the
situation began to change in the 1400s. world in the 1400s?
660 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution
Bettmann/CORBIS

8. In 1420 Portugal began mapping
Exploring the World Africa’s coastline and trading with Africa’s
While the Portuguese explored Africa, kingdoms. It also seized the Azores (AY •
the Spanish, English, and French explored America. ZOHRZ), Madeira (muh • DIHR • uh), and Cape
Reading Focus Have you ever done something daring Verde islands. Soon after, the Portuguese
or tried something new not knowing how it would turn discovered sugarcane would grow on the
out? Read to learn how European explorers took chances islands.
and went places no Europeans had ever been before. Sugar was very valuable in Europe.
To work their sugarcane fields, the
By the early 1400s, Europeans were Portuguese began bringing enslaved
ready to explore. England and France were Africans to the islands. This was the begin-
still fighting each other, however, and Spain ning of a slave trade that would eventually
was still fighting the Muslims. This gave bring millions of enslaved people to the
Portugal the chance to explore first. Americas as well.
In 1488 the Portuguese explorer
Who Was Henry the Navigator? In 1419 Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip
Prince Henry of Portugal, known as “Henry of Africa. Nine years later, Vasco da Gama
the Navigator,” set up a research center (VAS • koh dah GA • muh) rounded the tip
in southern Portugal. He invited sailors, of Africa, raced across the Indian Ocean,
cartographers, and shipbuilders to come and landed on India’s coast. A water route
and help him explore the world. to East Asia had at last been found.
Santa María
The Santa María, Columbus’s flagship, was Crow’s Nest
larger and slower than the other two The crow’s nest served as
ships on the voyage. What islands might a platform for a lookout.
Columbus have explored on his first
voyage to the Americas?
Captain’s Cabin
This room served Upper Deck
as Columbus’s Sailors slept and
dining room, cooked their meals
bedroom, and on the upper deck.
study.
Hold
Food, fresh water,
and supplies for the
voyage filled the
ship’s hold.

9. European Exploration of the World
0° 2,000 mi. 60°E 120°E
0
Greenland 0 2,000 km KEY
Mercator projection Dutch
English
French
Cab Hudson 160 Portuguese
Hudson Hu ot
60°N ds o
9
n 1610
Bay
EUROPE Spanish
14
ASIA
97
Carti NETHERLANDS
er 1 ENGLAND
53 4
NORTH FRANCE PACIFIC
AMERICA PORTUGAL OCEAN
no 1524
Verra
za JAPAN
SPAIN CHINA
MEXICO Bahamas INDIA
Cuba
Tenochtitl´an Hispaniola s 1492 Goa
lumbu Philippines Death of
(Mexico City) Cort´es 1519 Caribbean
Sea
Co 00
AFRICA a Calicut Magellan
Gam
1 5 3 1 -1 5 3
15
Melaka
P iza r r o 2
da April 1521
ral
da
EQUATOR Ga
0° da
Cab
ma Spice Islands
PACIFIC ral Gam
ATLANTIC Cab (Moluccas) Magellan
Dias 14
Strait of a
OCEAN Lima PERU OCEAN
Malacca
n) 152
2
SOUTH 87 agella
for M
Elcan
da G a m
Elcano ( AUSTRALIA
AMERICA
o
M a 1 4 97
N ag
ell
an 51
9 INDIAN
15 n1
21 ella OCEAN
W E ag
M
S
Strait of Magellan
60°S
120°W 60°W
For more than 100 years, Europeans undertook
180°
voyages of exploration in search of new trade
and trade routes.
1. Based on this map, which continents were not
visited by European explorers?
2. What general region did the English explore?
Find NGS online map resources @
Christopher Columbus While the Port- www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
uguese explored Africa, an Italian navigator
named Christopher Columbus came up
with a daring plan to get to Asia. He would Columbus thought he was in Asia. He
sail across the Atlantic Ocean. made three more voyages to the region
Columbus needed money to make the but never realized he had arrived in the
trip. The rulers of Portugal, England, and Americas. Eventually, Europeans realized
France all turned him down. Finally in 1492 they had reached two huge continents.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain said yes.
Earlier that year, they had finally driven the Who Was Magellan? Many Spaniards
Muslims out of Spain. They could now explored the Americas in the 1500s, but
afford to pay for exploration. only Ferdinand Magellan (muh • JEH • luhn)
Columbus outfitted three ships: the tried to finish what Columbus had set out
Santa María, the Niña, and the Pinta. In 1492 to do. In 1520 he left Spain and headed west
they left Spain and headed west. As the to sail around the Americas and then all the
weeks passed, the crew grew desperate. way to Asia.
Finally they sighted land, probably the Magellan sailed south along South
island of San Salvador. Columbus claimed America. Finally, he found a way around the
the land for Spain and then explored the continent. The passage he found is named
nearby islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. the Strait of Magellan (muh • JEH • luhn).
662 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution

10. KEY KEY
Mi
NORTH
ssis
Spanish exploration French exploration
N
Sn AMERICA
s
ak Dutch exploration
ippi
e R.
Mi
R. E
do o R. W
R.
ss o n
ra 1540– 42 Arka uri R Ohi
o do
0 500 mi.
534
–42
. De Soto r1
Co
l
Corona as S tie
s
1538–42 Car
R.
Santa Fe ATLANTIC 0 500 km
NORTH
a de Vaca 15 Mercator projection
Ch
Cabez OCEAN am
AMERICA
Cab
8–36 p la
2
30°N Ri
oG St. Augustine Marquette in
N a ´ a ez 1 5 2 8
rill
ra P and Joliet Quebec 16 0
M
3–15
o
nd
on
Montreal
iss
1673
15
e
ce
42
is
1519
D
9
sip
n 160
–4
e
L e´o
tes
´ Hu d so
pi
n 15
3
C or 13
R.
Tenochtitl´an Plymouth
Mi
(Mexico City) Caribbean Sea s ou
s
ri R ATLANTIC
. io R.
N Oh
Ar
ka Jamestown
0 1,000 mi.
Balboa
nsa
s OCEAN
.
R
W E 1513 La Salle V e r r a za
0 1,000 km no 1524
1679–82
0°
Mercator projection S SOUTH
30°N
PACIFIC OCEAN AMERICA60°W Gulf of Mexico 60°W
120°W 90°W
Important European Explorers
Christopher Vasco Ferdinand Jacques Henry
Columbus da Gama Magellan Cartier Hudson
Voyages: 1492, 1493, Voyage: 1497–1499 Voyage: 1519–1522 Voyages: 1534, Voyages: 1607, 1608,
1498, 1502 1535, 1541 1609, 1610
First European to Led the first
First European to sail sail around the expedition to sail Explored the St. Explored the
west searching for a south of Africa completely around Lawrence River Hudson River and
water route to Asia and reach India the world Hudson Bay
After passing through the stormy strait, his known people to circumnavigate (suhr • kuhm •
ship entered a vast sea. It was so peaceful, or NA • vuh • GAYT), or sail around, the world.
pacific, that he named the sea the Pacific
Ocean. The First English and French Explorers
Magellan then headed west. His sailors As the news spread about Columbus’s
nearly starved and had to eat leather, saw- journey, England decided to search for a
dust, and rats. Finally, after four months at northern route to Asia. In 1497 an English
sea, they reached the Philippines. After local ship commanded by John Cabot (KA • buht)
people killed Magellan, his crew continued headed across the Atlantic.
west across the Indian Ocean, around Africa, Cabot arrived at a large island he named
and back to Spain. They became the first Newfoundland. He then traveled south
CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution 663
(l)The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1900(00.18.2), (cl)Stock Montage, (c)Collection of The New-York Historical Society, (cr)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)North Wind Picture Archives

11. Europe from Spain’s empire in
America.
Meanwhile, England had
become Spain’s enemy. As you
have read, in 1534 King Henry
VIII of England broke from the
Catholic Church and made his
To defeat the Spanish Armada, the English kingdom Protestant. By the
sent ships that had been set on fire toward 1560s, the Dutch had become Protestant, too,
the Spanish warships. Why was the defeat of
the Spanish Armada important? even though they were part of Spain’s
empire at that time. Spain was strongly
along the coast of present-day Canada but Catholic and tried to stop Protestantism in
did not find a path through to Asia. Cabot the Netherlands (NEH • thuhr • luhnz). When
disappeared on his second trip and was the Dutch people rebelled against Spain,
never heard from again. England came to their aid.
In 1524 France sent Giovanni da To help the Dutch, Queen Elizabeth I of
Verrazano to map America’s coast and find England let English privateers attack Spanish
a route through to Asia. Verrazano mapped ships. Privateers are privately owned ships
from what is today North Carolina north to that have a license from the government to
Newfoundland but found no path to Asia. attack ships of other countries. People nick-
Ten years later, the French tried again. named the English privateers “sea dogs.”
This time they sent Jacques Cartier (ZHAHK They raided the Spanish treasure ships that
kahr • TYAY). Cartier sailed past Newfound- were bringing gold back from America.
land and entered the St. Lawrence River. England’s raids frustrated Philip II, the
Hoping he had found a passage to Asia, king of Spain. In 1588 he sent a huge fleet
Cartier made two more trips to map the St. known as the Spanish Armada to invade
Lawrence River. After these trips, France England. In July 1588, the Armada headed
stopped exploring. By the mid-1500s, into the English Channel—the narrow body
French Protestants and Catholics were of water between England and Europe. The
fighting a civil war. There was no more Spanish ships were large and had many
exploring until it was settled. guns, but they were hard to steer. The
smaller English ships moved much more
Spain Fights England After Columbus, the quickly. Their attacks forced the Armada to
Spanish went on to build a vast empire in retreat north. There a great storm arose and
America. They forced enslaved Native broke up the Armada.
Americans to grow sugarcane and mine gold The defeat of the Spanish Armada was
and silver. Later they brought enslaved an important event. The Spanish were still
Africans to the region to work on their farms. strong, but England now had the power to
Spanish nobles called conquistadors stand up to them. This encouraged the
traveled to America in the hopes of becom- English and Dutch to begin exploring both
ing rich. Hernán Cortés conquered the North America and Asia.
Aztec, and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Identify Who was the first
Inca. Soon after their victories, vast European to sail to India? Whose crew was first to
amounts of gold and silver began to flow to sail around the world?
664 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution
National Maritime Museum, London

12. ELIZA3BETH I
–160
1533
r British rulers—
Elizabeth I is one of the most popula
of England than by
but she was more loved by the people
young life was filled
her father, King Henry VIII. Elizabeth’s
n to Henry VIII and
with change and sadness. She was bor
g was upset when
his second wife, Anne Boleyn. The kin
ted a boy to inherit
Elizabeth was born, because he wan
the throne.
ounded herself
When Elizabeth became queen, she surr
y turned England
with intelligent advisers. Together the Queen Elizabeth I
into a strong, prosperou s country. Elizabeth supported
of Europe. She
Protestantism in England and in the rest
sent aid to the French Huguenots and
Protestants in Scotland “I have the heart and
l with Parliament but stomach of a king and
and the Netherlands. She worked wel
was a skilled writer
called few sessions during her reign. She
and speaker and won the love and sup
port of the English of a king of England,
people. too.”
unusual at that time.
Elizabeth never married, which was —Elizabeth I, “Armada Speech”
her, but she turned
Ma ny men were interested in marrying
abeth probably remained
down their proposals. One reason Eliz a time when most rulers were men.
single was to ma intain control of the government at ted to
England. Many prominent men wan
She also used her status to the advantage of to get him
to marry someone’s enemy in order
ma rry her, and she sometimes threatened
to do what she wanted. ng,
England’s society. She loved horse ridi
Elizabeth’s personality also influenced ent of new
t of the arts resulted in the developm
dances, parties, and plays. Her suppor
th
English literature and music. Elizabe
was so popular by the time of her
death that the date she became an unhappy
queen was celebrated as a national Even though Queen Elizabeth I had
e one of
holiday for 200 years. childhood, she overcame it to becom
England’s
England’s most popular leaders. Today
situations.
Queen Elizabeth II has also faced sad
ay
Research her life and write a short ess
abeth I.
comparing her life to the life of Eliz
665
National Portrait Gallery, London/SuperStock

13. The Commercial Revolution
To increase trade, Europeans set up
colonies and created joint-stock companies.
Reading Focus Do you know anyone who works at
home? Read to learn how merchants in the 1600s gave
people jobs at home and changed the world trade system.
While Spain built its empire in America,
Portugal began building a trading empire
in Asia. In 1500, shortly after Vasco da
Gama’s trip, the Portuguese sent 13 ships
back to India. Led by Pedro Alvares Cabral
(PAY • throo AHL • vahr • ihs kuh • BRAHL), the
Portuguese fought a war against the These ships sailed for the Dutch East India
Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean. Company, which carried out trade in Asia.
After defeating the Arab fleet, the Which European nation did the Dutch replace
in the spice trade?
Portuguese built trading posts in India,
China, Japan, the Persian Gulf, and in the way, the home country will not have to
Moluccas (muh • LUH • kuhz), or Spice Islands import those goods from other countries.
of Southeast Asia. From these bases, they
controlled most of southern Asia’s sea Trade Empires in Asia Mercantilism
trade. encouraged Europeans to set up trading
posts and colonies in Asia and North
What Is Mercantilism? As Europeans America. By the end of the 1500s, Spain had
watched Spain and Portugal grow wealthy set up a colony in the Philippines. The
from their empires, they tried to figure out Spanish shipped silver to the Philippines
how they had become rich. They came up from America and then used it to buy Asian
with the idea of mercantilism (MUHR • kuhn • spices and silk for sale in Europe.
TUH • LIH • zuhm). Mercantilism is the idea that
In the 1600s, English and French mer-
a country gains power by building up its chants landed in India and began trading
supply of gold and silver. Mercantilists with the people there. In 1619 the Dutch
believe the best way to do this is to export built a fort on the island of Java, in what is
(EHK • SPOHRT), or sell to other countries, more now Indonesia. They slowly pushed the
goods than you import (IHM • POHRT), or buy Portuguese out of the spice trade.
from them. If you export more than you
import, more gold and silver flows in from What Are Joint-Stock Companies?
other countries than goes out. Trading overseas was very expensive. In
Mercantilists also thought countries the 1600s, however, new ways of doing
should set up colonies. A colony (KAH • luh • business developed in Europe. Historians
nee) is a settlement of people living in a new call this the “commercial revolution.”
territory controlled by their home country. Commerce (KAH • muhrs) is the buying and
Colonists are supposed to produce goods selling of goods in large amounts over
their country does not have at home. That long distances.
666 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution
Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY

14. To trade goods long distance, merchants to buy goods at low prices so they can
needed a lot of money. They had to buy make money selling them at higher prices
many goods, store them in warehouses, and elsewhere.
ship them over land and sea. They had to By the 1600s, merchants had become frus-
know what people in distant lands wanted trated by artisans and guilds. They charged
to buy and what prices were like there. too much and could not make goods fast
This new business created a new type of enough. So merchants began asking peasants
businessperson called an entrepreneur. to make goods for them. In particular, they
Entrepreneurs invest (ihn • VEHST), or put asked the peasants to make wool cloth.
money into a project. Their goal is to make The peasants were happy to make extra
even more money when the project is done. money and glad to find work they could do
Many projects were so large that a in their homes.
group of entrepreneurs had to come This system was called the “putting out”
together and form a joint-stock company. A system. Merchants would buy wool and put
joint-stock company is a business that peo- it out to the peasants. This system is also
ple can invest in by buying a share of the sometimes called the “cottage industry,”
company. These shares are called stocks. because the small houses where peasants
lived were called cottages.
What Is the Cottage Industry? To trade
over a long distance, merchants need a Explain How did merchants
large supply of goods. They also have raise the money for overseas trade?
European Trade in Asia c. 1700
80°E N 100°E 120°E
0 1,000 mi.
0 1,000 km W E CHINA
N
20°
Two-Point Equidistant projection
S
Ganges R. Me
kon g
Macau
Daman Calcutta Philippines
V IE
R.
INDIA
Bombay N
T
Bay of AM Manila
THAILAND PACIFIC
Goa Bengal South OCEAN
Madras China 0°
CAMBODIA Sea Spice TO
R
Calicut UA
Pondicherry Islands EQ
Cochin Malay (Moluccas)
Ceylon Peninsula 140°E
Colombo (Sri Lanka)
Melaka
Borneo
Sumatra
Using their advanced weapons and
ships, Europeans set up trading Batavia
(Jakarta) KEY
posts in India and Southeast Asia. CHAPTER 18JavaEnlightenment and Revolution by:
Port city controlled 667
1. Which countries had trading England Portugal
posts along the coasts of India? INDIAN OCEAN France Spain
Netherlands
2. Which country controlled the
most ports?
CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution 667

15. planted potatoes instead of grain, about four
A Global Exchange times as many people could live off the same
Exploration and trade led to a world- amount of land.
wide exchange of products, people, and ideas. Other American foods, such as squash,
Reading Focus Have you heard about insects from beans, and tomatoes, also made their way
other countries that hurt American crops? Read to learn to Europe. Tomatoes greatly changed cook-
how the movement of goods and people between ing in Italy, where tomato sauces became
America and the rest of the world caused great changes. very popular. Chocolate was a popular food
from Central America. By mixing it with
After the Age of Exploration, the milk and sugar, Europeans created a sweet
economies of Europe, Africa, Asia, and that is still popular today.
America changed. As Europe traded with Some American foods, such as chili
the world, a global exchange of people, peppers and peanuts, were taken to
goods, technology, ideas, and even diseases Europe, but they also made their way to
began. We call this transfer the Columbian Asia and Africa where they became popu-
Exchange, after Christopher Columbus. lar. Both Europeans and Asians also began
Two important foods—corn and pota- smoking tobacco, an American plant.
toes—were taken to Europe from North Many European and Asian grains, such
America. Corn was used to feed animals. as wheat, oats, barley, rye, and rice, were
Larger, healthier animals resulted in more planted in the Americas. Coffee and tropi-
meat, leather, and wool. The potato was also cal fruits, such as bananas, were brought to
important. Europeans discovered that if they America as well. Eventually, coffee and
The Columbian Exchange
0°
NORTH Cassava Cocoa Corn Disease
Beans
AMERICA Peanuts
Peppers Pineapples EUROPE
Beans , ASIA, AND AFRICA
EUROPE
Avocados S TO
RICA Sweet
AM E Potatoes Tobacco Tomatoes Honeybees
Quinine Squash Turkeys Vanilla
Pumpkins ATLANTIC Livestock
- Cattle
Potatoes OCEAN - Sheep
Sugarcane Peaches & - Pigs Bananas
Turnips Onions Olives - Horses
Pears
ER IC A S 30°N
N T O AM Citrus AFRICA
EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA Fruits
W E Coffee
Beans
S
Grains Grapes Disease
- Wheat
0 1,000 mi. - Rice
- Barley
- Oats
0 1,000 km
Mercator projection 60°W 30°W
Many food items were exchanged
between the Americas and Europe,
Africa, and Asia.
1. Which grains made their way to
the Americas from Europe?
2. What, besides food, was part of
the Columbian Exchange?
668 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution

16. banana farms employed thousands of Indian princes. Across Asia, the Europeans
workers in Central and South America. forced local rulers to let them set up trading
New animals such as pigs, sheep, cattle, posts. Within a short time, the East India
chickens, and horses were also brought to Company of England had built an empire
America. Chickens changed the diet of in India, and the Dutch East India
many people in Central and South America, Company had built an empire in Indonesia.
while horses changed the lives of Native The arrival of the Europeans in Japan
Americans on the Great Plains. Horses pro- also changed that society. Using guns and
vided a faster way to move from place to cannons imported from Europe, a new
place. As a result, Native Americans began shogun was finally able to defeat the feudal
hunting buffalo as their main food source. lords, the daimyo, and reunite Japan.
A huge movement of people also took Not everything exchanged between
place after Europeans obtained sugarcane Europe and America was good. When
from Asia and began growing it in the Europeans arrived in America, they were
Caribbean. To plant and harvest the sugar- carrying germs that could kill Native
cane, they enslaved millions of Africans Americans. Many diseases, including small-
and moved them to the Americas. pox, measles, and malaria, swept across the
Europeans also changed Asian society. Americas killing millions of people.
With their guns and powerful ships, the Describe Describe the
Europeans easily defeated Arab fleets and Columbian Exchange.
Study CentralTM Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
What Did You Learn?
Reading Summary 1. What was a caravel, and why
was it important?
4. Summarize Describe the
development of the African
Review the
2. Describe the accomplishments slave trade.
• Rising prices of Asian goods, strong
central governments, and new sail- of Ferdinand Magellan. 5. Understand Cause and
ing technology led to European Critical Thinking Effect Why did merchants
exploration of the world. create joint-stock companies
3. Organize Information Draw and use cottage industries?
• Portugal found a route to India a chart like the one below. Use
while Spain, England, and France it to name the explorers dis- 6. Analyze How did foods
explored America. cussed in this section, the imported from the Americas
country they sailed for, and the benefit Europe? Identify some
• Europeans used joint-stock com- of those foods.
panies to build colonies and trad- places they explored.
ing posts in Asia following the 7. Monitor and
Explorer Country Area Adjust Write a 10-question
ideas of mercantilism. Sailed for Explored
multiple choice test to help
• European exploration and trade you review the important
brought about a global exchange information in this section.
of goods, technology, and disease. Exchange tests with a
classmate.
CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution 669

17. The Scientific
Revolution
What’s the Connection? Meeting People
One result of the Renaissance Ptolemy (TAH • luh • mee)
was a new interest in science. During Copernicus (koh • PUHR • nih • kuhs)
the 1600s, people began to observe, Kepler (KEH • pluhr)
experiment, and reason to find new Galileo (GA • luh • LEE • oh)
knowledge.
Newton (NOO • tuhn)
Descartes (day • KAHRT)
Focusing on the
• The thinkers of the ancient world
developed early forms of science Building Your Vocabulary
and passed this knowledge to theory (THEE • uh • ree)
later civilizations. (page 671) rationalism (RASH • nuh • LIH • zuhm)
scientific method
• European interest in astronomy led
to new discoveries and ideas about hypothesis (hy • PAH • thuh • suhs)
the universe and Earth’s place in it.
(page 673) Reading Strategy
Compare and Contrast Use a
• The Scientific Revolution led to new diagram like the one below to show
discoveries in physics, medicine, the similarities and differences in the
and chemistry. (page 675) views of Ptolemy and Copernicus.
• Using the scientific method,
Europeans of the 1600s and 1700s
Ptolemy Copernicus
developed new ideas about society
based on reason. (page 678)
1500 1600 1700
London 1543 1632 1687
Paris Copernicus supports Galileo publishes Isaac Newton
sun-centered work supporting states laws about
Florence solar system Copernicus’s ideas motion and gravity
Rome
670 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution

18. The Scientific Revolution
The thinkers of the ancient world
developed early forms of science and passed this
knowledge to later civilizations.
Reading Focus Have you ever taught a skill or passed
on an idea to a younger brother or sister? Read in this
chapter how the scientific ideas of early thinkers were
passed on to later generations.
From earliest times, people have been
curious about the world around them.
Thousands of years ago, people began to
use numbers, study the stars and planets,
and watch the growth of plants and ani- This model shows the universe according to
the ideas of the Polish astronomer Nicolaus
mals. These activities were the beginnings Copernicus, with the sun at the universe’s
of science. Science is any organized study of center. What did Ptolemy’s geocentric
the natural world and how it works. theory state?
Early Scientists Early civilizations devel- he gathered and classified, or arranged
oped different kinds of science to solve prac- them into groups, based on their similari-
tical problems. Among the first sciences ties and differences.
were mathematics, astronomy, and medi- The Greeks made many important
cine. Mathematics was used for record keep- scientific advances, but their approach to
ing and building projects. Astronomy science had some problems. For example,
helped people keep time and figure out they did not experiment, or test, new ideas
when to plant and harvest crops. Early civ- to see if they were true. Many of their con-
ilizations also developed medical practices, clusions were false because they were based
such as surgery, acupuncture, and the use on “common sense” instead of experiments.
of herbs, for treating illnesses. For example, in the A.D. 100s, the
The ancient Greeks left behind a large Egyptian-born astronomer Ptolemy (TAH •
amount of scientific knowledge. They luh • mee) stated that the sun and the planets
believed that reason was the only way to moved around the earth in circular paths.
understand nature. As they studied the After all, it did seem like the earth was the
world, they developed theories. A theory center of the universe. Astronomers in
(THEE • uh • ree) is an explanation of how or Europe accepted Ptolemy’s geocentric, or
why something happens. A theory is based earth-centered, theory for more than 1,400
on what you can observe about something. years.
It may not be correct, but it seems to fit the
facts. Science During the Middle Ages Under
In Ancient Greece, the Greek philoso- Roman rule, most thinkers continued to
pher Aristotle observed nature and col- accept the scientific knowledge of the
lected vast amounts of information about Greeks. After the fall of Rome, during the
plants and animals. He then took the facts Middle Ages, most people were more
CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution 671
Scala/Art Resource, NY

19. interested in theology, the study of God, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library
than in the study of nature. For scientific However, in spite of these achievements,
knowledge, they relied on Greek and scientists in the Islamic world did not
Roman writings and saw no need to check experiment or develop the instruments
their facts or to make their own observa- necessary to advance their scientific
tions. Many of these ancient works, how- knowledge.
ever, were either lost or poorly preserved. During the 1100s, European thinkers
In the writings that survived, errors were became interested in science again as a
added as copies were made. result of their contacts with the Islamic
Meanwhile, Arabs and Jews in the world. Major Islamic scientific works were
Islamic Empire preserved much of the sci- brought to Europe and translated into
ence of the Greeks and Romans. They care- Latin. The Hindu-Arabic system of num-
fully copied many Greek and Roman works bers also spread to Europe, where it eventu-
into the Arabic language. They also came ally replaced Roman numerals. Christian
into contact with the science of the Persians thinkers, such as Thomas Aquinas, tried
and the Indian system of mathematics. to show that Christianity and reason could
Arabic and Jewish scientists made go together. During the 1100s, Europeans
advances of their own in areas such as began building new universities. They
A New View of the Universe
Ptolemaic Universe
Fixed Stars
Prime Mover
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Sun
Venus
Mercury
Earth
Moon
The astronomical theory of Ptolemy (left) placed
Earth at the center of the universe (above). His
theory was accepted for more than a thousand
years. According to the diagram, how many
planets besides Earth were known at the time of
Ptolemy?

20. would play an important role in the growth
of science.
A Revolution in Astronomy
Beginning in the 1400s, voyages of European interest in astronomy led to
exploration further added to Europe’s sci- new discoveries and ideas about the universe and
entific knowledge. Better charts, maps, and Earth’s place in it.
navigational instruments helped voyagers Reading Focus What would people on Earth think if
reach different parts of the world. Through life were discovered on other planets? Read to see how
exploration, the size of oceans and conti- Europeans reacted to new discoveries about the universe.
nents became better known. Scientists gath-
ered and classified new knowledge about During the 1500s, European thinkers
plants, animals, and diseases in different began to break with the old scientific ideas.
parts of the world. They increasingly understood that advances
As scientific knowledge grew, the stage in science could only come through mathe-
was set for a new understanding of the matics and experimentation. This new way
natural world that would shake Europe to of thinking led to a revolution, or sweeping
its foundations. change, in the way Europeans understood
Describe Describe scien- science and the search for knowledge.
tific knowledge during the Middle Ages. Astronomy was the first science affected by
Copernican Universe
Fixed Stars
Saturn
Moon Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Sun Venus
Mercury
Nicolaus Copernicus (right), a Polish
mathematician, believed that the sun was at the
center of the universe. His model (above) placed
Earth and the other planets in orbits around the
sun. Why did Europeans again become interested in
science in the 1100s?
CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution 673
Bettmann/CORBIS

21. the Scientific Revolution. New discoveries was too complicated. Instead, he developed
brought changes in the way Europeans saw a simpler heliocentric, or sun-centered, the-
the universe. They challenged traditional ory of the universe. Copernicus’s theory
thinking that God had made the earth as the stated that the Sun, not Earth, was the cen-
center of the universe. ter of the universe. The planets moved in
circular paths around the Sun.
Who Was Copernicus? Leading the
Scientific Revolution was a Polish mathe- Kepler’s Revolution The next step in the
matician named Nicolaus Copernicus (koh • march of science was taken by a German
PUHR • nih • kuhs). In 1543 Copernicus wrote a astronomer named Johannes Kepler (KEH •
book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly pluhr). He supported Copernicus’s theory but
Spheres. He disagreed with Ptolemy’s view also made corrections to it. Kepler added the
that the earth was the center of the universe. idea that the planets move in ellipses (ih •
Copernicus believed that Ptolemy’s theory LIHP • SEEZ), or oval paths, rather than circular
Telescopes
The Hubble Space Telescope
Galileo’s first telescope was made of two
lenses inside a tube. Kepler improved the telescope
by including an outward curving eyepiece, which
increased the magnification and field of
view. In 1663 James Gregory published a
description of a reflecting telescope that
would use a mirror to gather and focus
light. It was not built until 1668.
Today, telescopes are large,
complex, and powerful. The Hubble
Space Telescope has been in orbit
380 miles above the earth’s surface
since 1990. It can see great distances
because it is outside the atmosphere.
Why is astronomy important today?
Galileo’s telescope
674 CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution
(l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Denis Scott/CORBIS