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Deseases of the liver
- 1. Deseases of the liver Balaka Sviatoslav Nikolaevich Kharkov National Medical University Department of surgery №2
- 2. Anatomy 3 5 1 2 4 1 - falciform ligament 2 - round ligament 3 - coronary ligament 4 - triangular ligament 5 - diaphragm 3 4 2
- 3. Liver location types (by Didanski)
- 4. Segments of liver (by Couinaud)
- 6. Venous inflow and outflow 1 1 – The Rex-Kantli line 2 – Fissure line 2 I II III IV V VI VII VIII
- 8. Portacaval shunts 1.cardiac region 2.umbilical region 3.rectal region 4.renal region
- 9. Lymphatic system 1) l.n. of posterior mediastinum 2) l.n. of anterior mediastinum 3) portal l.n. 4) suprapancreatic l.n.
- 10. Functions of the liver Synthesis Further information: Proteins produced and secreted by the liver A CT scan in which the liver and portal vein are shown. A large part of amino acid synthesis The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: Gluconeogenesis (the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol) Glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen into glucose) Glycogenesis (the formation of glycogen from glucose)(muscle tissues can also do this) The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis as well as degradation The liver also performs several roles in lipid metabolism: Cholesterol synthesis Lipogenesis, the production of triglycerides (fats). A bulk of the lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver. The liver produces coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, IX, X and XI, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. In the first trimester fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. By the 32nd week of gestation, the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task. The liver produces and excretes bile (a yellowish liquid) required for emulsifying fats. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. The liver also produces insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a polypeptide protein hormone that plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults. The liver is a major site of thrombopoietin production. Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. Breakdown The breakdown of insulin and other hormones The liver glucoronidates bilirubin, facilitating its excretion into bile. The liver breaks down or modifies toxic substances (e.g., methylation) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism. This sometimes results in toxication, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. Preferably, the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine. The liver converts ammonia to urea (urea cycle) Other functions The liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose (in the form of glycogen), vitamin A (1–2 years' supply), vitamin D (1–4 months' supply), vitamin B12 (1–3 years' supply), iron, and copper. The liver is responsible for immunological effects—the reticuloendothelial system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried to it via the portal system. The liver produces albumin, the major osmolar component of blood serum. The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen, a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin, an enzyme that is released when the kidney
- 11. Diagnostic imaging ultrasonography scintigraphy CT MRI laparoscopy arteriography portografphy
- 12. Ultrasonography
- 17. Sutures of liver
- 18. Liver trauma
- 19. Liver trauma
- 20. Liver trauma
- 21. Liver trauma
- 22. Liver trauma
- 23. Liver trauma
- 24. Liver trauma
- 25. Liver trauma
- 26. Liver trauma
- 27. Liver trauma
- 28. Liver trauma
- 30. Cirrhosis
- 31. Picture of Cirrhosis • Ascites • Asterixis • Spider angiomas • Palmer erythema • Gynecomastia • Caput medusa • Splenomegaly
- 32. Child-Pugh Classification Points 1 2 3 Bilirubin (mg/dL) < 2 2 – 3 > 3 Albumin (g/dL) > 3.5 2.8 – 3.5 < 2.8 Prothrombin time (seconds ↑) 1 – 3 4 – 6 > 6 Ascites None Slight Moderate Encephalopathy None Minimal Advanced •Grade A – 5-6 points. •Grade B – 7-9 points. •Grade C – 10-15 points.
- 33. Portal hypertension Portal hypertension - a complex of changes arising at difficulty of a blood flow in portal system, caused by various diseases.
- 34. Portal hypertension syndrome 1. High portal pressure 2. Decrease of portal blood flow 3. Enlargement of the spleen 4. Esophageal and stomach varicose veins dilatation with a bleeding 5. Ascites 6. Hemorrhoids.
- 35. CLASSIFICATION
- 36. Mortality from the first esophago-gastric bleeding Esophageal and stomach varicose veins dilatation Frequency of relapses bleedings within the first year 90 % 50 % 60 % 30 %Mortality from relapse bleedings within the first year GIT bleeding 25-35 % 90 %
- 37. The reasons of portal hypertension Extrahepatic portal hypertensia Cirrhosis of liver
- 38. The reasons of a portal hypertension Extrahepatic portal hypertension In children In adults - Congenital defect (anomaly) of portal vein - Thrombosis after umbilical sepsis -Myeloproliferation diseases -Thrombophilia -Traumas -Inflammatory diseases of abdominal cavity
- 39. Segmental portal hipertension Total portal hypertension Segmental portal hypertension
- 40. Portal Hypertension and Varices • major cause of morbidity and mortality • 50% of cirrhosis develops varices • 15-20% of varices bleed • 1/3 of deaths from bleeds
- 41. Hemorrhage Mortality (bleeding from esophageal varices) – 23% one year – 34% two year – 58% three years Most bleeding within 1-2 y. 30% rebleed within 6 weeks 60- 70% rebleeding rate within 1 year
- 42. 42 The stage of varicose 1st
- 43. The stage of varicose 2nd
- 44. The stage of varicose 3d
- 45. VARICOSE VEINS OF STOMACH The stage of varicose
- 46. Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Treatment drugs Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy T I P S Surgical treatment
- 47. Treatment 1.Vasopressin 2.Terlipressin 3.Somatostatin 4.Sandostatin Treatment– 5-7 days drugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy T I P S Surgical treatment
- 48. Sengstaken-Blakemor Tube drugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy T I P S Surgical treatment
- 49. Endoscopic Banding drugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy T I P S Surgical treatment
- 50. perivascular Endoscopic variceal ligation drugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy T I P S Surgical treatment intravascular
- 51. Отделение экстренной хирургии и портальной гипертензии 51 Endoscopic variceal ligation
- 52. Transjugular Inrahepatic Portasystemic Shuntdrugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy T I P S Surgical treatment drugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy T I P S
- 57. Отделение экстренной хирургии и портальной гипертензии 57 Surgical treatment Surgical treatment drugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy TIPS
- 58. Surgical treatment T I P S Surgical treatment drugs Sengstaken- Blakemor Tube Endoscopic treatment Sclerotherapy
- 59. проксимальный спленоренальный анастомоз с удалением селезенки дистальный спленоренальный анастомоз Main types of portocaval anastomosis кавамезентериальный анастомоз мезентерикокавальныйанастомозспленоренальный анастомоз Н-типабок в бок Н-типабок в бок
- 60. Thanks for your attention!