future prospects and aspects.

1. Presented By- Swikruti Das(Production Engineering)
Ragini Raj(Electrical and
Eelectronics Engineering)

2. Introduction to a cyborg-
• In this presentation we basically want to throw light on how
exactly the cyborgdom is achieved and what are the future
aspects and prospects?
• Are we witnessing a true revolution in human futuristic or is it
going to be just a flight of fantasy?
• In the years ahead we will witness machines with intelligence
more powerful than that of humans. This will mean that
robots, not humans, make all the important decisions. It will
be a robot dominated world with dire consequences for
humankind. The question is - Is there an alternative way
ahead?

3. • A cyborg, short for "cybernetic organism", is a being with
both biological and artificial (e.g. electronic, mechanical
or robotic) enhancements.
• The term was coined by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan
S. Kline in 1960 to refer to their conception of an
enhanced human being who could survive in extra-
terrestrial environments and the advantages of self
regulating human-machine systems.

4. • In Medicine
There are two important and different types of cyborgs: the restorative
and the enhanced. Restorative technologies "restore lost function,
organs, and limbs". The key aspect of restorative cyborgization is the
repair of broken or missing processes to revert to a healthy or average
level of function.
On the contrary, the enhanced cyborg "follows a principle, and it is the
principle of optimal performance: maximising output (the information or
modifications obtained) and minimising input(the energy expended in
the process)". Thus, the enhanced cyborg intends to exceed normal
processes or even gain new functions that were not originally present.
Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged body parts
with the integration of a mechanical artifice, bionic implants in medicine
allow model organs or body parts to mimic the original function more
closely

5. • Identity Reproduction
The celebrity is an example of the production of identity through
technology. One's identity can be endlessly reproduced and distributed.
One perfect moment can be stretched out over a long period of time.
• Celebrity as Cyborg
The celebrity is the ultimate form of cyborg. It exists on an Actor Network
of technosocial connections attached to a system of production,
reproduction and distribution. The celebrity consists of a series of perfect
moments augmented by makeup, lighting, and video that are expanded to
take up space and time in the minds of consumers.
Many celebrity networks are made up of many identity-producing agents,
each having expertise in a specific area of identity production: hairstylists
and producers, creative directors and billboard designers, agents,
filmmakers and directors, advertisers and salespeople make up this
network. The other part of the network is the viewer network, or fan
network. The fans do not see the unprocessed human at any moment.
Rather, they see the cybernetically produced product formatted
specifically for their consumptive pleasure.

6. • In popular culture
Cyborgs have become a well-known part of science fiction literature
and other media. Although many of these characters may be
technically androids, they are often referred to as cyborgs. Examples
include RoboCop, Terminators.
• In the military
Military organizations' research has recently focused on the utilisation
of cyborg animals for the purposes of a supposed tactical advantage.
DARPA has announced its interest in developing "cyborg insects" to
transmit data from sensors implanted into the insect during the pupal
stage. The insect's motion would be controlled from a Micro-Electro-
Mechanical System (MEMS) and could conceivably survey an
environment or detect explosives and gas. Similarly, DARPA is
developing a neural implant to remotely control the movement of
sharks. The shark's unique senses would then be exploited to provide
data feedback in relation to enemy ship movement or underwater
explosives.
The initial success of the techniques has resulted in increased
research and the creation of a program called Hybrid-Insect-MEMS, HI-
MEMS. Its goal, according to DARPA’s Microsystems Technology

7. • In Art
Wafaa Bilal is an Iraqi-American performance artist who had a small 10
megapixel digital camera surgically implanted into the back of his head,
Bilal says that the reason why he put the camera in the back of the head
was to make an "allegorical statement about the things we don't see and
leave behind
Machines are becoming more ubiquitous in the artistic process itself,
with computerized drawing pads replacing pen and paper, and drum
machines becoming nearly as popular as human drummers. This is
perhaps most notable in generative art and music.
• In body modification
As medical technology becomes more advanced, some techniques and
innovations are adopted by the body modification community.
, technological developments like implantable silicon silk electronics,
augmented reality and QR codes are bridging the disconnect between
technology and the body

8. • Cyborg is a Cybernetic Organism, part human part
machine; it thrives on the inputs both from the living
senses and from the machine interface, which acts as an
enhancement module.
• Harnesses the ever increasing abilities of machine
intelligence, to enable extra sensory input and to
communicate in a much richer way, using thought alone.
• Supplements lost or damaged body parts with the
integration of a mechanical artifice.
• Bionic implants in medicine allow model organs or body
parts to mimic the original function more closely..

9. • Donna Haraway's cyborg is an attempt to break away from
Oedipal narratives and Christian origin doctrines like Genesis;
the concept of the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries,
notably those separating "human" from "animal" and "human"
from "machine."
• In the Cyborg Manifesto, she writes: "The cyborg does not
dream of community on the model of the organic family, this
time without the oedipal project. The cyborg would not
recognize the Garden of Eden; it is not made of mud and
cannot dream of returning to dust.
• Collapse of several dichotomies: life/death, artificial/natural,
virtual/real, male/female, space/place,
human/animal/computer, and the like.
• Heightened dependence on the technology.
• Maintenance of the cyborg device.
• Appearance issues.

10. • In 2002, Canadian Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood, became the
first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle’s second generation
implant, marking one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second
generation device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better
mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out
across the visual field in what researchers call the starry-night effect.
Immediately after his implant, Jens was able to use his imperfectly restored
vision to drive slowly around the parking area of the research institute.
Jens Naumann being interviewed for
his vision BCI on CBN The Early
Show.
• In 2002, under the heading Project Cyborg, a British scientist, Kevin
Warwick, had an array of 100 electrodes fired in to his nervous system in
order to link his nervous system into the Internet. With this in place he
successfully carried out a series of experiments including extending his
nervous system over the Internet to control a robotic hand, a loudspeaker
and amplifier. This is a form of extended sensory input and the first direct
electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans.

11. In 2004, under the heading Bridging the
Island of the Colorblind Project, a British and
completely color-blind artist, Neil Harbisson,
started wearing an eyeborg on his head in
order to hear colors. His prosthetic device
was included within his 2004 passport
photograph which has been claimed to
confirm his cyborg status. In 2012 at
TEDGlobal, Harbisson explained that he
didn't feel like a cyborg when he started to
use the eyeborg, he started to feel like a
cyborg when he noticed that the software
and his brain had united and given him an
extra sense.
Neil Harbisson is sometimes clamied to be a
cyborg.

13. • A brain-computer interface, or BCI, provides a direct path of
communication from the brain to an external device, effectively
creating a cyborg. Research of Invasive BCIs, which utilize
electrodes implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain, has
focused on restoring damaged eyesight in the blind and providing
functionality to paralyzed people, most notably those with severe
cases, such as Locked-In syndrome. This technology could enable
people who are missing a limb or are in a wheelchair the power to
control the devices that aide them through neural signals sent from
the brain implants directly to computers or the devices. It is possible
that this technology will also eventually be used with healthy people.

14. • In current prosthetic applications, the
C-Leg system developed by Otto
Bock HealthCare is used to replace a
human leg that has been amputated
because of injury or illness. The use
of sensors in the artificial C-Leg aids
in walking significantly by attempting
to replicate the user's natural gait, as
it would be prior to amputation.
Prostheses like the C-Leg and the
more advanced iLimb are considered
by some to be the first real steps
towards the next generation of real-
world cyborg applications.

15. • Human/nonhuman
• Culture/nature
• Male/female
• Technology/biolog
y
• Divine /man made
• Reality/
representation
• Subject/ object

16. • Days have come to witness hybrids of machine and organism,
a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction.
• People are rapidly shifting from the stereotyped views to
acquire a state of trans-human and next the superhuman.
• The ethics and desirability of "enhancement prosthetics" have
been debated; their proponents include the trans-humanist
movement, with its belief that new technologies can assist the
human race in developing beyond its present, normative
limitations such as aging and disease, as well as other, more
general incapacities, such as limitations on speed, strength,
endurance, and intelligence.
• Opponents of the concept describe what they believe to be
biases which propel the development and acceptance of such
technologies; namely, a bias towards functionality and
efficiency that may compel assent to a view of human people
which de-emphasizes as defining characteristics actual
manifestations of humanity and personhood, in favour of
definition in terms of upgrades, versions, and utility.