This document discusses dengue fever in Malaysia. It provides background information on Malaysia's location, population demographics, and factors contributing to the spread of dengue in Asia and Malaysia. The document then outlines the major impacts of dengue at the individual, health system, and economic levels in Malaysia. Statistical data shows a rising trend of reported dengue cases and deaths in Malaysia from 1998 to 2012.

2. CHAPTER 2: DENGUE FEVER IN MALAYSIA
i. LOCATION OF MALAYSIA & THEIR
PEOPLE
ii. WHY DENGUE IS IN ASIA, PARTICULARLY
MALAYSIA?
iii. IMPACT OF DENGUE
iv. STATISTICAL DATA

3.  Where is Malaysia?
o Malaysia is situated in Southeast Asia, bordered
by Thailand in the north, Indonesia in the south,
and the Philippines in the east.
o The country has an area of 329,758 square
kilometers (127,320 square miles).

5.  Who are we?
 Malaysia is the ONLY country in the world
consist of multiracial people with different
culture and religion, living together in the same
community.
 The population of Malaysia was estimated at
21,793,000 in July 2000. Now app. 30 million.

6. •The Malay are
Malaysia's largest ethnic
group, accounting for
over half the population
and the national
language.
•With the oldest
indigenous peoples they
form a group called
bumiputera, which
translates as "sons" or
"princes of the soil.“
• Almost all Malays are
Muslims.

7.  The Chinese traded with
Malaysia for
centuries, then settled in
number during the 19th
century
 When they first
arrived, however, Chinese
often worked the most
grueling jobs like tin
mining and railway
construction.
 Most Chinese are Tao
Buddhist and retain strong
ties to their ancestral
homeland.
They form about 35

8. Indians had been visiting
Malaysia for over 2,000 years,
but did not settle until the 19th
century.
 Most came from South India,
fleeing a poor economy.
Arriving in Malaysia, many
worked as rubber tappers, while
others built the infrastructure or
worked as administrators and
small businessmen.
Today ten percent of Malaysia
is Indian.
Their culture -- with it's
exquisite Hindu temples,
cuisine, and colorful garments --
is visible throughout the land

9.  The oldest inhabitants of
Malaysia are its tribal peoples.
 They account for about 5
percent of the total
population, and represent a
majority in Sarawak and
Sabah.
 Though Malaysia's tribal
people prefer to be categorized
by their individual
tribes, peninsular Malaysia
blankets them under the
term Orang Asli, or "Original
People."

10.  The transmission of dengue illness is associated
with the geographic expansion and
distribution of mosquito vectors and viruses
 There are many factors that have created the
ideal conditions for this expansion, especially
in low- and middle-income countries,
including Malaysia.

11. Dengue Risk Areas All over the World

12. Factors favoring the dengue spread
 high rates of population growth,
 unorganized urbanization
 the proliferation of slums,
 crowding, poor water, sewer, and waste
management systems,
 global warming,
 rise in global commerce and tourism,
 changes in public health policy,
 decreasing resources for vector prevention and
control,
 and the development of hyperendimicity among
other factors

13. 1) Individual & family level
 People are not capable of
bearing the cost of treatment
to disease (most of the
involved country, including
Malaysia are still developing
countries)
 Absence from work during
the duration of illness (7-10
days), more in case of
hemorrhagic dengue fever,
and thus decreasing in the
total family income.
 The illness caused significant
stress: a psychological burden
shared by patients and
families.

14. 2) Impact on health sector & government of
Malaysia
 Mortality & morbidity burden: leading number of
incidence rate among vector-borne disease (63.75%)
 The health sector could not cope with the expanding
population which worsens the situation; rapid growth of
population & migration to area with infection
 Strain on health care services due to sudden, high
demand during epidemic
 Treatment of the disease is very costly & most of the
action taken so far are not so effectively control the
disease
 Confusion of the control of the disease; public
assuming the disease is well controlled by the
increasing frequency of spray etc.

16. 3) Impact on economy of Malaysia
 Medical expenditures
for hospitalization of
patients & treatment of
infected cases, add to the burden.
 Control activities themselves are also of
course costly.
 Loss of productivity of affected work force
resulting from those suffering from the
illness
 Most people with dengue fever do recover
but when, at the height of an epidemic, so
many of the workforces are sick and unable
to work, the cost to the national economy
will be high.

18.  It was estimated in 2005 that dengue typically costs
Malaysia $13 million in treatment and vector
control efforts annually, and that the output of
940,000 days of work is lost to the nation. From
this study, it was concluded that: “One
hospitalized case of dengue fever costs one-fifth of
Malaysia’s per capita gross national product
(GNP)”.

 A study by the Indian Institute of Management
(IIMA) conducted in 2009 on the comparative costs
to economies in the region put the financial burden
of the virus on Malaysia at $5.30 per person, with
total lost more than $153m every year!!!

19.  Considerable
expenditures for scale
emergency control
actions incur and also the
loss of national income
from tourism as a result
of negative publicity
Many areas with a
dengue problem are
tourist destinations and
visitor numbers are
likely to decline as
media coverage of
dengue outbreaks
reaches those who
might be considering
holidaying in the
countries concerned.

20.  1902 - The earliest recorded case of dengue
fever in Malaysia in Penang
 1962 – The first documented major outbreak of
dengue fever occurred in Penang in 1962.
 1973 – A nationwide outbreak in Kuala
Lumpur
 Since then dengue has become a major public
health problem in the country.

21.  Statistic showing incidence of dengue cases &
death from 1998 to 2012 (up to 15 September
2012) in Malaysia:

22. Number of reported cases of dengue fever in Malaysia
from 1998 to 2012 (up to 15 Sept. 2012)
60000
48846 49355
50000
46171
39654
40000
Number of reported cases
41486
31545
34386
30000 27381 33895
20000 15606
16386
15493
10146
10000 13743
7103
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year

23. Number of death from dengue fever in Malaysia from 1998
to 2012 (up to 15 Sept. 2012)
160
140 134
120 112
107
98
100
Number of death
102
82
80 72 88
70
60
50 54
37
40 45
27
20
22
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Year