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HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
0 Absence of brain tissue in the midline
0 Fusion of lateral ventricles to form a single chamber
0 Eye field area fails to separate
Schizencephaly
0 Formation of clefts in cerebral hemisphere
0 Loss of brain tissue may also occur
Defects in ossification of skull
bones
0 Most common is that of sq.part of occipital bone
0 If opening is small, only the herniation of meninges
takes place(Meningocele)
0 If large , cranial tissue may also be
involved(Meningoencephalocele)
0 If ventricles also
involved(Meningohydroencephalocele)
Exencephaly
0 Failure of closure of neural folds in cephalic region
0 Vault of skull is absent
0 Nervous tissue is exposed, degenerates and becomes
necrotic---anencephaly
0 Swallowing reflex absent— Hydramnios present
Craniorachischisis
0 If NTD(Failure of closure) extends upto the spinal
cord—craniorachischisis----Anencephaly occurs
Hydrocephalus
0 Abn.accumulation of CSF in ventricles
0 Most common cause is the obstruction in aqueduct of
Sylvius
0 Pressure on brain and skull bones---
opening/widening of skull---large sized skull
0 Sometimes thinning of brain tissue and bones also
occurs
Arnold-Chiari Syndrome
0 Caudal displacement and herniation of cerebellar
structures
Microencephaly
0 Underdevelopment of brain and overlying skull
0 CAUSES:
0 Fetal insults by
0 DRUGS
0 RADIATION
0 TERATOGENS
0 INFECTIONS(Rubella,Toxoplasmosis,Cytomegalovirus
)
0 Maternal alcohol abuse
ABSENCE OF CORPUS
CALLOSUM
0 Without much functional disturbence
ABSENCE OF CEREBELLUM
0 Only a little difficulty in coordination

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Anomalies

  • 1.
  • 2. HOLOPROSENCEPHALY 0 Absence of brain tissue in the midline 0 Fusion of lateral ventricles to form a single chamber 0 Eye field area fails to separate
  • 3. Schizencephaly 0 Formation of clefts in cerebral hemisphere 0 Loss of brain tissue may also occur
  • 4. Defects in ossification of skull bones 0 Most common is that of sq.part of occipital bone 0 If opening is small, only the herniation of meninges takes place(Meningocele) 0 If large , cranial tissue may also be involved(Meningoencephalocele) 0 If ventricles also involved(Meningohydroencephalocele)
  • 5. Exencephaly 0 Failure of closure of neural folds in cephalic region 0 Vault of skull is absent 0 Nervous tissue is exposed, degenerates and becomes necrotic---anencephaly 0 Swallowing reflex absent— Hydramnios present
  • 6. Craniorachischisis 0 If NTD(Failure of closure) extends upto the spinal cord—craniorachischisis----Anencephaly occurs
  • 7. Hydrocephalus 0 Abn.accumulation of CSF in ventricles 0 Most common cause is the obstruction in aqueduct of Sylvius 0 Pressure on brain and skull bones--- opening/widening of skull---large sized skull 0 Sometimes thinning of brain tissue and bones also occurs
  • 8. Arnold-Chiari Syndrome 0 Caudal displacement and herniation of cerebellar structures
  • 9. Microencephaly 0 Underdevelopment of brain and overlying skull 0 CAUSES: 0 Fetal insults by 0 DRUGS 0 RADIATION 0 TERATOGENS 0 INFECTIONS(Rubella,Toxoplasmosis,Cytomegalovirus ) 0 Maternal alcohol abuse
  • 10. ABSENCE OF CORPUS CALLOSUM 0 Without much functional disturbence
  • 11. ABSENCE OF CEREBELLUM 0 Only a little difficulty in coordination