The Future City Representation: Analyzing Ancient and Modern Cities to Design a Sustainable Marine Metropolis

ENBE | Final Project | Part A – Report | The Future City Representation
VOON SZE LUN | 0315032 | Group W | FNBE April 2013 | Taylor’s University
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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,
BUILDING & DESIGN
Elements of Natural Built Environment
[FNBE 0115]
April INTAKE 2013
Project Two: Built Environment
The Future City Representation
NAME: VOON SZE LUN
STUDENT ID: 0315032
FNBE April 2013

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Content:
Bills Descriptions Page
1 Introduction
2 A City
2.1 Definition of a city
2.2 What makes a city?
2.3 What makes a good city?
2.4 What is the future city?
3 Investigation & Data Collection: The Ancient
cities
3.1 Name of the ancient city
3.2 History of Atlantis
3.3 What makes Atlantis become significant city?
3.4 History of Teotihuacan
3.5 What makes Teotihuacan become significant ciy?
3.6 Conclusion about the cities
3.7 Element that use to the my new future city
4 Investigation & Data Collection: The present
city/cities
4.1 Name of the present cities
4.2 History of the Freiburg, Germany
4.3 What makes Freiburg become significant city?
4.4 History of London, United Kingdom
4.5 What makes London become significant city?
4.6Conclusion about the cities

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5 Investigation & Data Collection: The future
city/cities
5.1 Name of the future city
5.2 History of the future city
5.3 What makes them become significant city?
5.4 Conclusion about the city
6 The “X” City
6.1 History of the “X” City- Kuching
6.2 The population and religion of Kuching.
6.3The people needs and their jobs
6.4 What would be a good future city for them?
6.5 Conclusion about the “X” City- Kuching
7 The New “X” City
7.1 How the people move to the new city- Marine city?
7.2 Solutions to create this new city
7.3 Why Marine city in the sea?
7.4 Important characteristics and elements
7.5 Development of the city
7.6 Conclusion about the Marine city
8 The Process and Progress
9 The Conclusion
10 References list

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1. Introduction
The Elements of Natural Built Environment Project Two’s title is The Future
City Representation. The idea of this project is to understand the component and
elements of a city and how to create a better future city.
Each student will have to pretend that they are the mayor of the “X” City.
The people in “X” city require a new city because of reasons that it no longer livable
and students should create a new city to help the people to survive. Student is given
6 different options to create a new city for example an Underground City, Underwater
City, Floating on Water City, City in the Air or enhance the existing city.
In the end of this project, students will learn how to analyses and evaluate
the different development of the built environment by looking at the natural
topography, landscape, space, building and infrastructure

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2. The City
2.1 The definition of a city
A city is a center of population, commerce, and culture inhabited place of greater
size, population, or importance than a town or village.
2.2 What makes a city?
A city basically has a complex system for the education, sanitation, land
usage, housing, and transportation. For example, schools and housing area are
provided for the citizen in the city. Other than that, a city also has food
2.3 What makes a good city?
A good city must have a well education system, affordable health services and much
kind of job opportunities. Other than that, a city also should have great places for
people to congregate and relax such as shopping mall, Public Park and other casual
places. An affordable medical, well sanitation and superior fire protection also will
make a city more sustainable and safe. Besides that, an advanced transportation
system will also make the citizen of the city feel more comfortable and convenient.
2.4 What is the future city?
A future city is the city which enhanced and become more advanced compare with
the present city. A city with more Other than that, future city also a city with more
facilities and

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3. Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient Cities
3.1 Name of the cities
The ancient cities investigated are Teotihuacan with pyramids and Atlantis or
another name, island of Atlas, which is an underwater city on the ocean bed.
3.2 History of Atlantis
Atlantis can also be called as island of Atlas. Atlantis is a legendary island first
mentioned in Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias, written about 360 BC. According
to Plato, Atlantis was a naval power lying "in front of the Pillars of Hercules" that
conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa 9,000 years before 9600 BC.
After a failed attempt to invade Athens, Atlantis sank into the ocean "in a single day
and night of misfortune".
Athanasius
Kircher's
map of
Atlantis, in
the middle
of the
Atlantic
Ocean.

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An artist's conception shows the city of Atlantis as it has been envisioned in legend
Plato describes the Atlantians as great engineers and designers. The city was built
on a hill and surrounded by the rings of water, which joined by tunnels. A huge canal
connected the outer rings of water to the ocean. Outside of the capital city there
were huge fields where farmers grew the city's food. Plato goes great detail about
the amazing buildings such as hot and cold fountains and stone walls. For over two
thousand years the story of Atlantis was just a story. Then, an American named
Ignatius Donnelly became fascinated with the story and wrote a book called Atlantis,
the Antediluvian World. Ignatius studied the history from Egypt to Mexico and
believed that Plato was recording an actual natural disaster
.

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3.3 What makes Atlantis become a significant city?
1. The Sheer Size
If Atlantis really existed, it would be larger than today’s Libya and Asia combined
through the opinions of the scientists.
2. Tale of God’s love
Atlantis city was built by Poseidon, the god of sea when he fell in love with a mortal
woman Cleito. Poseidon built the city on top of a hill and named it as Atlantis. It is
believed that he walked through these islands until he reached the biggest of them
all- Atlantis and found it to be inhabited by people more beautiful and intelligent than
rest of the world. It is here he first meet his future wife and fell in love with her.
3. The ‘Captivation’ Palace
Atlantis is surrounded by rings of water and land on top the hill. There was another
hill called the ‘Hill of Cleito’ the lace where Poseidon captivated his wife because he
was distrustful of her loyalty.
4. The Statue of Gold
The fable tells that Cleito had five pairs of twin sons with Poseidon named Atlas. The
ten sons inherited the great city and ruled over it. However, they also built a huge
temple for their father with a giant statue of Poseidon riding a chariot carried by
winged horses. This statue is completely built in gold and placed in a temple with its
spiral roof so high up that the clouds drifted through the spirals of the temple.

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5. Wealth and riches
Atlantis is the city under the sea with its rich and wealth. The people in the city are
able to grow plants, reared animals, made beautiful buildings and architectures from
materials like stones, had access to rare metals and even alloys, made and used
crystals extensively for leisure and experimental purposes and had a lot of free times
to even play with volcanoes.
6. Out of the world
Atlantis is also a lost city which is believed to be of extra-terrestrial origin. They
supposedly came to this city is about 50,000 years ago from Lyrian star system. The
average life span of these people is believed to have been 8+00 years, making them
really robust and strong prototype of existent human race then.
7. Exceptional powers
The inhabitants of the Atlantis city are believed to have been possessors of
exceptional powers such as ability to control weather, modify volcanic eruptions for
pleasure, a love for unpleasant weather as they were more bent towards
thunderstorms than normal calm waters. Some accounts also mention about their
possession of some sort of device that allowed them to channelled energy from time
and space.
8. An Underwater City
According to dialogues of Plato, the Atlantis should have been somewhere in the
Atlantic Ocean. However, there’s no technology so far has revealed any such city on

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ocean bed. However, the new researches have revealed a new site and the
scientists are sure that Atlantis can be found in Cadiz, somewhere between the
Spain and Morocco waters. These statements were proved.
3.4 History of Teotihuacan
Location of Teotihuacan in the world map of Mexico
Teotihuacan is a city located in the highlands of central Mexico which is one of the
world's most impressive archaeological sites. Most of the major construction was
accomplished within the next hundred years. Teotihuacan is a complex urban grid
filled with single and multi-floor apartment compounds. At its peak around 600 A.D.,
between 100,000 - 200,000 people lived there, making it become one of the ancient
world's largest cities with an urban core covering some twenty square kilometers.
Teotihuacan’s citizens lived in buildings based on the class system. For example,
warriors, artisans, commoners and the elite all lived in separate buildings. People of

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Teotihuacan were polytheists because religion was very important them and it was
practiced virtually everywhere. This means that they believed in more than one god.
There are a few examples of the gods such as Storm God, Old God, Fat God and
God of spring. The major goddess was Chalcheutlicue, the one always shown with
nature, lakes, rivers, fertility, and caves. But around during the mid-seventh century,
some parts of the city around the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon, were repeatedly
burned and sacked and never recovered from these attacks.
There are two main pyramids of Teotihuacan are Pyramid of the Sun and the
Pyramid of the Moon. Other than that, there is also a pyramid named Pyramid of the
Feathered Serpent which is the smallest of the pyramids in Teotihuacan.
Pyramid of the Sun
There were the places needed to be a great amount of participation by the Mayan
people. Teotihuacan was a metropolis with a stable and strongly centralized

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authority. The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest building in Teotihuacan and one of
the largest in Mesoamerica. This is also the highest pyramid in Mesoamerica. The
base of the pyramid same size of the Cheops in Egypt. The pyramid was actually
reconstructed as five stepped platforms. The forth platform seems to have been
erroneously reconstructed by Batres early this century. The pyramid consisted of
four stepped platforms, surmounting temple, and the Adosada platform, which was
built over the principal facade of the pyramid. The temple has no information about it
because it has been completely destroyed on top of the pyramid.
Pyramid of the Moon
The Pyramid of the Moon is the second largest pyramid in Teotihuacan after
the Pyramid of the Sun. This pyramid is famous because its beauty. It is about 116
feet high and faces south with a view of the city. Plaza of the Moon is in front of this
pyramid. This contains 12 platforms which surround about 4 acres of land. In the
center of the Plaza has another platform which was used for pageantry and religious

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ceremonies. Pyramid of the Moon was also a place used for the burning of basin
oils.
Pyramid of the Feathered
Serpent
-The smallest of
pyramids in Teotihuacan.
-also known as temple or
the Feathered Serpent.
3.5 What makes Teotihuacan become significant cities?
1. Moon and Sun Pyramids
Both having temples on top of them and were probably once dedicated to the great
goddess. Both are also the largest pyramid in Teotihuacan.
2. Believed in Gods
There are a few examples of the gods such as Storm God, Old God, Fat God and
God of spring. The major goddess was Chalcheutlicue, the one always shown with
nature, lakes, rivers, fertility, and caves. In fact, they gave the city its name with
meaning unclear, a city may be birthplace of the Gods. The Aztecs believed the
Toltecs built the city and now believed that the city predates the Toltec civilization.

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3. Population and trading system
Teotihuacan’s population has around two hundred thousand people. Teotihuacan
was a city like others with its own population and trade system. It was a sacred city
to the Aztecs, maintained a level of independence as a political city.
4. The ancient temple
The enigmatic spheres were found during the archaeological dig using a camera-
equipped robot at one of the most important buildings in the pre-Hispanic city of
Teotihuacan.
Atlantis is an underwater city with myth about superiority. Atlantis is a city built on the
ocean bed with amazing buildings such as hot and cold fountains and stone walls
covered with precious metals. Teotihuacan is a city contains some of the largest
pyramidal structures such as Moon and Sun Pyramids. Inside of Teotihuacan, there
are many large residential complexes.
I decided to create an underwater city which allows the people to live under the
water. I took these ideas from the ancient city of Atlantis. From Atlantis city, I
believed that it was possible to create a city under the water apart from the land. So,
as a mayor of the city, if my city because of the serious pollution air and no longer
livable, I decided to move my city into the water so my city will not be affected by the
pollution. Other than that, on top my city, I use a pyramid shape of solar panels to
enhance my city’s solar system. With this pyramid size solar pane, the surface of the

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panel become larger and more solar will be absorbed to generate the electric and
supply electrical energy to my whole city.
4. Investigation & Data Collection: The
present city/cities
4.1 Name of the present cities
The present cities investigated are Freiburg in Germany and London, the primary city
and capital of the United Kingdom.
4.2 History of the Freiburg, Germany
Freiburg, another name is called “free town,” which is a city of about 220,000 people
and 155 km2
of land, located in the southwest of Germany, near the borders with
France and Switzerland. Freiburg has a strategic location at the junction of the
Danube and Rhine rivers, as well as its proximity to the Mediterranean and North
Seas. The city lived up to its name by buying its independence from the local count
in 1368. They turned over sovereignty to the House of Habsburg, but retained many
freedoms not usually granted to towns. Freiburg came to prominence as a center of
Catholicism on the Rhine due to the town’s decision to oppose the Reformation. The
city struggled through the next several centuries as various European powers fought
over this southwestern corner of Germany. Finally, in 1805, the city was made part of
the German state of Baden, and so it remains today. There are several historical
buildings still standing in the city today. The oldest and best known is the Minster, a
large cathedral dating back to the 1200s. Unlike most other German churches, this

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building was erected in the Gothic style and largely financially sponsored by the
townspeople. There is also the Albert Ludwigs Universität, one of the first German
center of higher learning, founded in 1457 by Duke Albrecht VI.
Picture of Freiburg im Breisgau

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4.3 What makes Freiburg become significant city?
1. Eco-city
Eco housing, car-free streets and socially conscious neighbors have made the
German city of Freiburg a shining example of sustainability.
2. Green City
Freiburg has won various national and international environmental awards especially
in the areas of transportation, waste management, land conservation, and green
economics. Actually, in some respects, Freiburg is much like other German cities.
But in the areas of green economics, it is become particularly outstanding.
3. Education
Freiburg is a center of research and academia with numerous intellectual figures and
Nobel Laureates having lived, worked, and taught there.
4. Transport
Freiburg has an extensive pedestrian zone in the city centre where no automobiles
are allowed. Freiburg has an excellent public transport system which operated by the
city-owned VAG Freiburg. Freiburg is on the main Frankfurt am Main - Basel railway
line. The city also is served by the A5 Frankfurt am Main - Basel motorway. Freiburg
is served by Euro Airport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg in France, close to the borders of
both Germany and Switzerland, 70 km south of Freiburg.

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5. Sports
Freiburg is the home to football team SC Freiburg, which plays at the Mage Solar
Stadion and also the EHC Freiburg Ice hockey team.
4.4 History of London, United Kingdom
London is the main city of United Kingdom with a history dating back over 2,000
years. London, City of London, usually called "The City” which lies to its west. For all
intents and purposes the West End is now the centre of London - the East End is
traditionally a poor working class and industrial area, currently undergoing something
of renaissance. There are slums within half a mile of the biggest concentration of
financial power in the world between the City and the East End.
From upper left: City of
London, Tower Bridge and
London Eye, Palace of
Westminster

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Londinium was founded by the Romans at a convenient crossing of the Thames
though it had been convenient for the local inhabitants too. The area was marshy
roughly where the Bank of England now stands and it was here that the Romans
chose to build a typical Roman city, especially for military reasons.
England at that time was inhabited by a hodge-podge of tribes and small kingdoms
and the Romans had little difficulty subduing them - despite some noble efforts at the
defense. The locals assimilated Roman culture, and after a couple of hundred years
Roman were more than the Romans. When the Romans pulled out and pressured by
the frontier wars, the Saxons took over. They hated to live in the old walled Roman
city and established their own city of long huts, where Covent Garden is today. This
duality still persists - the "City" is essentially Roman Londinium, and "Westminster" is
the Saxon add-on. When new invaders invaded the country the Saxons and their kin
moved back into the safety of the old Roman City, now quite deserted, and it was
here that London originated.
View of the London, United Kingdom

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4.5 What makes London become significant city?
1. Connectivity
London is a transport center to many other destinations such as Europe and the
world. All of London's airport terminals have more than 100,000 flights per month.
London Underground (LU) carries more than one billion passengers a year.
London Underground
2. Diversity
The population of London is very high and diverse. It’s nearly a third of the city's
population is from black, Asian or other minority ethnic (BAME) groups.
3. Environment
London has high technology system to maintain and also developed environmental
excellence to combat climate change. For example, decentralized energy production
and congestion charge.

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Freiburg is a present city in Germany. Freiburg is a green city which use solar
system to generate electric to whole city areas. This helps to reduce the rate of the
pollution in the city. London is a city with intelligent transport system which connects
from a place to another place in the city. With an advanced transport system in a city,
the people in the city can shorten their time to reach their destinations.
I decided to use the ideas of the solar system which applied solar system in Freiburg,
Germany into my city. Using this way, the solar system can save a lot of energies
and reduce the rate of pollution in the city. Other than that, I also using the idea of
the London Underground (LU) which is a transportation system carry passengers
from a place to the destinations. With the underground transportation system, people
who live in the city can have a comfortable life rather than having jam on the road.

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5. Investigation & Data Collection: The
future city/cities
5.1 Name of the future city
The future city investigated is Masdar city which will be built in 2016.
5.2 History of Masdar city
Masdar City is a future project in Abu Dhabi which constructs a city that is completely
self-sustaining. The partners in the project through its Clean Tech Fund are
Consensus Business Group, Credit Suisse and Siemens Venture
Capital. Construction of the first phase of this project is being managed by CH2M Hill.
The infrastructure construction for the city will be handled by the Al Jaber Group and
design of the central Masdar headquarters building has passed to Adrian Smith and
Gordon Gill Architecture.
The view of Masdar
city

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Solar panels at Masdar city
Masdar city is a city mostly solar-powered and use 20 percent as much power as a
conventional city of similar size, with a zero carbon footprint and zero waste. Masdar
city is being designed by Gerard Evenden, and it will be built in 2 years later, that is
2016. Masdar city planned to build a solar thermal power plant .The city will be
skyscraper-free and photovoltaic arrays on building rooftops will also collect sunlight
for power. A desalination plant will provide fresh water to the city will use solar
power as well. There will be a hydrogen power plant in the city too. This is because
hydrogen is a clean source of energy in the earth and it produces much fewer carbon
dioxide emissions than most fossil fuel processes.
Furthermore, designers of Masdar city plan its structures to take full advantage of
natural sea breezes. To keep energy needs low and the city cool. A wall
encompassing the city and wind towers for buildings will contribute to protecting
the population from the harsh desert climate.

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5.3 What makes Masdar city become significant city?
1. Transportation
There will be no cars in Masdar City to contribute to the release of carbon dioxide.
An electric-powered light rail on elevated tracks will allow easy transport between
Masdar City and Abu Dhabi. The vehicles will run on magnetic tracks using electric
power.
2. Water resources
Recycle at least 80 percent of the water used to conserve water in the city.
Recycled gray water, such as water from showers, and treated waste water will
irrigate the landscape. The city planners hope to reduce water consumption by 60
percent through these processes.
3. Recycle
The people in Masdar city plan to composting and recycling materials so that 50,000
people can produce no waste. To keep trash from filling up the land, much of the
waste will end up in a compost pile, where bacteria will decompose the materials.
Otherwise, recycling will be a high priority for the city.

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5.4 Conclusion about the Masdar city
Masdar City is a high technology platform which will be built soon in 2016. Masdar
city use solar system as their main power system and also reuse the water other
than waste it.
I used the concept of recycle and composting the materials to reduce the pollution in
my city. I will create a recycle center to recycle those trash but not accumulate them
in my city.
6. The “X” City-Kuching City
6.1 History of the Kuching
Kuching is a city located in Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuching is the third capital of
Sarawak. It founded by the representative of the Sultan of Brunei, Pengiran Indera
Mahkota in 1827. Actually Sarawak was a part of the Sultanate of Brunei 200 years
ago but as a reward for its help in putting down a rebellion, it was ceded to James
Brooke who ruled it as his personal kingdom. Kuching was made his headquarters
and capital. December 1941, the Brooke family ruled Sarawak until the Japanese
occupation in. 24 December 1941, Kuching surrendered to the Japanese and
Sarawak was part of the Japanese Imperial Empire for 3 years and 8 months until
the official Japanese surrender on 11 September 1945 on the board HMAS Kapunda
at Kuching. Start from March 1942, the Japanese operated a POW and civilian
internee camp at Batu Lintang which located at three miles outside Kuching.

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After the end of the World War II, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke ceded Sarawak to the
British Crown in 1946. Sarawak and the British fought a war with Indonesia to keep
Sarawak from being absorbed into Sukarno’s Indonesia. In 1963, the British gave
Sarawak independence and together with Sabah and Singapore, helped form
Malaysia. Singapore had become independent soon after.
Photo: Old Court House building from Brooke Legacy
6.2 The population and religion of Kuching
The population of Salantera city is around 150,000 – 500,000 people. Kuching is
multicultural and multiconfessional. There are many type of religion in my city. For
example, the main religion in Kuching is Islam, the followers make up 58% of the
population. There are some traditional Chinese religion such as Buddhism and
Daoism. Furthermore, Hinduism is the religion of Indians in Malaysia.

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6.3 The people needs and their jobs
In Marine city, the people work with different kind of jobs. For example, there are
architects, businessman, engineers etc. But Kuching was been polluted tardily and
need to create a new city with fresh air to replace it.
6.4 What would be a good future city for them?
As a mayor of the city, I decided to move the people in Kuching to the new created
underwater city which nearby Kuching. An underwater city with high technology
system, intelligent transportation and a well waste management would be a best
choice for people who live in Kuching.
6.5 Conclusion about the “X” City- Kuching
Kuching had been polluted seriously so the people who live in Kuching have to leave
there and find a new city for survive. Underwater city- Marine city would be first
choice as a good future city for the people who live in Kuching to move. If they
decide to stay in Kuching, this maybe causes death for them.

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7. My New “X” City-Marine City
7.1 How the people move to the new city?
Move the people in Kuching to the new city – Marine city. People from Kuching move
to Marine city using a Typhoon-class submarine which can carry many people inside
of it. A Typhoon-class submarine can carry up five hundred people. It’s about 300
submarines used to move whole city’s citizen to the new city, Marine city.
The size of the Typhoon-class submarine
7.2 Solutions to create this new city
1. Create dome surround the city.
Prevent the water flows into the city. Maintain the pressure surround the city to
prevent the collision of the buildings.
2. Plant trees in the city
Supply oxygen to the people and absorb the carbon dioxide in the city by
photosynthesis. Overcome the problem of lacking of oxygen in the city and prevent
the happening of pollution air.
3. Underground wastage service
Garbage collection and recycle those rubbish or junk things in the city. Maintain the
cleanness of the city. Prevent pollutions happen in the city.

29
4. Water filtration
Filter the water in the city so there is no water pollution possible to happen in the city
unless the filtration system is malfunction.
5. Transportation system
Underground transportation shortens the journey of the people who want to go to
other places. No jams happen as what happened on the road because underground
using LRT which will not cause jam.
7.3 Why Marine city is in the sea?
In the sea, Marine city can prevent from the air pollution and pollutions on the land.
Other than that, underwater city will be safer compare with the city on the land
because an underwater city can avoid those natural disasters such as typhoon,
floods, blizzard, etc.
7.4 Important characteristics and elements
Marine city is city an underwater city which having two layers. One layer is on the
sea and another one is under the water. The plan and the shape of my city look like
the turtle’s scutes which have many parts with hexagonal in shape.
7.5 Development of the city
Top layer of Marine city is the part to generate the electric to the bottom part of the
city. Marine city is a city with advanced solar system which has a large pyramid solar
panel as the center to generate the electric to whole city. The bottom layer is the
government buildings, business area, commercial areas, recreational areas,
education areas, religious and cultures areas, hospitals, services area, industrial

30
area, residential, community area, port and shipping area, agriculture area,
hospitality and tourism etc.. Other than that, Marine city also has advanced
transportation system under the ground.
7.6 Conclusion about the Marine city
Marine city is an underwater city. A city produces the electric energy on the top layer
of the city and supply electric energy to the bottom layer of the city. If the

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8. The Conclusion
In conclusion, in this final project, I had created an underwater city named
Marine city, through the research about the ancient cities, present cities and future
city. I took ideas from those cities to make sure that my city is livable under the water.
There’s many things need to think about when creating a new city for a
population of 150,000 – 500,000 people, such as the plans of the new city, how the
food resources came from and how to make the new city sustainable.
I learned many from this final project. Other than that, I also learned how to
differentiate and compare the different development of the built environment by
looking at the landscape, space, building and infrastructure.

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9. References list
1. Atlantis (1997) The True History of Atlantis. Available from
http://www.atlan.org/articles/true_history/ [14 July 2013]
2. THE URBAN VISION: EXPERT DIARY (APRIL 11, 2010) What makes a good city.
Availablefrom http://www.theurbanvision.com/blogs/?p=372 [14 July 2013]
3. Teotihuacan (2001) Teotihuacan. Available from
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/pyramids/teotihuacan.html [14 July 2013]
4. Marine Insight (October 12, 2011) Top 10 Amazing Facts About the Lost City of
Atlantis. Available from http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/marine-
news/headline/top-10-amazing-facts-about-the-lost-city-of-atlantis/ [14 July 2013]
5. The metropolitan museum of art (2000–2013) Teotihuacan. Available from
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/teot/hd_teot.htm [14July 2013]
6.KUCHINGTOUR.COM (2004) History of Kuching. Available from
http://www.kuchingtour.com/history-of-kuching [14July 2013]
7. The Ancient Aztec City (2004) Teotihuacan. Available from
http://elpage3.tripod.com/teotihua.htm [15 July 2013]
8. Howstuffworks? (1998-2013) How Masdar City Will Work. Available from
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/zero-carbon-
city1.htm [15July 2013]
9. Tripadvisor (2013) Freiburg im Breisgau: History. Available from
http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g187281-s203/Freiburg-Im-
Breisgau:Germany:History.html [15 July 2013]

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The Future City Representation: Analyzing Ancient and Modern Cities to Design a Sustainable Marine Metropolis