1. LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA
Por Taloradora

2. 9. Subjunctive in Adj Clause
1. Pagina Titulada
10. Commands
2. Indice de Materiales 11. Object Pronouns
12. Possessive Adj & Pronouns
3. Presente (-AR; -ER; -IR) 13. Demonstrative Adj & Pronouns
14. Reflexives
4. Ser y Estar
15. Por y Para
5. Verbos Como Gustar 16.To Become
17.Future
6. Nouns/ Articles/ Adjs 18.Conditional
19.Present perfect
7. Preterite vs Imperfect
20.Relative pronouns
8. Subj. in Noun Clause 21.Neuter lo
22.Que vs. cual
23.Subjunctive in Adv Clause

3. EL PRESENTE
Present Tense is used to express habitual actions that will take
place in the near future.
-AR -ER/IR
-o -amos -o -
emos/ Examples:
-as imos Bailar
-es
Tú bailes bien.
-a -an
(You dance well.)
-e -en
Comer
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Yo como muchos tacos.
Yo (I) Nosotros/ (I eat many tacos.)
as
(We)
Salir
Nosotros salimos de la
Tú escuela.
(You-
informal)
(We leave the school.)
El/Ella/Uste Ellos/Ella
d s/
(He/She/Yo Ustedes

4. EL PRESENTE: LOS VERBOS
CON CAMBIOS DE RAÍZ
(o- (e-i)
Puedo ue) Podemos Pido Pedimos
Puedes Pides
Poder
Pedir
Puede Pueden Pide Piden
(e- Jugar has a u-ue stem
Pienso ie) Pensamos change in all but the
nosotros form; incluir and
Pensar
Piensas
destruir have an i-y stem
Piensa Piensan change in all but the
nosotros form. 4

5. EL PRESENTE: “YO” IRREGULAR
Verbs with –go in the yo form
Tener Oir Hacer
Tengo Tenemos Oigo Oimos Hago Hacemos
Tienes Oyes Haces
Tiene Tienen Oye Oyen Hace Hacen
Other verbs with an irregular yo form
Proteger (e-ie) Conocer (c-zc)
Protejo Protegemos Conozco Conocemos
Proteges Conoces
Proteje Protegen Conoce Conocen
Ir Ser Estar Dar
Voy Vamos Soy Somos Estoy Estamos Doy Damos
Vas Eres Estas Das
Va Van Es Son Está Están Da Dan

6. Time: Hour, day, and date. Geographic or Physical
¿Qué hora es? Location
Possesion ¿Dónde estás?
State or Condition
Es de Pepe ¿Cómo estás tú?
Origin Many Idiomatic Expressions
Soy de America. estar de acuerdo.
Occupation Progressive Tenses
Soy maestra. Estoy comiendo galletas.
Nationality
Soy americana. Although both verbs
Political/ Religious Affiliation
Somos católicos. Mean “to be”,
Where an event is taking place ESTAR is temporary.
Es en la plaza.
Essential Qualities
SER is permanent.
For conjugation, look at slide #5.
Eres muy bonita, Sra. Linares.
6

7. SER Y ESTAR: CON ADJECTIVOS
Ser and estar both mean “to be”, but the context they are
used in can mean two very different things.
POR EJEMPLO
As you can see, the sentence
SER
using SER implies that
Taloradora es muy
Taloradora generally always
simpatica
has a nice personality. The
(Taloradora is very nice.)
sentence using ESTAR
ESTAR
implies that Taloradora is
Taloradora esta muy
only being nice today, which is
simpatica hoy.
temporary and not a general
(Taloradora is very nice
personality trait.
today.)

8. LOS VERBOS COMO GUSTAR
“Gustar” is unique because it’s only conjugated two
ways: “Gusta” and “Gustan”. Which form of gustar
used depends on whether the direct object is singular or
plural.
Gustar To like
Molestar To be a bother Examples:
Gustar
Fascinar To be fascinating to
Me gustan los flores.
Aburrir To bore (I like the flowers.)
Importar To be important to Encantar
Te encanta comprar.
Interesar To be interesting to (You love to shop.)
Disgustar To hate something Doler
Doler (e-ue) To be painful Nos duelen los pies.
(We hurt our feet.)
Encantar To “love” something Me duele la mano.
Quedar To remain (I hurt my hand.)
Verbs similar to gustar are conjugated the same
way.

9. SUSTANTIVOS Y ARTICULOS
In Spanish, nouns normally come in either a “masculine” form or a “feminine”
form. Words ending in –o, -or-, -l, -s, and –ma are usually masculine. Words ending
in –a, -ora, -ión, -d, and –z are usually feminine.
Masculine nouns are preceded by the
Por Ejemplo: definite article “el” or the indefinite article
Masculine: El amigo, el escritor, el papel, el
paraguas, el tema “un”. Feminine nouns are preceded by the
Feminine: La amiga, la escritora, la ilusión, definite article “la” or the indefinite article
la amistad, la paz “una”.
Plural nouns are typically formed by adding –s to nouns ending in a vowel and –es
to nouns ending in a consonant. Nouns that end in –z change to –c before adding
–es. If a singular noun ends in a stressed vowel, the plural form ends in –es. If the
last syllable of a singular noum ending in –s is unstressed, the plural form does not
change.
Por Ejemplo: -s, -es, and –ces Por Ejemplo: stressed & unstressed
El hombre – Los hombres El tabú – Los tabúes
La novia – Las novias El israelí – Los israelíes
La mujer – Las mujeres El lunes – Los lunes
El lápiz – Los lápices La crisis – Las crisis

10. ADJECTIVOS
Spanish adjectives, or adjetivos, agree in gender and number with the nouns they
modify. Most adjectives ending in –e or a consonant have the same masculine and
feminine forms.
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Rojo Rojos Inteligente Inteligentes Difícil Dificíles
Feminine Roja Rojas Inteligente Inteligentes Difícil Dificíles
Descriptive adjectives typically follow their nouns. If one adjective modifies more
than one noun, the plural form is used. If one of the nouns is masculine, then the
adjective is masculine. Some adjectives have shortened forms when they come
before a masculine singular noun.
Por Ejemplo:
Un libro apasionante Las parejas contentas
A great book The happy couples
Un suegro y una suegra maravillosos La literatura y la culturas ecuatorianas
A wonderful mother- and father- in law Ecuadorian literature and culture
Some adjectives change their meaning depending on their position. When the
adjective comes before, the meaning is more figurative whereas when the adjective
comes after the noun the meaning is more literal.

11. Preterite is used for actions that were Imperfect is used for actions that were
completed in the past. The endings for repeated habitually or to “set the stage”
preterite are conjugated by being affixed for another action. Also, it is used for
to the end of the infinitives. telling time and stating one’s age.
-ar -er/ir -ar -er/ir
-é -amos -í -imos -aba -abamos -ía -íamos
-aste -iste -abas -ías
-ó -aron -ío -ieron -aba -aban -ía -ían
Examples: Ir Ser Ver
Iba Ibamos Era Eramo Veía Veíam
Bailar Trigger Words: s os
Ibas
Tú bailaste bien. Ayer Eras Veías
Iba iban
(You danced well.) Anoche Era Eran Veía Veían
Comer Anteayer Trigger Words:
Yo comé muchos tacos. La semana Siempre
(I ate many tacos.) pasado A Veces
Salir A Menudo
Nosotros salimos de la escuela. Cadadia
(We left the school.) Todos los dias 11

12. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Present Subjunctive is different from normal Spanish conjugations because it
is a mood instead of a tense. Rather than telling when an action took place,
mood reveals how the speaker feels about the action. Subjunctive shows
attitudes; it’s uncertain and hypothetical.
-ER/IR IRREGULAR
S
Dar Dé
-a -amos
-as Estar Esté
-a -an
Ir Vaya
-AR
Saber Sepa
-e -emos
-es Haber Hava
-e -en Ser Sea

13. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
VERBS OF WILL & EXPRESSIONS OF DOUBT,
INFLUENCE EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION DISBELIEF, AND DENIAL
Sugerir (e-ie) To suggest Alegrarse (de) To be happy Dudar To doubt
Aconsejar To advise Esperar To hope, to Negar To deny
wish
Importar To be Sentir (e-ie) To be sorry, to Es imposible It’s impossible
important, to regret
matter
Insistir (en) To insisit (on) Sorprender To surprise Es improbable It’s
improbable
Mandar To order Temer To be afraid, No es cierto It’s not true,
to fear it’s not certain
Prohibir To prohibit Es triste It’s sad No es seguro It’s not certain
Recomendar To Ojála que I hope that/ I No es verdad It’s not true
recommend wish that
Rogar (o-ue) To beg, to ----- ----- ----- -----
plead

14. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: NOUN CLAUSE
The subjunctive is used mainly in multiple clause sentences which express
will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. The present subjunctive is formed
by dropping the –o from the yo form of the present indicative and adding the
subjunctive endings.
Verbs with irregular yo from show the same irregularity throughout the forms
of the present subjunctive.
Verb Conjugation Verb Conjugation
Conocer Conozca Tener Tenga
Decir Diga Ver Vea
Hacer Haga Traer Traiga
Por Ejemplo
Martina quiere que grabemos este anuncio para el viernes.
Martina wants us to record this ad by Friday.
Es necesario que lluegen al estreno antes de la una.
It’s necessary that they arrive at the premiere before one o’clock.
Prefiero que vayas en marzo.
I prefer that you go in March.
El agobiado recomienda que lea el contrato antes de firmar.
The lawyer recommends that I read the contract before signing.

15. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE: ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE
When the subordinate clause of a sentence refers to something (the
antecedent) that is known to exist, the indicative is used. When the antecedent
is uncertain or indefinite, the subjunctive is used.
Main Clause Connector Subordinate clause
Busco un trabajo Que Pague bien
Antecedent certain: Indicative Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive
Necesito el libro que tiene una foto Necesito un libro que tenga una
de un chico Mexicano. foto de un chico Mexicano.
When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun (como nadie
o ninguno/a), the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
Antecedent certain: Indicative Antecedent uncertain: Subjunctive
Elena tiene tres parientes que Elena no tiene ningún pariente que
viven en Los Estados Unidos. viva el Limón.

16. COMMANDS
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
TÚ TÚ
Drop the s. Put in yo form and change to opp vowel,
Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, add S.
Irregulars: TVDISHES
ven
USTED/ USTEDES USTED/ USTEDES
Put in yo form and change to opposite Same as affirmative.
vowel. Irregulars: TVDISHES
Irregulars: TVDISHES
DOP + IOP + ‘se’ can attach to DOP + IOP + ‘se’ must go before
infinitive negative command.
MONO VERBS
Sentémosnos.  Sentémonos!
Vayamos  Vamonos

17. OBJECT PRONOUNS: INDIRECT & DIRECT
Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. Direct object pronouns directly receive
the action of the verb, while indirect object pronouns indirectly receive the action of the
verb. They tell either to whom or for whom.
Direct Indirect
Me Nos Me Nos
Te Te
Lo/la Los/las Le Les
Indirect and direct object pronouns precede the conjugated verb.
Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine.
Carla always gives me movie tickets.
Ella los consigue gratis.
She gets them for free.
When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may either be attached
to the infinitive or placed before the conjugated verb.
Indirect: Debes pedirle el dinero de la
apuesta/ le debes pedir el dinero
de la apuesta
Direct: Voy a hacerlo enseguida/ Lo voy a
hacer enseguida

18. OBJECT PRONOUNS: CONTINUED
Lo is also used to refer to an abstract thing or idea that has no gender.
Lo pensé (I thought about it)
When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may be either attached to the present
participle or placed before the conjugated verb.
Comelo or lo come (eat it)
Double object pronouns
The indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when they are used together
in a sentence.
Me los mandaron por correo. (Quack.)
Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or las
Se lo da. (Give it to them.)
When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles, or commands, a written accent
is often required to maintain proper word stress.

19. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &
PRONOUNS
Adjectives in the possessive form are used to express ownership. Spanish has two
types of possessive adjectives: the stressed (short) forms and the unstresssed (long)
forms. Both forms agree in gender and number with the object.
Stressed Form Unstressed Form
Mi (s) My Mío (s) My/ (of) Mine
Tu (s) Your Tuyo/a (s) Your/ (of) Yours
Su (s) His, Hers, Its Suyo/a (s) Your (of yours)/ His/
(Of) His.. etc
Nuestro/a (s) Our Nuestro/a (s) Our/ (of) ours
Su (s) Your/ Their Suyo/a (s) Your/ (of) yours
Short possessive adjectives precede the nouns they modify.
En mi opimiom. Esa telenovela es pesima.
In my opinion, that soap opera is awful.
Nuestras revistas favoritas son Money y Music.
Our favorite magazines are Money and Music.

20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES &
PRONOUNS CONTINUED
Stressed possessive adjectives follow the nouns they modify. They are used for
emphasis or to express the phrases “of mine”, “of yours”, etc. The nouns are
usually preceded by a definite or indefinite article.
Tus amigas  Las amigas tuyas.
Because sus and suyo/as have multiple meanings, the construction [article] +
[noun] + [de] + [subject pronoun] can be used to clarify.
Su casa/ la casa suya  La casa de el/ella/usted/ustedes
Possessive pronouns have the same forms as stressed possessive adjectives and are
preceded by a definite article. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number
with the nouns they replace.
No encuentro mi libro.
Si la amiga suya no llegada, la nuestra iría.

21. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
AND PRONOUNS
Demonstrative adjectives specify to which noun a speaker is referring. They
precede the nouns they modify and agree in gender and number.
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Este Esta Estos Estas
Ese Esa Esos Esas
Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas
Demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, except that they
contain an accent mark on the stressed vowel. They also agree in gender and
number with the nouns they replace.
No quiero esté. Quiero esé.
No leí éstas, pero sí leí aquéllas.
There are three neutral demonstrative pronouns: esto, eso, and aquello. These
forms refer to unspecified things or ideas. They do not vary in gender or number
nor do they carry an accent.
Eso es interesante.

22. PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS
Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions. Except for mi, ti,
and si, they are identical to their corresponding subject pronouns.
Lo compramos para él.
Mí Me, myself
Tú You, yourself
Usted You, yourself
El Him, it
Ella Her, it
Sí Himself, Herself, Itself
Nosotros/as Us, ourselves
Ustedes You, yourselves
Ellos/ Ellas Them
Sí Themselves
[ A + prepositional pronoun ] is often used for clarity or emphasis.

23. PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS #2
The pronoun sí (himself, herself, itself) is the prepositional
pronoun used to refer back to the same third-person
subject. When mi, ti, and si are used with con, they become
conmigo, contigo, and consigo
Quieres ir conmigo al museo?
These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mi
and ti: entre, incluso, excepto, menos, salvo, según.

24. REFLEXIVES
Reflexive verbs always use reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se). In a reflexive
construction, the subject of the verb both performs and receives the action.
Elena se lava la cara.
Lavarse (to wash oneself)
Yo Me lavo
Tú Te lavas
Ud./él/ella Se lava
Nosotros/as Nos lavamos
Uds./ellos/ellas Se lavan
Many of the verbs used to describe daily routines and personal care are reflexive.
Many verbs change meaning when they are used with a reflexive pronoun.
Aburrir: To bore
Aburrirse: To be bored

25. Portal Parapose
Expressing movement along, through, Expressing purpose.
around, by, or about. Paramedic
Porever A time limit.
Duration of time Paraguay
Destination/movement towards a place.
Porpose
Reason/motive for an action.
Para-cel
Addressee/recipient of action.
Import/Export Com-para-son
An exchange.
A comparison.
Portugal
Motion or general location.
I’m por, pay for me!
Doing something in place of someone else.
25

26. TO BECOME
Spanish has several verbs and phrases that mean to become. Many of these
constructions make use of reflexive verbs.
The construction [ ponerse + adjective ] expresses a change in mental, emotional,
or physical state that is generally not long-lasting.
No te pongas cansada.
The construction [ volverse + adjective } expresses a radical mental or
psychological change. It often conveys a gradual or irreversible change in
character. In English this is often expressed as to have become + adjective.
Te has vuelto loca.
Hacerse can be followed by a noun or an adjective. It often implies a change that
results from the subject’s own efforts, such as changes in possession.
Le yerno de Lidia se ha hecho agobiado.
Llegar a ser can also be followed by a noun or an adjective. It indicates a change
over time and does not imply the subject’s voluntary effort.
La novela que escribio ha llegado a ser un superventas.

27. EL FUTURO
El futuro is used to explain what someone will do in the future. To conjugate, you
just keep it in the infinitive and attach the ending to the end. All Spanish verbs use
the same ending:
IRREGULAR
-e -emos
S
Decir Dir-
-as
-a -an Hacer Har-
Salir- Saldr-
Examples: Saber Sabr-
Gustar
Querer Querr-
Me gustare los flores.
(I will like the Tener Tendr-
flowers.)
Encantara
Te encantaras
comprar.
(You will love to

28. EL CONDICIONAL
El Condicional is used to express probability, conjecture, possibility, or
wonder. It’s what someone WOULD or MIGHT do. It’s conjugated like the
future tense by simply affixing an ending to the infinitive. Conditional and
future share all the same irregulars.
-ia -iamos
-ias
-ia -ian
Examples:
Gustar
Me gustaria los
flores.
(I would like the
flowers.)
Encantara
Te encantarias
comprar.
(You would love to

29. EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
Present perfect is used to express past actions that continue into the present or
continue to affect the person in the present. It explains what someone has
done. The object pronoun is placed before the auxiliary verb.
IRREGULAR
Auxiliary S
Verbs -Hemos Decir Dicho
-He
-Has Hacer Hecho
-Ha -Han
Abrir Abierto
Poner Puesto
Romper Roto
Ir Ido

30. PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
Pronombres relativos refer to an already-stated noun. There are six:
Que: “That”
El Que
Lo Que
Cuyo
Quien: “Who”
El Cual
Que vs. Quien: Que means that and quien means who. Quien refers ONLY to
people. It must also agree in number, so if it’s plural it will be written as
“quienes”.
El Que, El Cual y Lo Que: El Que means ”the one that/ who”. It must agree
in gender and number. (los que, la que, las que). El Cual is the more formal
form of el que. Lo que means “That which” and “that what” and refers to an
abstract idea, rather than someone or something specific, like above.
Cuyo: means “Whose” and must agree in gender and number (cuyos cuya,
cuyas). It depends on what is being owned.

31. NEUTER LO
“Lo” is a neuter article. It is used in front of an adjective to express something
that is abstract or a quality.
COMMON EXPRESSIONS
Lo facil The easy
part
Lo bueno The good
thing
Lo bello What’s
beautiful
Lo justo What’s fair
Lo mejor The best
part

32. Asking for Directions Normally used before terms of ser when
not asking for a definition.
Normally used before nouns Suggesting a selection or choice from a
group
Used in idioms.
Both mean “what” or “which” but have different uses.

33. EL SUBJUNCTIVO: ADVERB CLAUSES
It is conjugated exactly the same as noun and adverbial clauses. It’s a dependent
clause that modifies the verb in the independent clause- the verb is hypothetical or
anticipated.
Por Ejemplo
Voy a esperar hasta que vuelvas.
PAST/ IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
It follows the same rules as present subjunctive, but expresses in the past. The verb
in the independent clause will be in either imperfect or preterite tense.
-ra –ramos
-ras –rais
-ra –ran