TEMA PARA LA MATERIA DE BIOLOGÍA...t/t

1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
QBA Miguel A. Castro Ramírez

2. Photosynthesis
• An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2)
requiring process that uses light energy
(photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic
macromolecules (glucose).
SUN
photons
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose

3. Question:
• Where does photosynthesis take place?

4. Plants
• Autotrophs: self-producers.
• Location:
1. Leaves
a. stoma
b. mesophyll cells
Mesophyll Chloroplast
Cell Stoma

5. Stomata (stoma)
• Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which water
and gases are exchanged between the plant
and the atmosphere.
Oxygen
(O2)
Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) Guard Guard
Cell Cell

6. Mesophyll Cell
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole

7. Chloroplast
• Organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
Stroma
Outer Membrane Thylakoid Granum
Inner Membrane

8. Thylakoid
Thylakoid Membrane
Thylakoid Space
Granum

9. Question:
• Why are plants green?

10. Chlorophyll Molecules
• Located in the thylakoid membranes.
membranes
• Chlorophyll have Mg+ in the center.
• Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy (photons)
by absorbing certain wavelengths (blue-420
nm and red-660 nm are most important).
• Plants are green because the green
wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.
reflected absorbed

11. Wavelength of Light (nm)
400 500 600 700
Short wave Long wave
(more energy) (less energy)

12. Absorption of Chlorophyll
Absorption
violet blue green yellow orange red
wavelength

13. Question:
• During the fall, what causes the leaves to
change colors?

14. Fall Colors
• In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are
other pigments present.
• During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments
are greatly reduced revealing the other
pigments.
pigments
• Carotenoids are pigments that are either red or
yellow.
yellow

15. Redox Reaction
• The transfer of one or more electrons from
one reactant to another.
another
• Two types:
1. Oxidation
2. Reduction

16. Oxidation Reaction
• The loss of electrons from a substance.
• Or the gain of oxygen.
oxygen
Oxidation
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose

17. Reduction Reaction
• The gain of electrons to a substance.
• Or the loss of oxygen.
oxygen
Reduction
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose

18. Breakdown of Photosynthesis
• Two main parts (reactions).
1. Light Reaction or
Light Dependent Reaction
Produces energy from solar power
(photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.
NADPH

19. Breakdown of Photosynthesis
2. Calvin Cycle or
Light Independent Reaction or
Carbon Fixation or
C3 Fixation
Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light
rxn to make sugar (glucose).

20. 1. Light Reaction (Electron Flow)
• Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes
• During the light reaction, there are two
reaction
possible routes for electron flow.
flow
A. Cyclic Electron Flow
B. Noncyclic Electron Flow

21. A. Cyclic Electron Flow
• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.
membrane
• Uses Photosystem I only
• P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a
• Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Generates ATP only
ADP + P ATP

22. A. Cyclic Electron Flow
Primary e-
SUN Electron
Acceptor
e- e- ATP
produced
Photons by ETC
P700
e-
Accessory
Pigments
Photosystem I

23. B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane
• Uses PS II and PS I
• P680 rxn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a
• P700 rxn center (PS I) - chlorophyll a
• Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Generates O2, ATP and NADPH

24. B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
Primary
Electron
Acceptor
2e-
Enzyme
Primary Reaction
Electron 2e-
Acceptor 2e-
ETC
SUN 2e-
2e- P700 NADPH
Photon
ATP
P680 Photon
H2O Photosystem I
Photosystem II
1/2O2 + 2H+

25. B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
• ADP + P → ATP
(Reduced)
• NADP+ + H → NADPH
(Reduced)
• Oxygen comes from the splitting of
H2O, not CO2
H 2O →
(Oxidized)
1/2 O2 + 2H+

26. Chemiosmosis
• Powers ATP synthesis.
synthesis
• Located in the thylakoid membranes.
membranes
• Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) to
make ATP.
• Photophosphorylation: addition of
phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
ATP

27. Chemiosmosis
SUN
H+ H + (Proton Pumping)
Thylakoid E
PS II T PS I
C
high H+
H H
+ +
concentration
H+ H + H+ H +
Thylakoid
H +
ATP Synthase Space
low H+
ADP + P H+ ATP concentration

28. Calvin Cycle
• Carbon Fixation (light independent rxn).
• C3 plants (80% of plants on earth).
• Occurs in the stroma.
• Uses ATP and NADPH from light rxn.
• Uses CO2.
• To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and
uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.

29. Chloroplast
Stroma
Outer Membrane Thylakoid Granum
Inner Membrane

30. Calvin Cycle (C3 fixation)
(36C)
(6C) 6C-C-C-C-C-C
6CO2 (unstable)
6C-C-C 6C-C-C 12PGA
(36C)
6ATP 6ATP
(30C)
6C-C-C-C-C 6NADPH 6NADPH
RuBP
(36C)
6ATP 6C-C-C 6C-C-C 12G3P
C3 (30C) (6C)
glucose C-C-C-C-C-C
Glucose

31. Calvin Cycle
• Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle
C3
Glucose

32. Photorespiration
• Occurs on hot, dry, bright days.
days
• Stomates close.
• Fixation of O2 instead of CO2.
• Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C
sugar molecules.
molecules
• Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP.

33. Photorespiration
• Because of photorespiration: Plants have
photorespiration
special adaptations to limit the effect of
photorespiration.
photorespiration
1. C4 plants
2. CAM plants

34. C4 Plants
• Hot, moist environments.
environments
• 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane).
• Divides photosynthesis spatially.
• Light rxn - mesophyll cells.
• Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells.

35. C4 Plants
Malate Malate
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
Transported CO2
CO2
C3
Vascular
Tissue
glucose
C-C-C
PEP ATP
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid
Mesophyll Cell Bundle Sheath Cell

36. CAM Plants
• Hot, dry environments.
environments
• 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants).
• Stomates closed during day.
• Stomates open during the night.
night
• Light rxn - occurs during the day.
• Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present.

37. CAM Plants
Night (Stomates Open) Day (Stomates Closed)
Vacuole
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
CO2 Malate Malate
Malate
CO2
C3
C-C-C
PEP
ATP C-C-C glucose
Pyruvic acid

38. Question:
• Why would CAM plants close their
stomates during the day?

39. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process which
light energy is used in the
synthesis of organic molecules.

40. What is the equation for
photosynthesis?
Water + carbon dioxide +light
energy
=
Oxygen + glucose

41. The role of chloroplasts in
Photosynthesis.

42. • Chloroplast is an organelle in the leaf of
a plant that contain the thylakoid cells
and the stroma. These are shown on
the following diagram.
• Here 2 important reactions take place.
The light dependant reactions take
place in the thylakoid cells and the light
independent in the stroma.

43. Chloroplasts

44. What happens in the light
dependent reactions.

45. • Electrons in the chloroplast gain energy
from sunlight , this energy is used to
add a phosphate group to ADP making
ATP.
• The energy is used also used in the
photolysis of water to split it into oxygen
and hydrogen molecules

46. • The electrons, protons and energy for
the light dependent reactions are used
to make NaDPH2.
• The ATP/NADPH2 from the Light
Dependent reactions enter the light
independent reactions.

47. What happens in the light
independent reactions.

48. The light independent reactions
occur at night for only a few
seconds due to limited amounts of
ATP and supply of NADPH2.

49. Role of NADPH2 and ATP
Energy from ATP and electrons
from NADPH2 are used to reduce
carbon dioxide and build it to
sugars

50. The following cycle is called
the Calvin cycle.

51. • This is called Fixing the carbon dioxide.
The carbohydrates(sugars) are in a
form of RuBP.

52. • The following cycle is called the Calvin
cycle.
• What happens in the Calvin cycle?

53. • RuBP with the addition of carbon
dioxide splits into 2 moles of GP. For
GP to be turned to Carbohydrates it
requires ATP and NADPH2. The
NADPH2 give up its electrons which
enter the GP molecules making GALP.

54. GALP
GALP is converted to a whole
series of mostly sugars, some
lipids and some Proteins.

55. • Also some GALP is regenerated back
to RUBP if sufficient amounts of
NADPH2 and ATP are provided.

56. Photosynthesis
H 2O + CO 2
Energy
ATP and
Which splits NADPH2
water
Light is Adsorbed
C3
By
Chlorophyll
ADP
Calvin Cycle
NADP
Chloroplast Used Energy and is
recycled.
O2
+ C 6 H 12 O 6
Light Reaction Dark Reaction