This document discusses agriculture in Pakistan and strategies for agricultural development. It provides background on agriculture's importance to Pakistan's economy and outlines the typical phases of agricultural transformation: increasing productivity, tapping surpluses, integrating the sector into the macroeconomy, and managing agriculture similarly to other industries. It also addresses limitations to intervening in industrialization and strategies like technical change, increasing land and labor productivity, and applying biotechnology research.

1. Agricultural Revolution in Pakistan
Engr. Saima Khuhro BE (Electronics)& MS (Engineering Management),
and
Mr. Tariq Sarwar, Food Technologist, Nasir Flour Mills, Lahore, Chairman
Research and Recommendations Wing, Pakistan Flour Mills Association

2. Objectives
• What is agriculture & agriculture in Pakistan?
•
•
•
•
•
The process of Agricultural Transformation.
Agriculture & Economic Development Issues.
Limitations for the Intervention in
Industrialization Process.
Strategies uplifting Agriculture and Economic
Development.
Biotechnology In Agriculture Of Pakistan
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

3. Agriculture & Agriculture in Pakistan ?
•
•
•
•
Agriculture is processing and cultivation of plants and crops for food and other
byproducts.
Agriculture is the largest income and employment-generating sector of Pakistan’s
economy. About two third of the population resides in rural areas and directly or
indirectly depend on this sector for their livelihood as well as livestock.
Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livestock on rangeland
remain at foundation of agriculture.
Key words for that Agriculture allows the development of cities, nations, and
ultimately industry and leisure.
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

4. •
The % GDP on agriculture is shown below from 2007-2013 according
to economic survey of Pakistan
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

5. •
As compared to the World Bank data on Growth of Agriculture & GDP
in 1970’s.
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

6. The Process of Agricultural
Transformation
From both historical and contemporary cross-section perspectives, the agricultural
transformation seems to evolve through at least four phases that are roughly
definable.
1.
The process starts when agricultural productivity per worker rises. This
increased productivity creates a surplus,
2. which in the second phase can be tapped directly, through taxation and
factor flows, or indirectly, through government intervention into the ruralurban terms of trade developing the nonagricultural sector, and this phase
has been the focus of most dual economy models of development,
3. which creates progressive integration of the agricultural sector into the macro
economy, via improved infrastructure and market-equilibrium linkages,
representing a third phase in agricultural development.
4. Finally, in the fourth phase the role of agriculture in industrialized economies
is little different from the role of the steel, housing, or insurance sectors.
Managing agricultural protection and its impact on world commodity markets
thus provides a continuing focus for agricultural policy makers even when the
agricultural transformation is "complete".
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

7. Agriculture & Economic
Development Issues
• The agricultural transformation raises two basic
issues: the contribution or role of agriculture in
economic development, and the conditions or
factors that lead to the modernization of the
agricultural sector itself.
• The behavior of backward agricultural systems under
the new planning context became a topic of much
debate in the intervention of the industrialization
process.
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

8. •
•
•
•
Limitations for the Intervention in
Industrialization Process
One unusual feature of the agricultural production function is the efficiency cost of
separating labor and management. Knowing what the right inputs are, how to
combine them, and how to tend the process is the major function of management.
In owner-operated farming, this management skill is combined with the farm
household's own labor power, which is also an important ingredient in growing
crops.
Several unique features of agricultural production functions contribute to the
decision-intensity of farming, to the productivity of the family farm, and to the
search for reasonably efficient substitutes for direct landownership where the
family farm is not prevalent.
Seasonality (Agriculture, labor and seeds), geographical dispersion (Fertile land
and Irrigational facilities), and the role of risk (Agrimarket) and uncertainty
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
(Fertilizers or credit) are the most important.
Food Technologist

9. Strategies uplifting Agriculture and
Economic Development
•
Though the World’s "new household economics" provides a powerful perspective on joint decision-making
about food production, food consumption, investment in human capital, and even fertility and other
demographic decisions but still on debate as the key issue is nearly always the functioning of rural labor
markets because it determines the perception of the opportunity cost of labor in each household. The
vision dies hard of agriculture as a resource reservoir to be tapped indiscriminately, without reinvestment
or adverse consequences for growth, on behalf of the urban economy. Although a few countries have a
record of sustained progress in agriculture and overall economic growth, the list is short. Only eight
countries listed in the World Development Report, 1986 have growth rates for agricultural GDP of 3
percent per year or greater for both the 1965-73 and 1973-84 periods, along with growth rates for total
GDP of 4 percent per year or greater for the same 2 periods: Kenya, Pakistan, Indonesia, Ivory Coast,
Philippines, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico. Sri Lanka and Turkey came close; Malaysia would probably have
been included had data been available for the earlier period. Because population growth in several of
these countries is near or more than 3 percent per year, even these excellent aggregate performances
leave the rate of growth per capita at levels that permit a doubling of incomes in a quarter of a century at
best. It has obviously been difficult to find the right mix of policies to sustain agricultural growth.
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

10. Strategies uplifting Agriculture and
Economic Development
•
•
•
•
Technical change is the source of most growth in productivity in the long run, since continued investment
in capital that embodies traditional technology very quickly somehow faces low marginal returns.
But the scientific revolution in agriculture has made the discovery of technical innovations much more
dependent on knowledge and capital investment involving primarily in developing hybrid seed technology,
chemical technology (herbicides and insecticides), and agricultural machinery which is the Revolution in
Biotechnology might change the concentration of agricultural research in the near future. Numerous small
companies, many associated with faculty members of universities, are engaged in genetic manipulation of
important agricultural crops and animal.
In land-scarce environments facing rapid population growth and limited absorption of labor by industry, of
course, raising output per hectare might be the only way to raise labor productivity than using Agricultural
output per worker method involving technical change.
The Various possibilities for changing land and labor productivities in agriculture are shown in the next
slide.
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

11. Strategies uplifting Agriculture and
Economic Development
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

12. Patterns of Change in Agricultural
Productivity
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist

13. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE of PAKISTAN
•
•
It is widely accepted that the conventional breeding, widely used during the Green
Revolution era, no longer offer any significant breakthroughs in the yield potentials and in
providing solution to the complex problems of pests, diseases, and drought stress. The tools
of modern biotechnology are precise and make development of new strains of improved crop
and livestock more rapid [Asian Development Bank (2001)].
Agricultural Biotechnology R&D is suggested to focus areas of traditional biotechnology as
well as modern biotechnology like genetic engineering and plant genomics. The techniques
of modern biotechnology can be applied to diagnosis of pests, diseases, contaminants, and
quality traits; micro-propagation to provide disease free plantlets of vegetative propagated
species (that do not readily produce seed); generating genetic markers, maps, and genomic
information in marker assisted selection and breeding; and in developing transgenic plants
with higher yields, disease and pest resistance, tolerance of environmental stresses, and
improved nutrition in crops. This part of the study provide short, medium and long terms
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
R&D projects in biotechnology.
Food Technologist

14. THANK YOU
Best Wishes for Success
Engineer Saima Khuhro BE (Electronics),
MS(Engineering Management) with Kind Support of Mr.
Tariq Sarwar, Food Technologist, CEO Nasir Flour Mills
& Chairman Research and Recommendations Wing,
Pakistan Flour Mills Association, Head Office, Lahore.
Engr. Saima Khuhro / Tariq Sarwar Awan
Food Technologist