2. The English Monarchy

3. Faces of History: Eleanor of Aquitaine

4. Other European Monarchies

5. Map: The Holy Roman Empire The Growth of Monarchies

7. How did kings increase their powers in the other monarchies of Europe? Main Idea The power of kings grew and the nature of monarchy changed across Europe in the early Middle Ages. The Growth of Monarchies

9. For most of period, England divided into seven small kingdoms

11. 878, Viking campaign cut short by Alfred the Great , king of Wessex in southern England Danish Vikings

13. 1066, king died without heir; two men claimed throne: Harold, Anglo-Saxon nobleman from England; William, duke of Normandy in France

15. Two armies fought in Battle of Hastings; William won

17. Claimed all English land as personal property

18. Divided land into fiefs for his Norman soldiers; new nobility created, all owing loyalty to king Strong King

20. Most of England’s new nobles born in France, spoke French, practiced French customs

22. Wanted to know who lived in each part of England, what they owned, how much they could afford to pay in taxes

23. Resulting in Domesday Book , used to create central tax system for England

25. Together they ruled England, half of France

26. In theory, French holdings made English kings vassals of king of France

28. New power came from acquisition of new lands, many in France

29. Descendants inherited position as duke of Normandy; great-grandson Henry II also son of a French duke

30. Henry inherited father’s lands in France, which became part of England More Lands

33. 1215, concerns reached crisis point under King John

34. John caught in war with France, lost almost all of England’s French holdings

35. Tried to raise money with new tax on nobility

37. Restricted king’s power; even kings not above the law

38. King had to obtain consent of nobles before raising taxes

39. Ended king’s ability to arrest, punish people without cause or take property illegally New Rights

41. King constantly asked for approval to raise taxes of which they disapproved

44. Resulting council developed into English governing body, Parliament Parliament

46. Edward strengthened England’s central government, reformed system of laws

47. Saw Parliament as tool for strengthening monarchy, not limiting it; kept Parliament in secondary role to power of king Central Government Strengthened

48. Summarize How did Magna Carta and Parliament change the English monarchy? Answer(s): reduced the king's power, formed a council (Parliament) that would create new taxes and advise the king on lawmaking

50. Limited to area around Paris, Orleans

53. Other times created allegiances

54. By 1300, ruled almost all of modern France Power

56. After his death, the empire split into two parts

58. 962, aided Pope John XII, rewarded by being named Emperor of the Romans

60. Germany separated into several small states, each with own ruler, or duke

61. 936, Otto the Great gained enough support to become king of the Germans Holy Roman Empire

66. Pope had to crown new emperor before his power fully recognized Description of Empire

68. Today the two countries share Iberian Peninsula, which had been conquered by Muslims in early 700s

69. Muslims, called Moors by Christians, built powerful state centered in city of Cordoba.

71. Christian rulers continued westward push, little success until 1000s

73. 1085, king of Castile won great victory over Moors, inspired rulers of two other Christian kingdoms to join in the Reconquista Campaigns

76. Royal marriage between rulers of Aragon and Castile united two kingdoms

78. Christians pushed Moors almost all the way out of Spain within a few years

79. Moors not driven completely off Iberian Peninsula until 1492 Victory over Moors

81. Analyze How did rulers in France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain gain power? Answer(s): by acquiring new land and territories through alliances, marriage, and conquest