Presentation about the way the world consumes energy nowadays. Second part talks about prospects, potential alternatives for the future.

2. Energy seams not to be a problem ...

3. Is it really so ?

4. Miguel Prado The Netherlands, October 2008 The Energy Problem

5. The world is big ... but not infinite ...

6. Let’s have a look in our world ... and try to quantify what is happening ...

7. We need a unit ... to measure how much resources we use ...

8. Super Tanker TI Europe Cargo Capacity:  500.000 m 3  430.000 t The biggest ship in the world ... 380 m

9. How big is our planet ? Surface Perimeter 22600 km 30% Land 70% Water 40000 km

10. How many are we ? = ? 2.5 billion 6.7 billion  9.2 billion (estimate) 1950 2007 2050 Source: UN

11. How much land for each person ? = ? 1950 2007 2050 240 m 150 m 125 m (estimate) Source: UN; US CENSUS

12. And for different countries ? = ? (2007) Source: UN; US CENSUS BR USA CN DE IN NL 1300 million 1100 million 82 million 16.4 million 300 million 195 million 36 % World Pop.

13. And for different countries ? = ? (2007) Source: UN; US CENSUS BR USA CN DE IN NL 209 m 174 m 84 m 51 m 65 m 45 m

14. How much energy needs the human body to live ? Man Woman  2500 kcal/day  120 W  2000 kcal/day  100 W Source: FAO – Human Energy Requeriments 2001 Child  1000 kcal/day  50 W (2-3 years)

15. And all human population ? 670.000 MW (2007) 100 W 14.000 MW Itaipu Power Plant (Brazil) 48 x 100 W

16. How much food is it ?

17. 9 x / day (2007) Rice 4 million t/day 0.6 kg/day

18. 23 x / day (2007) Food 10 million t/day 1.5 kg/day Source: FAO - FAOSTAT

19. But how much energy do we use ? 16.000.000 MW (WEC) 1 kW 2 kW (2007) 2400 W Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008; IEA – WEO 2006 14.000 MW Itaipu Power Plant (Brazil) 1143 x

20. How do we spend it ?

21. Transportation ...

22. Industry ...

23. Electricity Production ... ( Nuclear Power Plant ) ( Coal Power Plant )

24. At home ...

25. Food Production ...

26. Food Processing and Distribution ...

27. Fresh Water Production...

28. Where does the energy come from ? (2007) Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008; IEA – WEO 2006 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oil Gas Coal Nuclear Hydro Trad. Biomass GeothermalSolar, Wind, etc... (millions MW) 33.0 % 22.0 % 26.5 % 5.2 % 2.3 % 10.0 % 1.0 % Fossil fuels 13 % - Renewable Nuclear fuel 82 % 5 % 13 % 87 % Non - Renewable

29. Is it the same all over the world ? 14% 79% 7% 100% - World 4% - Sub Saharan Africa 1% 63% 36% 83% 11% 6% 52% - OECD (N. America, Europe, Japan, Australia,...) (2001) Source: UN – WEA 2004

30. How much non-renewable fuels do we use ?

31. Oil 25 x / day (2007) 10.8 million t/day 1.6 kg/day Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008

32. Natural Gas 27 x / day (2007) 6.4 million t/day (if liquid) 1.0 kg/day Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008

33. Coal 41 x / day (2007) 17.7 million t/day 2.6 kg/day Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008

34. Uranium (U) (2007) 67000 t/year 10 g/year 1 x / 6.4 year Source: Energy Watch Group – Paper 01/2006

35. Try to imagine ... 93 x / day 23 x / day (2007)

36. In one word ... 100 W 2100 W 1.6 kg/day 1.0 kg/day 2.6 kg/day 10 g/year 1.5 kg/day (2007)

37. Grand total of non-renewable energy ... 10.2 kW 2100 W 14.000.000 MW 87% WEC (2007) Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008 BR USA CN 0.9 kW 1.8 kW 4.9 kW 7.4 kW DE IN NL 0.4 kW

38. If 10.2 kW 3400 W 23.000.000 MW 144 % WEC BR USA CN 0.9 kW 4.9 kW 4.9 kW 7.4 kW DE IN NL 4.9 kW = = ...

39. 10.2 kW 5400 W 36.000.000 MW 225 % WEC BR USA CN 0.9 kW 10.2 kW 4.9 kW 7.4 kW DE IN NL 10.2 kW If = = ...

40. 10.2 kW 10200 W 68.000.000 MW 425 % WEC BR USA CN 10.2 kW 10.2 kW 10.2 kW 10.2 kW DE IN NL 10.2 kW If = ...

41. What about our reserves ?

42. Official Proved Reserves at constant production ... Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008; Energy Watch Group – Paper 01/2006 43 year 60 year 131 year 80 year + + + = Total 76 year (2007)

43. 26 year 37 year 80 year 49 year + + + = Total 47 year If = = ...

44. 16 year 23 year 51 year 31 year + + + = Total 30 year If = = ...

45. 9 year 12 year 27 year 16 year + + + = Total 16 year If = ...

46. = In one word ... time (year) Power (TW) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 = = = = 87% WEC (2007)

47. NO... If we keep our total consumption constant, do we still have 76 years without worries?

48. 1) It requires an huge investment to switch of energy source ... Oil Gas Coal Uranium time (year) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 0

49. 2) It’s not possible to keep constant production until resource exhaustion ...

50. An example of future energy mix ... Source: Hoffert et al., “Energy Implications of future stabilization of atmospheric CO2 content”, Nature 395, 1998

51. Some fundamentals of non-renewable resources ...

52. time P Q time URR

53. Conventional Oil IPR: 9000 Gb URR:  2300 Gb (95%),  3000 (50%),  3900 (5%) PR: 1200-1300 Gb Technology: ---- Source: EIA – International Energy Outllok 2008; USGS 2000; BP – Statistical Review 2008

54. 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 ( Gb ) World Oil production and URR estimates ... Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008; USGS 2000; Salvador 2005; EIA 2005; Laherrere 2005; Hirsch 2006 5% 95% 50% USGS 2000

55. The Hubbert Curve ... time P Q time URR

56. P Q P/Q Q URR Ploting against Q gives simpler curves ... or URR

58. Let’s have a closer look at our smallest resource ... Oil ... And see how the theory fits ...

59. 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 USA ... Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) URR URR URR Source: EIA – U.S. Crude Oil Field Production 2008

60. Romania ... 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.12 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) URR URR URR Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008; Laherrere - ASPO Lisbon 2005

61. Indonesia ... 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0. 7 0. 7 Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) URR URR URR Source: OPEC – Annual Statistical Bulletin 2007

62. UK ... 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 1.2 1.2 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) 0. 3 5 URR URR URR Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008

63. Norway ... 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0.05 0.1 0 0.15 0.2 0 1. 4 1. 4 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) URR URR URR Source: BP - Statistical Review 2008

64. Iraq ... disturbing political factors ... 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 0 50 100 150 0 0.05 0.1 0. 1 5 1. 4 1. 4 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) URR URR URR Source: OPEC – Annual Statistical Bulletin 2007

65. 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 0.05 0.1 Saudi Arabia ... The biggest oil producer ... 0. 1 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) URR URR URR Source: OPEC – Annual Statistical Bulletin 2007

66. World ... 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Peak 2010 95% URR 50% 5% 95% URR 50% 5% 5% 50% 95% URR Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) Source: BP – Statistical Review 2008; The Oil Drum – world_production1860_2004.gif

67. World ... different future trends ... 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) Peak 2010-2018-2026-2032 5% 50% 95% 95% URR 50% 5% 95% URR 50% 5% URR

68. 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) Peak 2010-2012-2013-2013 World ... keeping initial trend a bit longer ... 95% URR 50% 5% 95% URR 50% 5% 5% 50% 95% URR

69. 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) World ... keeping constant growth ... 0% 1% 2% 3% 95% URR 50% 5% 95% URR 50% 5% 5% 50% 95% URR

70. What are the predictions for World Oil Peak ?

71. 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160 2180 World Oil Peak Year Predictions ... Source: EIA – Caruso, G., “When will World Oil Production Peak?”, 10 th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 2005; ASPO 2005

72. Let’s have a closer look at some predictions ...

73. Some say: “ It already happened in 2006 ! “ Source: ? 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 ( Gb/year )

74. Some say: “In a few years ...” Source: ASPO

75. Others say: “Some decades ... ”

76. EIA predictions ... Source: EIA – Caruso, G., “When will World Oil Production Peak?”, 10 th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 2005

77. EIA predictions ... Source: EIA – Caruso, G., “When will World Oil Production Peak?”, 10 th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 2005

78. EIA predictions ... Source: EIA – Caruso, G., “When will World Oil Production Peak?”, 10 th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 2005

79. EIA predictions ... Source: EIA – Caruso, G., “When will World Oil Production Peak?”, 10 th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 2005

81. Are there other fossil fuel reserves ?

82. Tar Sands (80% in Canada) Heavy Oil (90% in Venezuela) Oil Shale (mainly USA) Yes ... Non-conventional Oil ... IPR: 2370 Gb URR: 710-1420 Gb (30%-60%) PR: 170 Gb Technology: Energy Demanding and High Environmental Costs IPR: 1360 Gb URR: 410-820 Gb (30%-60%) PR: ? Technology: Energy Demanding and High Environmental Costs IPR: ? URR: ? PR: ? Technology: Not likely to exist in the next decades ... Source: EIA – Caruso, G., “When will World Oil Production Peak?”, 10 th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 2005

83. The Tar Sands in Canada ... Source: Issacs, E., “Canadian Oil Sands: Development and Future Outlook”, IV International Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion, May, 2005  20%  80 %

84. Tar Sands Canada: Steam injection ... Source: Issacs, E., “Canadian Oil Sands: Development and Future Outlook”, IV International Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion, May, 2005

85. Tar Sands Canada: Steam injection ... Source: Issacs, E., “Canadian Oil Sands: Development and Future Outlook”, IV International Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion, May, 2005

86. Tar Sands Canada: Surface Minning ...

87. Tar Sands Canada: Surface Minning ...

88. Tar Sands Canada: Surface Minning ...

89. Tar Sands Canada: Surface Minning ...

90. Tar Sands Canada: Surface Minning ...

91. What about other nuclear fuel reserves ?

92. Thorium Deuterium Current World Energy Supply: a few millions years Technology: Nuclear Fusion, still at research stage (see ITER project) Radioactive Waste: None Current World Energy Supply: a few thousands years Technology: Some protoype plants builded, but still needs development. Radioactive Waste: Less than Uranium Source: IAEA, “Thorium Fuel Cycle – Potential benefits and challenges”, May, 2005; ???????????????? Uranium & Nuclear Waste Current World Energy Supply: a few thousands years Technology: Breeder Reactors can extract 100 times more energy. Still needs development. Radioactive Waste: Less than normal fission of Uranium

93. Does our planet have other sources of energy ? Solar Tidal Geothermal

94. Tidal Energy 3.2 million MW (20% of WEC) 0.5 million MW (3% of WEC) Atmospheric Tides Ocean Tides Earth Tides

95. Geothermal Energy (2-3 x WEC) 30-44 million MW

96. Solar Energy (11000 x WEC) 174 billion MW

97. What happens to all this Solar Energy ?

98. (3300 x WEC) 30% 100% 30% is reflected ...

99. 70% absorbed and reradiated back to space... (7700 x WEC) 70% Infrared 100%

100. (3300 x WEC) 100% The balance of the solar energy flux ... (7700 x WEC) 70% 30%

101. The absorbed Solar Energy before leaving ... Hydropower Wind Ocean Waves and Currents Oceanic Biomass Terrestrial Biomass

102. In old civilizations, the Sun meant “Source of life” ... Inti Aten (Inca) (Egyptian)

103. Today it seams to mean only “good weather” ...

104. How does Life gets its energy ?

105. At the Land ...

106. In the Ocean ...

107. And deep in the Ocean ?

108. Life also uses energy for heating ...

109. How humans get 87% of theirs energy ?

110. In one word ... 0.87 0.13 7700

111. Are we able to join our planet ? 7700 0.87 0.13

112. We have intelligence for this ... TSAR Bomb = 10 x WW II CERN LHC – proton at 99.999999% c

113. Maybe it’s time for us to change ...

114. Maybe ...

115. Maybe ...

116. Maybe ...

117. Maybe ...

118. Maybe ...

119. Maybe ...

120. Maybe we could also save energy ...

121. At home ...

122. With our transportation ...

123. Not throwing food away ...

124. Maybe instead of doing this ... Energy Materials Waste

125. We could do like Nature ...

126. Maybe then our planet would say ...

127. Thank you !

128. References ...

129. Tidal Energy ... “ Abyssal recipes II: Ener g etics of tidal wind mixing“ W. Munk, C. Wunsch Deep-Sea Research, Part I, Vol. 45, pp. 1977-2010 1998 “ Dissipation of tidal energy, paleotides and the evolution of the Earth-Moon system “ B. A. Kagan, J. Suendermann Advances in Geophysics , Vol. 38 , pp. 1 79-266 199 6 “ Once again: once again – tidal friction “ W. Munk Progress in Oceangraphy, Vol. 4 0 , pp. 7- 35 199 7 “ Tide distribution and tapping into tidal energy “ Z. Kowalik Oceanologia, Vol. 46, 3, pp. 291-331 ( www.iopan.gda.pl/oceanologia ) 2004

130. Geothermal Energy ... “ Earth’s Heat flux revisited and linked to chemistry “ A. M. Hofmeister, R. E. Criss Tectonophysics , Vol. 395 , pp. 1 59 - 177 2005 “ Heat flow from the Earth’s interior: Analysis of the global data set “ H. N. Pollack, S. J. Hurter, J.R. Johnson Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 31, 3, pp. 267-280 1993 “ What is Geothermal Energy ? “ M. H. Dickson, M. Fanelli International Geothermal Association ( www.geothermal-energy.org ) 2004

131. Solar Energy ... Wikipedia – Solar Power ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power ) Wikipedia – Earth’s Energy Budget ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_energy_budget ) NASA ( eosweb.larc.nasa.gov ) Wikipedia – Solar Radiation ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation ) “ Here comes the Sun” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLHBFyfvK8A ) Backlight, VPRO International, The Netherlands, Oct. 2008

132. Other Renewable Energies ... www.ted.com/index.php/talks/david_gallo_on_life_in_the_deep_oceans.html www.ted.com/index.php/talks/robert_ballard_on_exploring_the_oceans.html en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea

133. Food ... www.wikipedia.com World energy resources and consumption Food and Agriculture Organization ( www.fao.org ) Wikipedia - Food ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food ) World Food Program ( www.wfp.org ) Petroleum Waste & Resources Action Programme ( www.wrap.org.uk ) Oil Reserves “ Avoid Wasting Food” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ai4FYKwRTKw ) CBS, July, 2008 “ Food Miles” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=rca8VkjXw8k ) 2003 “ Food Miles Campaign” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ho1Q7sAZsuo ) 2008 “ The Future of Food” 1/9 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=keQpECZkdJA ) 2/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=ciMsgxogBoc ) 3/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=CbJ52UPaQ8w ) 4/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=d-9b2eY5nH8 ) 5/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=a14UtxFBvN4 ) 6/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=ylqBRwf-aus ) 7/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=zVxAYSVlzsY ) 8/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=xAtPtgD8Q7k ) 9/9 ( www .youtube.com/watch?v=jeTP73n-46A ) Deborah Koons Garcia, Lily Films, 2004

134. Nuclear Energy (websites) ... World Nuclear Association ( www.world-nuclear.org ) Nuclear Energy Agency ( www.nea.fr ) Nuclear Energy Institute ( www.nei.org ) Wikipedia - Nuclear Power ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power ) Wikipedia - Thorium ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium ) European Fusion Development Agreement ( www.efda.org ) Wikipedia - Deuterium ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium ) International Atomic Energy Agency ( www.iaea.org ) Wikipedia - Integral Fast Reactor ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_Fast_Reactor ) Wikipedia - Uranium ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium ) Wikipedia - Breeder reactor ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeder_reactor )

135. Nuclear Energy (papers) ...

136. Nuclear Energy (videos) ... “ Nuclear Renaissance” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Lkh_y47XaA ) JourneymanTV, Aug. 2007 “ ITER – The Way to Fusion Power” 1/2 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQE-YIzDpQc ) 2/2 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=tF7xRYZZ7ME ) European Commission, Aug. 2007 “ Nuclear Fusion” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe7mbv7v9Zg ) National Geographic, March 2008 “ Nuclear Energy” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcY9MFN5SqU ) AGORA, June 2007 “ More Nuclear Energy: Why America needs it now” 1/1 ( fora.tv/2007/09/13/More_Nuclear_Energy_Why_America_Needs_it_Now ) Frank Bowman, The Commonwealth Club, USA, Sept. 2007 “ Nuclear Fusion” 1/1 ( video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8817177531080616947 ) Horizon, BBC, Aug. 2007 “ Why neither party promote Nuclear Power” 1/1 ( fora.tv/2008/01/28/The_Case_for_Terrestrial_aka_Nuclear_Energy ) William Tucker, Hillsdale College, USA, Jan. 2008

137. Wikipedia - Heavy Crude Oil ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil ) Oil Shale & Tar Sands PEIR ( ostseis.anl.gov ) Wikipedia - Tar Sands ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands ) Non-conventional Oil ... Pembina Institute ( www.oilsandswatch.org ) Alberta’s Oil Sands ( oilsands.alberta.ca ) Alberta Energy Departament ( www.energy.gov.ab.ca/oilsands/954.asp ) Wikipedia - Oil Shale ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Shale ) “ Oil Change ” 1/2 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHwfQXv_Tus ) 2/2 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=qMoL3Ak2b-Y ) 2008 Wikipedia - Non-conventional_oil ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-conventional_oil )

138. Tar Sands Canada (videos) ... Youtube - Alberta oil sands ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=Ro0LWXPlTSA ) Youtube - Discover Canada's devastating oil sand s ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= CcluUYlWxUc ) Youtube - Alberta Oil Sands featured on "60 Minutes“ ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=oYML36YbXo8 ) Youtube - People & Power - Alberta's Oil Sands - 12 Mar 08 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=Eucr370Oz60 ) Youtube - National Geographic: Megastructures - Alberta Oil Sands ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=UYwHR9yb0IM ) The Guardian – This is the dirtiest oil in the world ( www.guardian.co.uk/environment/video/2008/jul/11/canada.oil ) Youtube - Sands Oil ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=UQyRx8M9BZo )

139. Energy ... World Energy IEA ( www.iea.org ) BP ( www.bp.com ) United Nations ( www.undp.org/energy ) Energy Information Agency ( www.eia.doe.gov ) Energy Watch Group ( www.energywatchgroup.org ) WEC ( www.worldenergy.org ) Worldwatch Institute ( www.worldwatch.org ) Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century ( www.ren21.net ) OPEC ( www.opec.org )

140. “ The Story of Stuff” 1/1 ( www.storyofstuff.com ) Annie Leonard, Tides Foundation & Funders Workgroup for Sustainable Production and Consumption Sustainability ... “ Waste = Food” 1/1 ( www.vpro.nl/programma/tegenlicht/afleveringen/36632706 ) or ( video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3058533428492266222 ) Backlight, VPRO International, The Netherlands, 2006 “ The Next Industrial Revolution” 1/1 ( nl.youtube.com/watch?v=MoO_DwW4nDs ) Shelley Morhaim, Earthome Productions, USA, 2001 “ Cradle to Cradle” 1/1 ( nl.youtube.com/watch?v=IoRjz8iTVoo ) William McDonough, TED, USA, Feb. 2005 Worldwatch Institute ( www.worldwatch.org ) “ Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet under Stress and a Civilization” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLlGkxPIlNg ) Lester R. Brown, Berkeley Institute of the Environment, USA, Aug. 2007

141. US Census ( www.census.gov/ipc/www ) United Nations ( esa.un.org/unpp ) CIA ( www.cia.gov/library/publications ) Demography ...

142. Peak Oil ... Association for Study of Peak Oil ( www.peakoil.net ) ( www.aspo-usa.com ) ( www.aspo-ireland.org ) www.planetforlife.com www.theviewfromthepeak.net Wikipedia - Peak Oil ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Oil ) www.oilcrisis.com “ The End of Cheap Conventional Oil” Zagar, J., Campbell, C. J., Zagar, J., Campbell, C. J., www.w ikipedia.com World energy resources and consumption Earth’s energy budget ( www.hubbertpeak.com ) No Peak Oil ( www.the7thfire.com/peak_oil/ending_debate_on_peak_oil.htm ) Global Public Media ( www.globalpublicmedia.org ) ODAC ( www.odac-info.org ) The Oil Drum ( www.theoildrum.com ) Energy Bulletin ( www.energybulletin.net )

143. Videos:

144. “ 1958 - Global Warming – It’s not newly known” ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lgzz-L7GFg ) The Unchained Goddess, USA Television, 1958 “ Yergin and Hubbert on the same side US Govt video 1979 ” ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ez9TRtXu8rQ ) USA Television, 1979 “ 1976 Hubbert Peak” ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImV1voi41YY ) USA Television, 1976 History repeating itself ... “ When the Circuit Breaks ... America Energy Crisis” 1/3 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAhJQlLKWX0 ) 2/3 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=K3DJXoPtzTQ ) 3/3 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=USki7oDh2hk ) Federal Energy Administration, USA Television, 1975 “ US Energy Policy” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmBJG_H0PXQ ) President Jimmy Carter, USA Television, 1977 “ US Energy Crisis” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABqE0Yl12FY ) President Jimmy Carter, USA Television, 1979 “ Relation between Oil and Financial System” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDNMjV6sumQ ) Colin Campbell, Interview, May 2005

145. “ CO2 Emissions in USA” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJpj8UUMTaI ) VULCAN project, Purdue University, USA, March 2008

146. Peak Oil (Videos) ... “ Peaked” 1/2 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=KrjX4Nf_ wGM ) 2/2 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=-sYLFqg2e3I ) People & Power, Aljazeera, Jan. 2008 “ Addicted to Oil” 1/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXUnlcLJzLM ) 2/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=R3BR8N409bo ) 3/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=GtZESS5EjbI ) 4/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=vu1- HtEesPE ) 5/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=49gZyNvFd9g ) Thomas Friedman Reportin g, June 2006 “ If The Oil Runs Out ” 1/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSQ0KtnaMVc ) 2/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= AXeXxWSgT _o ) 3/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=nBL8sx7BS5Y ) 4/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=HVG4ID- PxMc ) 5/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= ajFNlEdRzGw ) 6/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=mo_cwaeXpE4 ) BBC, June 2008 “ Energy War” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEF0TQxw7go ) VPRO International, Sept. 2008

147. Peak Oil (Presentations) ... “ ASPO6 - Session 2” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiBX_S1d-Rg ) George Lee, ASPO 6, Cork, Ireland, Sept. 2007 “ Energy” 1/1 ( video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2972578948020708613&ei=Wp0MSaj8HI-o2wKTq73eAw&q=breeder+reactor&hl=en ) Dr. Richard E. Smalley, ResearchChannel, Sep. 2003 “ The End of the First Half of the Age of Oil “ 1/1 ( video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-596805984521272213&ei=4pAMSZKGOoKw2gKC-uimCg&hl=en ) Colin J. Campbell, ASPO, Ireland, June 2005 “ Peak oil meets climate change” 1/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFaNMmpbuIg ) 2/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JpDSrROhVY ) 3/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DCZZkyUBTM ) 4/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nqDMr12SYo ) 5/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAS0F5kDhVE ) Jeremy Leggett, Dublin, Ireland, July 2007 “ The Saudi Arabian Oil Miracle” Presentation Audio ( www.visualcommunications.com/csis/energy/20040224_global_oil.m3u ) Presentation Pdf ( www.csis.org/media/csis/events/040224_simmons.pdf ) Matthew Simmons, CSIS, USA, Feb 2003 “ Has Global Oil Production Reached Maximum Capacity” 1/1 ( ia301115.us.archive.org/3/items/dn2006-0428/dn2006-0428-1_64kb.mp3 ) Julian Darley & Michael Lynch, Democracy Now, USA, April 2006

148. “ The Oil Age - Turning Point for Mankind” 1/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLodNEs6TWc ) 2/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-bSUe73iU0 ) 3/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLtMXC2buGo ) 4/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=X89Johntn9w ) Colin J. Campbell, Feb. 2008 “ Big Event” 1/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=QncjC-EzRKU ) 2/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ri_Ofl6fFhk ) 3/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbKUoIXMCuE ) 4/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW8qCiu4WqQ ) 5/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmEJl9nxq-Q ) 6/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSJ0QnUAues ) Jeremy Leggett, Bristol, UK, Nov. 2007 Peak Oil (Presentations) ... “ World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India insights” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDa81-Fgz8s ) Fatih Birol, IEA, Nov. 2007 “ Peak Everything ” 1/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=ybRz91eimTg ) 2/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=b3_ mYowxlEg ) 3/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=nNbVVT2B5iw ) 4/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=JyO0WS79Xec ) 5/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=F5EcK- CdLNA ) 6/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= hJpUswRKwIw ) Richard Heinberg, Orewa, New Zeland, Oct. 2007 “ Oil has peaked” 1/1 ( globalpublicmedia .com/former_head_of_saudi_aramco_oil_has_peaked ) Sadad al-Huseini, Global Plubic Media, Oct. 2007

149. Peak Oil (Presentations) ... “ Congressman Bartlett and Peak Oil Revisited” 1/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gtkq5DdcgYA ) 2/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2M-_5oQCik ) 3/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6hzZ1w-1As ) 4/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbReYdVOigs ) 5/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mbm7Fd3E0b4 ) Roscoe Bartlett, U.S. House of Representatives , USA, May 2008 “ Out of Gas – The End of the Age of Oil” 1/6 ( nl .youtube.com/watch?v=3vLZr09kD34 ) 2/6 ( nl.youtube.com/watch?v=gc7KpDson0w ) 3/6 ( nl.youtube.com/watch?v=PBZmuKGmy2Q ) 4/6 ( nl.youtube.com/watch?v=hw_b6a5DHbg ) 5/6 ( nl.youtube.com/watch?v=aJEGLbjvOhU ) 6/6 ( nl.youtube.com/watch?v=4n-GyW08920 ) David Goodstein, USA, June 2008 “ Congressman Roscoe Bartlett on Peak Oil ” 1/7 ( nl . youtube .com/watch?v=7lwkyqFB-34 ) 2/7 ( nl . youtube .com/watch?v=506-2_ zxYns ) 3/7 ( nl . youtube .com/watch?v= YyliwrgbLvo ) 4/7 ( nl . youtube .com/watch?v=DwEZqOek0KQ ) 5/7 ( nl . youtube .com/watch?v= QNYNuGlDXLo ) 6/7 ( nl . youtube .com/watch?v= llQIfZXt _88 ) 7/7 ( nl . youtube .com/watch?v=WvAdLvaCx70 ) Roscoe Bartlett, U.S. House of Representatives , USA, April 2008 “ Technology Management Program UCSB: Energy Peak Oil” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCGsIN5TWqA ) Matt Simmons, UCSB, USA,Feb. 2008

150. Peak Oil (Presentations) ... “ Oil and Gas - The Next Meltdown ?” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Hrpv21Ubf8 ) Matthew Simmons, ASPO, USA, Sept. 2008 “ Peak Oil and its Effect on Climate Change” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAllmO8hzbQ ) Randy Udall, ASPO, USA, Sept. 2008 “ Peak Oil: How soon? How serious?” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7h4VjZhe_w ) Catherine Gautier & Jeffrey J. Brown , UCSB, USA, Sept. 2008 “ Making Financial Sense of the Coming Energy Crisis” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLrnMf1GP48 ) Jim Puplava, ASPO, USA, Sept. 2008

151. Renewable Energy (Presentations) ... “ UC Berkeley Energy Symposium” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMouRbje-js ) “ Global Dimensions of Sustainable Energy” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooGkMU8Q3xI ) UC Berkeley, March 2008 “ Sustainable Energy Consumption” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8xFHCru9ok ) Davos Open Forum, July 2007 “ Forest Products: Part of Sustainable Future” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqzPuA8R8Ws ) Ian de la Roche, UC Berkeley, Oct. 2007 “ Energy Crisis and Clean Energy” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=_z7cdDYP_zg ) Hermann Scheer, MIT Clean Tech, USA, July 2007

152. “ Competing in the Green Economy” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA5WUZybVSA ) New America Foundation, May 2008 “ Emerging Energy Technologies Summit - 2006” 1/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4tJ5z4yF5E ) 2/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Scu1_bVhu8c ) 3/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpiLUtKha-4 ) 4/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=23R2ObFlZRk ) Technology Managment Program, UCSB, USA,Nov. 2006 “ Emerging Energy Technologies Summit - 2007” 1/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQH9vo4Rp1M ) 2/4 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFUzabcfno4 ) 3/4 ( ) 4/4 ( ) Technology Managment Program, UCSB, USA,Nov. 2007 “ We must win the oil end game” 1/1 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMTCNOlozTA ) Amory Lovins, TED, Feb. 2005 Renewable Energy (Presentations) ... - Algae: The World's Most Important Plants www.youtube.com/watch?v=4n5J49Th9c4 www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnOSnJJSP5c www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FrbMMwDccY

153. “ Arithmetic, Population & Energy” 1/7 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDW3JjHztw8 ) 2/7 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nd89DL5WBj4 ) 3/7 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9pS7DnrUCc ) 4/7 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1gwYAgABbY ) 5/7 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlMdrnoIhEA ) 6/7 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=isQTm15UO4o ) 7/7 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx1C8QuDPM ) Dr. Albert Bartlett, Boulder, USA, 1994 “ Arithmetic, Population & Energy” 1/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-QA2rkpBSY ) 2/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pb3JI8F9LQQ ) 3/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFyOw9IgtjY ) 4/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQd-VGYX3-E ) 5/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHuwgxrTKPo ) 6/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3y7UlHdhAU ) 7/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyseLQVpJEI ) 8/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoiiVnQadwE ) Dr. Albert Bartlett, Boulder, USA, 2002 Exponential Growth (Presentations) ...

154. Documentaries ... “ The End of Oil” 1/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVwf2XqZ-XE ) 2/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=OBjkvbBA9J4 ) 3/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=4COkhdAblLo ) 4/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=AdQDf5eHWYk ) 5/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=fai6sJrKpJg ) 6/6 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= hGiubypPReQ ) October, 2007 “ Understanding Peak Oil” 1/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmXGSRj8lAc ) 2/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ub69CyKSMKQ ) 3/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-1Z4siB_OI ) 4/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUVOuOvlJ3U ) 5/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6qwVHLTZkk ) 6/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=34gUg3achRw ) 7/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiNmpEGHbVQ ) 8/8 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Y_oIW3x4bc ) Sept. 2008 “ Peak Oil (What the Fighting is All About)” 1/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QFaUcUdLcM ) 2/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=rT7v9cfrVl4 ) 3/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= JNYcFITUgHs ) 4/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=y0ykKlL9nns ) 5/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=Y3dnZcCNNNw ) Nov. 2007

155. Documentaries (Videos) ... “ The Epic of Black Gold ” Part I - 1/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=0awiPDZMedc ) Part I - 2/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=syKxYOjp1FY ) Part I - 3/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= luQaevMaKhc ) Part I - 4/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=2tNxxkzWNYI ) Part I - 5/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=z596w_ xBLII ) Part II - 1/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=9-p7Xw1Bzlo ) Part II - 2/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=40CoLcJrzZU ) Part II - 3/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=fNKMZXF77AI ) Part II - 4/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= bWNQxxaRSig ) Part II - 5/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=eZMxn2QHJko ) Part III - 1/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=LI-Sgk2K6D8 ) Part III - 2/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=A81hBT7ZAq8 ) Part III - 3/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= GwbBvGQCMVY ) Part III - 4/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=TQig5w43sLU ) Part III - 5/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=KWV8yU_T2yE ) Part IV - 1/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=r2nJdcn3GYQ ) Part IV - 2/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=HivZ7H6SZDY ) Part IV - 3/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=6HO4uZiLrDU ) Part IV - 4/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=Eg3Hsg1Lnj4 ) Part IV - 5/5 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v= YMccGhLqnsY ) Jean-Pierre Beaurenaut & Yves Billon, July 2008 “ Peak-oil” 1/2 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmN9_jGRvHg ) 2/2 ( www. youtube .com/watch?v=71Y2yAAHHRw ) Oct. 2007

156. Documentaries (Videos) ... “ Oil, Smoke & Mirrors” 1/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gH4dSsTOIY ) 2/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1jax6r1rrA ) 3/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlVfp6517Zo ) 4/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=C045gFFETBo ) 5/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=GuwPh8suVgQ ) 6/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIUmNMmaI-E ) Ronan Doyle , Feb. 2008 “ Crude Impact” 1/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1AQsFJxYgA ) 2/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8W4TSplk_g ) 3/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQp_f8zN4II ) 4/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgaBhZmfXWQ ) 5/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5Ku-4xp1JM ) 6/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hpVDNjFPHs ) 7/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xp_8kU5Dyss ) 8/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=md2tsDwtjuY ) 9/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf9PGWVkxok ) 10/10 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCJElpbVYyA ) James Jandak Wood, Aug. 2008

157. Documentaries (Videos) ... “ China vs The US – The Battle for Oil” 1/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=9m3c9vvKNgk ) 2/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=THIjlBuCduA ) 3/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=kS82S-7d6a8 ) 4/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5LA_ybs6Cs ) 5/5 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=gECpTQVUCnI ) Jean-Christophe Klotz, Feb. 2008 “ Blood and Oil” 1/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kZFf38xWP0 ) 2/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=URI4YYCHVSE ) 3/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO7cu8vJjko ) 4/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQbVLY7sU-Q ) 5/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dn33nLcLTcA ) 6/6 ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIzulVpWskU ) Michael T. Klare, Media Education Foundation, 2008 “ The End of Suburbia” 1/5 ( www.dailymotion.com/video/x4uxb9_the-end-of-suburbia-fin-du-petrole_news ) 2/5 ( www.dailymotion.com/video/x4uxw4_the-end-of-suburbia-fin-du-petrole_news ) 3/5 ( www.dailymotion.com/video/x4uybb_the-end-of-suburbia-fin-du-petrole_news ) 4/5 ( www.dailymotion.com/video/x4uyog_the-end-of-suburbia-fin-du-petrole_news ) 5/5 ( www.dailymotion.com/video/x4v11p_the-end-of-suburbia-du-petrole-fin_news ) Gregory Green, 2004

158. Acknowledgments ... Sept-2008 Via Masculine, Waarland, The Netherlands

159. Acknowledgments ... Technical University of Delft The Netherlands Teamwork Technology BV The Netherlands World Wide Web

160. World ... 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 P ( Gb/year ) P ( Gb/year ) Q ( Gb ) P/Q ( year -1 ) Q ( Gb ) Q ( Gb ) URR URR URR Source: ?

161. The biggest problem ?

162. ASPO predictions ... (2004) Source: ASPO 2005

163. Other predictions ... Source: EIA – Caruso, G., “When will World Oil Production Peak?”, 10 th Annual Asia Oil and Gas Conference, 2005

164. Oil prices ... Record: 145 $ July 2008

165. Oil discovery and production ... ?