3. Being Updated
• Data collection from the net
– Pubmed, Cochrane adata, Chemnetbase, other
publications, Google search
• Popular books in science
• Monthly updates
• Identifying emerging concepts
• New findings
• Interpretation
6. No research is needed
• Yadi naasti tadanyatra, Yanne naasti na tat
kvachit
• Fundamentals: can not confront
• Darshana: Only can be interpreted
• Prakriti, Dosha Anubandha‐Anubandhyatwa,
Arambhaka and Anugami Dosha Vikalpa…..etc
can’t be embedded in a research design
8. Why research is needed
• The Barnum Effect: Occurs when people believe that
general descriptions are accurate descriptions
• You have a need for other people to like and admire
you, and yet you tend to be critical of yourself. While
you have some personality weaknesses you are
generally able to compensate for them. You have
considerable unused capacity that you have not turned
to your advantage. At times you have serious doubts
whether you have made the right decision or done the
right thing.
12. Micro and Macro world
• “The sun has tied Earth and other planets
through attraction and moves them around
itself as if a trainer moves newly trained
horses around itself holding their reins.” ‐ Rig
Veda 10.149.1
– “Earth is flat” – Yajur Ved 32.8.1
• Shleepada and Anupa desha
– Did he miss the mosquito / Prasite?
20. Plant Secondary Metabolites
• Plants make a variety of less widely distributed
compounds such as morphine, caffeine, nicotine,
menthol, and rubber. These compounds are the
products of secondary metabolism, which is the
metabolism of chemicals that occurs irregularly
or rarely among plants, and that have no known
general metabolic role in plants.
• Secondary metabolites or secondary compounds
are compounds that are not required for normal
growth and development, and are not made
through metabolic pathways common to all
plants.
• Most plants have not been examined for
secondary compounds and new compounds are
discovered almost daily.
21. • Secondary compounds are grouped into
classes based on similar structures,
biosynthetic pathways, or the kinds of plants
that make them. The largest such classes are
the alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics.
• Secondary compounds often occur in
combination with one or more sugars. These
combination molecules are known as
glycosides. Usually the sugar is a glucose,
galactose or rhamnose. But some plants have
unique sugars. Apiose sugar is unique to
parsley and its close relatives.
22. Functions of Secondary Compounds
• The most common roles for secondary
compounds in plants are ecological roles that
govern interactions between plants and other
organisms.
• Many secondary compounds are brightly colored
pigments like anthocyanin that color flowers red
and blue. These attract pollinators and fruit and
seed dispersers.
• Nicotine and other toxic compounds may protect
the plant from herbivores and microbes.
• Other secondary compounds like rubber and
tetrahydrocannabinil (THC) from cannabis plants
have no known function in plants.
23. Alkaloids
• Alkaloids generally include alkaline substances
that have nitrogen as part of a ring structure.
More than 6500 alkaloids are known and are the
largest class of secondary compounds. They are
very common in certain plant families, especially:
• Fabaceae – peas and beans
• Asteraceae ‐ sunflowers
• Papaveraceae ‐ poppies
• Solanaceae – nightshade, tomato
• Apocynaceae ‐ dogbanes
• Asclepiadaceae ‐ milkweeds
• Rutaceae ‐ citrus
24. Terpenoids
• Terpenoids are dimers and polymers of 5
carbon precursors called isoprene units (C5
H8).
• Terpenoids often evaporate from plants and
contribute to the haze we see on hot sunny
days. They are expensive to make; they often
take 2% of the carbon fixed in photosynthesis;
carbon that could otherwise be used for
sugars.
25. Phenolics
• Compounds that contain a fully unsaturated six
carbon ring linked to an oxygen are called
phenolics.
• Salicylic acid (basic part of aspirin) is a simple
phenol.
• Myristicin is a more complex phenol that
provides the flavor of nutmeg.
• Flavonoids are complex phenolics. They are
often sold in health food stores as supplements
to vitamin C. The most commonly available
flavonoid is rutin from buckwheat.
• Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid that give
flowers red and blue pigments.
27. Minor Secondary metabolites
• Mustard oil glycosides are nitrogen‐sulfur containing
compounds that occur in cabbage, broccoli,
horseradish, watercress and other members of the
mustard family (Brassicaceae). They give the group its
characteristic taste and odor.
• Cyanogenic glycosides occur in several families of
plants, but are especially common in roses (Rosaceae)
and peas (Fabaceae). They are sugar containing
compounds that release cyanide gas when hydrolyzed.
• Cardiac glycosides effect vertebrate heart rate.
Especially common in milkweeds Asclepiadaceae.
• The parsley/carrot family Apiaceae is noted for having
aromatic and poisonous 17 carbon polyacetylenes,
though a few species have alkaloids like Coniium.
28. Plant Biotech
• Micro propagation
• Callus‐mediated organogenesis
• Regeneration through somatic
embryogenesis
• Conservation through
cryopreservation
• Production of secondary
metabolites from medicinal
plants
• Genetic Transformation
– Agrobacterium‐mediated
transformation
31. New Avenues
• New models
– Malaria Research
• Bio similars (re‐combinant therapeutic
proteins)
• NanoTechnology
– (Prof Kuo Guo‐hwa of Kaohsiumgs medical
university and anti cancer herbal drug in cancer
treatment)
32. Recent Publications
• Sida rombifolia in atherogenicity
• Withaferrin‐A in herpes
• Baccopa and centela in memory
• Salacia chinesis in Lipid lowering
• Curcumin+ St Johns’ wort in Depression
• Curcumin , Silimarin and N‐acytylcysteine in ATT
toxicity
• Tinospora cordifolia iso quinoline‐alkaloids in lens
aldose reductase
33. Recent Publications
• Curcumin in structural and functional brain
damage
• Polyphenolic fraction of Pilea microphylla in
radiation induced cycto‐toxicity
• Murraya koenigii and Tribulus terrestris in
BPH
• Curcuma longa extract in UV damage to skin
• Emblica officinalis in growth and anto oxidant
defense of hepatoma
34. Recent Publications
• Anti inflammatory potential of Justicia
gendarussa
• Butea monosperma and DM
• Sida rhombifolia in arthritic rats
• Citrulus colocynthes and Artemesia
absinthium as Anti oxidant
• Sinomenine as neuro protector
• Jathyadi thaila in wound healing
35. Recent Publications
• Bresol modulates inflammatory mediators in
human monocytes
• Nootropic anxiolytic and anti oxidant activities
of various sources of Shankhapushpi
• Serpentine as a novel anti oxidant
• Gnidia glauca and Diascoria bulbifera in DM
• Embelin from Emblica ribes in ischemia
induced brain damage in rats
