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Marriage:
  Idaho’s No. 1 Weapon
         Against
    Childhood Poverty
How the Collapse of Marriage Hurts Children
  and Three Steps to Reverse the Damage
            A Heritage Foundation Book of Charts • 2012

    Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society
Growth of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in Idaho, 1929–2010
  In 2010, 26.5 percent of chil-             PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK
dren in Idaho were born outside
marriage. This was very high by              50%
historic state standards. Before
World War II, only one percent of
children in Idaho were born out-                                                                               40.8%
                                             40%
side marriage. By 1980, the
number had risen to 8 percent.
Over the last three decades the
rate has risen rapidly.                      30%
Note: Data on non-marital births in                                                                            26.5%
Idaho are unavailable between 1945
and 1977. However, all states that have
data for this period show rates which        20%
parallel the national trend displayed in
the chart. In these states, the non-                                                                                National
marital birth rates remained low until
the onset of the federal War on                                                                                     Idaho
Poverty in the mid-1960s, and then           10%
began to rise steadily. The Idaho unwed
birth rate between 1943 and 1979
very likely parallels the overall national
trend.
                                              0%
Sources: U.S. Government, U.S. Census
Bureau, and National Center for Health          1930   1940   1950    1960    1970   1980   1990    2000   2010
Statistics.

                                                                     Chart 1 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho      heritage.org
In Idaho, Marriage Drops the Probability of Child Poverty
by 79 Percent
   The rapid rise in out-of-           PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN THAT ARE POOR
wedlock childbearing is a major         45%
cause of high levels of child pov-
erty in Idaho.                          40%          38.5%
  Some 38.5 percent of single
mothers with children are poor          35%
compared to 8 percent of married
couples with children.                  30%

  Single-parent families with           25%
children are five times more likely
to be poor than families in which       20%
the parents are married.
  The higher poverty rate among         15%
single-mother families is due both
to the lower education levels of        10%                                           8.0%
the mothers and the lower income
due to the absence of the father.        5%

                                         0%
                                                  Single-Parent,              Married,Two-Parent
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American             Female-Headed                      Families
Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.                    Families

                                                          Chart 2 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
In Idaho, One-Quarter of All Families with Children Are Not Married

  Overall, married couples head
about three-quarters of families
with children in Idaho. More than
one-quarter are single-parent
families.
                                       Unmarried
                                        Families
                                         26.8%

                                                             Married
                                                             Families
                                                              73.2%




Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American
Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.

                                        Chart 3 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
In Idaho, 59 Percent of Poor Families with Children Are Not Married

  Among poor families with
children in Idaho, six in ten are
not married. By contrast, only 41.1
percent of poor families with
children are headed by married
couples.
                                                             Married
                                                             Families
                                       Unmarried              41.1%
                                        Families
                                         58.9%




Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American
Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.

                                        Chart 4 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
In Idaho, Few Unwed Births Occur to Teenagers
    Out-of-wedlock births are           PERCENTAGE OF OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS
often confused erroneously with         BY AGE OF MOTHER
teen births, but only 9 percent of
out-of-wedlock births in Idaho                                           Under
occur to girls under age 18.                                             Age 18:
                                                                          9.0%
  By contrast, some 77 percent of
out-of-wedlock births occur to                               Age
young adult women between the                               30–54:
ages of 18 and 29.                                          13.8%
                                                                                 Age
                                                                                18–19:
                                                                                17.3%
                                                    Age
                                                   25–29:
                                                   21.6%

                                                                      Age
                                                                     20–24:
                                                                     38.3%
Note: Figures have been rounded.

Source: U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS
data.

                                                        Chart 5 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
Less-Educated Women Are More Likely to Give Birth
Outside of Marriage
  Unwed childbearing occurs             PERCENTAGE OF BIRTHS THAT ARE MARITAL
most frequently among the               OR OUT OF WEDLOCK
women who will have the greatest                                                           3.4%
                                        100%                                                           Unmarried
difficulty supporting children by                                                                       Mothers
                                         90%                               17.7%
themselves: those with low levels
of education.                            80%                  36.9%
   In Idaho, among women who                     53.6%
are high school dropouts, about          70%
53.6 percent of all births occur         60%
outside marriage. Among women                                                             96.6%        Married
who have only a high school              50%
                                                                                                       Mothers
diploma, nearly four in ten births                                         82.3%
                                         40%
occur outside marriage. By con-
trast, among women with at least a       30%                  63.1%
college degree, only 3.4 percent of              46.4%
births are out of wedlock.               20%

                                         10%

                                          0%
                                               High School High School     Some         College        Mother’s
Source: U.S. Department of Health and           Dropout     Graduate      College       Graduate       education
Human Services, Centers for Disease               (0–11        (12        (13–15          (16+         level
Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS
data.                                             Years)      Years)       Years)        Years)

                                                             Chart 6 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho    heritage.org
Both Marriage and Education Are Highly Effective
in Reducing Child Poverty in Idaho
  The poverty rate of married          PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES                  Poverty Rate of Families by
couples with children is dramati-      WITH CHILDREN THAT                                                          Single
                                                                              Education and Marital Status
cally lower than the rate for house-   ARE POOR                                                                    Married
                                                                               of the Head of Household
holds headed by single parents.          60%
This is true even when the married
couple is compared to single par-               50.3%
ents with the same education level.      50%

  For example, in Idaho, the
poverty rate for a single mother         40%                       38.0%
who has only a high school
                                                                                      30.0%
diploma is 38 percent, but the           30%
poverty rate for a married couple                       24.3%
family headed by an individual           20%
who, similarly, has only a high
                                                                                                        13.1%
school degree is far lower at 9.6                                          9.6%
percent.                                 10%                                                  7.3%
                                                                                                                 3.0%
  On average, marriage drops the
poverty rate by around 70 percent         0%
                                                High School        High School           Some             College
among families with the same
                                                 Dropout            Graduate            College           Graduate
education level.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American   Note: Virtually none of the heads of families in the chart who are high school
Community Survey, 2005–2009 data.      dropouts are minor teenagers.

                                                                  Chart 7 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho        heritage.org
Unwed Birth Rates Vary Strongly by Race in Idaho
   Out-of-wedlock childbearing          PERCENT OF BIRTHS THAT ARE OUT OF WEDLOCK
varies considerably by race.
                                        50%
  In 2008 (the most recent year
for which racial breakdown is                                                           8.3%    43.3%
available), over one in four births
(25.3 percent) in Idaho occurred        40%                                   37.7%
outside marriage. The rate was
lowest among white non-
Hispanics, at about one in five
births (21 percent).                    30%
                                               25.3%
  Among non-Hispanic blacks,
nearly four in ten births (37.7                              21.0%
percent) were to unmarried              20%
women. Among Hispanics, well
over four in ten births (43.3 per-
cent) were out of wedlock.
                                        10%



                                         0%
Source: U.S. Department of Health and         All Races      White            Black            Hispanic
Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS                             Non-             Non-
data.                                                       Hispanic         Hispanic

                                                          Chart 8 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho    heritage.org
Racial Composition of All Births and Out-of-Wedlock Births in Idaho
   In Idaho in 2008, some 79 percent               ALL BIRTHS                           OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS
of all births occurred to non-Hispanic
whites, 16.1 percent occurred to
Hispanics, 1.6 percent occurred to
Asians, and 1.4 percent occurred to
American Indians.
   Because blacks, Hispanics, and                       79.0%               White Non-                65.6%
American Indians are more likely to                                          Hispanic
have children without being married,
they account for disproportionately
larger shares of all out-of-wedlock
births. Even so, the largest number of
unwed births are to white non-
Hispanic women.
   In Idaho in 2008, 65.6 percent of
all non-marital births were to white
non-Hispanic women, 27.6 percent                                                                      27.6%
were to Hispanic women, 3.6 percent                     16.1%                Hispanic
were to American Indian women,
and 0.9 percent were to blacks.
                                                                 1.6% Asian/Pacific Islander   1.0%
                                                                 1.4% American Indian          3.6%
                                                                 1.3% Not Stated/Other         1.3%
Source: U.S. Department of Health and                            0.6% Black Non-Hispanic       0.9%
Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS
data.                                    Note: Figures have been rounded.

                                                                  Chart 9 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho     heritage.org
Non-Married White Families Are Six Times More Likely to Be Poor
in Idaho
    Marriage leads to lower pov-       PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR
erty rates for whites, Hispanics,
American Indians, and blacks.
                                        30%                                          28.3%
  For example, in 2009, the pov-
erty rate for married white families
in Idaho was 4.6 percent. But the       25%
poverty rate for non-married white
families was nearly six times
higher at 28.3 percent.                 20%


                                        15%


                                        10%


                                                     4.6%
                                         5%


                                         0%
                                                Married Families            Non-Married Families
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American
Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.

                                                        Chart 10 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
Non-Married Hispanic Families Are Nearly Three Times More Likely
to Be Poor in Idaho
  In 2009, the poverty rate for        PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR
Hispanic married families in Idaho
was 18.1 percent, while the pov-
                                        50%
erty rate among non-married                                                          46.6%
families was nearly three times         45%
higher at 46.6 percent.
                                        40%

                                        35%

                                        30%

                                        25%

                                        20%          18.1%
                                        15%

                                        10%

                                         5%

                                         0%
                                                Married Families            Non-Married Families
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American
Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.

                                                        Chart 11 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
Non-Married American Indian Families Are Four Times More Likely
to Be Poor in Idaho
  In 2009, the poverty rate for        PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR
American Indian married families
in Idaho was 10.4 percent, while
                                        50%
the poverty rate among non-
married families was four times         45%
                                                                                     43.6%
higher at 43.6 percent.
                                        40%

                                        35%

                                        30%

                                        25%

                                        20%

                                        15%
                                                     10.4%
                                        10%

                                         5%

                                         0%
                                                Married Families            Non-Married Families
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American
Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.

                                                        Chart 12 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
Non-Married Black Families Are Three Times More Likely to Be Poor
in Idaho
  In 2009, the poverty rate for        PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR
married black couples in Idaho
was 18.2 percent, while the pov-        60%
erty rate for non-married black                                                      55.5%
families was three times higher at
55.5 percent.                           50%


                                        40%


                                        30%


                                        20%          18.2%


                                        10%


                                         0%
                                                Married Families            Non-Married Families
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American
Community Survey, 2007–2009 data.

                                                        Chart 13 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho   heritage.org
Three Steps to Reduce Child Poverty through Marriage

1) Provide information on the benefits of marriage in reducing child poverty
   and improving child well-being.

    Marriage is a highly effective institution which greatly decreases parental and child
  poverty while improving long-term outcomes for children. Conversely, the absence of
  marriage greatly increases welfare costs and imposes added burdens on taxpayers.
    Unfortunately, almost no information on these topics is available in low-income
  communities. This information deficit should be corrected in the following manner:

     • Explain the benefits of marriage in middle and high schools with a high
       proportion of at-risk youth;
     • Create public education campaigns in low-income communities on the
       benefits of marriage; and,
     • Require federally funded birth control clinics to provide information on the
       benefits of marriage and the skills needed to develop stable families to
       interested low-income clients.

2) Reduce anti-marriage penalties in means-tested welfare programs.

3) Promote life-goal-planning, marriage-strengthening, and divorce-reduction
   programs to increase healthy marriages and reduce divorce and separation.
The Family & Religion Initiative is one of 10 Transformational Initiatives making up The Heritage
Foundation’s Leadership for America campaign. For more products and information related to this initiative
or to learn more about the Leadership for America campaign, please visit heritage.org.




  The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institution—a think tank—whose mission is to
formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited gov-
ernment, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense.
  Our vision is to build an America where freedom, opportunity, prosperity, and civil society flourish. As
conservatives, we believe the values and ideas that motivated our Founding Fathers are worth conserving.
As policy entrepreneurs, we believe the most effective solutions are consistent with those ideas and values.




                                     214 Massachusetts Avenue, NE • Washington, D.C. 20002 • (202) 546-4400 • heritage.org

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Marriage Poverty - Idaho

  • 1. Marriage: Idaho’s No. 1 Weapon Against Childhood Poverty How the Collapse of Marriage Hurts Children and Three Steps to Reverse the Damage A Heritage Foundation Book of Charts • 2012 Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society
  • 2. Growth of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in Idaho, 1929–2010 In 2010, 26.5 percent of chil- PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK dren in Idaho were born outside marriage. This was very high by 50% historic state standards. Before World War II, only one percent of children in Idaho were born out- 40.8% 40% side marriage. By 1980, the number had risen to 8 percent. Over the last three decades the rate has risen rapidly. 30% Note: Data on non-marital births in 26.5% Idaho are unavailable between 1945 and 1977. However, all states that have data for this period show rates which 20% parallel the national trend displayed in the chart. In these states, the non- National marital birth rates remained low until the onset of the federal War on Idaho Poverty in the mid-1960s, and then 10% began to rise steadily. The Idaho unwed birth rate between 1943 and 1979 very likely parallels the overall national trend. 0% Sources: U.S. Government, U.S. Census Bureau, and National Center for Health 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Statistics. Chart 1 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 3. In Idaho, Marriage Drops the Probability of Child Poverty by 79 Percent The rapid rise in out-of- PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN THAT ARE POOR wedlock childbearing is a major 45% cause of high levels of child pov- erty in Idaho. 40% 38.5% Some 38.5 percent of single mothers with children are poor 35% compared to 8 percent of married couples with children. 30% Single-parent families with 25% children are five times more likely to be poor than families in which 20% the parents are married. The higher poverty rate among 15% single-mother families is due both to the lower education levels of 10% 8.0% the mothers and the lower income due to the absence of the father. 5% 0% Single-Parent, Married,Two-Parent Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Female-Headed Families Community Survey, 2007–2009 data. Families Chart 2 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 4. In Idaho, One-Quarter of All Families with Children Are Not Married Overall, married couples head about three-quarters of families with children in Idaho. More than one-quarter are single-parent families. Unmarried Families 26.8% Married Families 73.2% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2007–2009 data. Chart 3 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 5. In Idaho, 59 Percent of Poor Families with Children Are Not Married Among poor families with children in Idaho, six in ten are not married. By contrast, only 41.1 percent of poor families with children are headed by married couples. Married Families Unmarried 41.1% Families 58.9% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2007–2009 data. Chart 4 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 6. In Idaho, Few Unwed Births Occur to Teenagers Out-of-wedlock births are PERCENTAGE OF OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS often confused erroneously with BY AGE OF MOTHER teen births, but only 9 percent of out-of-wedlock births in Idaho Under occur to girls under age 18. Age 18: 9.0% By contrast, some 77 percent of out-of-wedlock births occur to Age young adult women between the 30–54: ages of 18 and 29. 13.8% Age 18–19: 17.3% Age 25–29: 21.6% Age 20–24: 38.3% Note: Figures have been rounded. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS data. Chart 5 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 7. Less-Educated Women Are More Likely to Give Birth Outside of Marriage Unwed childbearing occurs PERCENTAGE OF BIRTHS THAT ARE MARITAL most frequently among the OR OUT OF WEDLOCK women who will have the greatest 3.4% 100% Unmarried difficulty supporting children by Mothers 90% 17.7% themselves: those with low levels of education. 80% 36.9% In Idaho, among women who 53.6% are high school dropouts, about 70% 53.6 percent of all births occur 60% outside marriage. Among women 96.6% Married who have only a high school 50% Mothers diploma, nearly four in ten births 82.3% 40% occur outside marriage. By con- trast, among women with at least a 30% 63.1% college degree, only 3.4 percent of 46.4% births are out of wedlock. 20% 10% 0% High School High School Some College Mother’s Source: U.S. Department of Health and Dropout Graduate College Graduate education Human Services, Centers for Disease (0–11 (12 (13–15 (16+ level Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS data.  Years) Years) Years) Years) Chart 6 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 8. Both Marriage and Education Are Highly Effective in Reducing Child Poverty in Idaho The poverty rate of married PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES Poverty Rate of Families by couples with children is dramati- WITH CHILDREN THAT Single Education and Marital Status cally lower than the rate for house- ARE POOR Married of the Head of Household holds headed by single parents. 60% This is true even when the married couple is compared to single par- 50.3% ents with the same education level. 50% For example, in Idaho, the poverty rate for a single mother 40% 38.0% who has only a high school 30.0% diploma is 38 percent, but the 30% poverty rate for a married couple 24.3% family headed by an individual 20% who, similarly, has only a high 13.1% school degree is far lower at 9.6 9.6% percent. 10% 7.3% 3.0% On average, marriage drops the poverty rate by around 70 percent 0% High School High School Some College among families with the same Dropout Graduate College Graduate education level. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Note: Virtually none of the heads of families in the chart who are high school Community Survey, 2005–2009 data. dropouts are minor teenagers. Chart 7 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 9. Unwed Birth Rates Vary Strongly by Race in Idaho Out-of-wedlock childbearing PERCENT OF BIRTHS THAT ARE OUT OF WEDLOCK varies considerably by race. 50% In 2008 (the most recent year for which racial breakdown is 8.3% 43.3% available), over one in four births (25.3 percent) in Idaho occurred 40% 37.7% outside marriage. The rate was lowest among white non- Hispanics, at about one in five births (21 percent). 30% 25.3% Among non-Hispanic blacks, nearly four in ten births (37.7 21.0% percent) were to unmarried 20% women. Among Hispanics, well over four in ten births (43.3 per- cent) were out of wedlock. 10% 0% Source: U.S. Department of Health and All Races White Black Hispanic Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS Non- Non- data. Hispanic Hispanic Chart 8 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 10. Racial Composition of All Births and Out-of-Wedlock Births in Idaho In Idaho in 2008, some 79 percent ALL BIRTHS OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS of all births occurred to non-Hispanic whites, 16.1 percent occurred to Hispanics, 1.6 percent occurred to Asians, and 1.4 percent occurred to American Indians. Because blacks, Hispanics, and 79.0% White Non- 65.6% American Indians are more likely to Hispanic have children without being married, they account for disproportionately larger shares of all out-of-wedlock births. Even so, the largest number of unwed births are to white non- Hispanic women. In Idaho in 2008, 65.6 percent of all non-marital births were to white non-Hispanic women, 27.6 percent 27.6% were to Hispanic women, 3.6 percent 16.1% Hispanic were to American Indian women, and 0.9 percent were to blacks. 1.6% Asian/Pacific Islander 1.0% 1.4% American Indian 3.6% 1.3% Not Stated/Other 1.3% Source: U.S. Department of Health and 0.6% Black Non-Hispanic 0.9% Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 NHS data. Note: Figures have been rounded. Chart 9 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 11. Non-Married White Families Are Six Times More Likely to Be Poor in Idaho Marriage leads to lower pov- PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR erty rates for whites, Hispanics, American Indians, and blacks. 30% 28.3% For example, in 2009, the pov- erty rate for married white families in Idaho was 4.6 percent. But the 25% poverty rate for non-married white families was nearly six times higher at 28.3 percent. 20% 15% 10% 4.6% 5% 0% Married Families Non-Married Families Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2007–2009 data. Chart 10 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 12. Non-Married Hispanic Families Are Nearly Three Times More Likely to Be Poor in Idaho In 2009, the poverty rate for PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR Hispanic married families in Idaho was 18.1 percent, while the pov- 50% erty rate among non-married 46.6% families was nearly three times 45% higher at 46.6 percent. 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 18.1% 15% 10% 5% 0% Married Families Non-Married Families Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2007–2009 data. Chart 11 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 13. Non-Married American Indian Families Are Four Times More Likely to Be Poor in Idaho In 2009, the poverty rate for PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR American Indian married families in Idaho was 10.4 percent, while 50% the poverty rate among non- married families was four times 45% 43.6% higher at 43.6 percent. 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10.4% 10% 5% 0% Married Families Non-Married Families Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2007–2009 data. Chart 12 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 14. Non-Married Black Families Are Three Times More Likely to Be Poor in Idaho In 2009, the poverty rate for PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES THAT ARE POOR married black couples in Idaho was 18.2 percent, while the pov- 60% erty rate for non-married black 55.5% families was three times higher at 55.5 percent. 50% 40% 30% 20% 18.2% 10% 0% Married Families Non-Married Families Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2007–2009 data. Chart 13 • Marriage and Poverty in Idaho heritage.org
  • 15. Three Steps to Reduce Child Poverty through Marriage 1) Provide information on the benefits of marriage in reducing child poverty and improving child well-being. Marriage is a highly effective institution which greatly decreases parental and child poverty while improving long-term outcomes for children. Conversely, the absence of marriage greatly increases welfare costs and imposes added burdens on taxpayers. Unfortunately, almost no information on these topics is available in low-income communities. This information deficit should be corrected in the following manner: • Explain the benefits of marriage in middle and high schools with a high proportion of at-risk youth; • Create public education campaigns in low-income communities on the benefits of marriage; and, • Require federally funded birth control clinics to provide information on the benefits of marriage and the skills needed to develop stable families to interested low-income clients. 2) Reduce anti-marriage penalties in means-tested welfare programs. 3) Promote life-goal-planning, marriage-strengthening, and divorce-reduction programs to increase healthy marriages and reduce divorce and separation.
  • 16. The Family & Religion Initiative is one of 10 Transformational Initiatives making up The Heritage Foundation’s Leadership for America campaign. For more products and information related to this initiative or to learn more about the Leadership for America campaign, please visit heritage.org. The Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institution—a think tank—whose mission is to formulate and promote conservative public policies based on the principles of free enterprise, limited gov- ernment, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. Our vision is to build an America where freedom, opportunity, prosperity, and civil society flourish. As conservatives, we believe the values and ideas that motivated our Founding Fathers are worth conserving. As policy entrepreneurs, we believe the most effective solutions are consistent with those ideas and values. 214 Massachusetts Avenue, NE • Washington, D.C. 20002 • (202) 546-4400 • heritage.org