1. 1. Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups. 2. Complex carbohydrates are formed by linkage of monosacchrides. 3. Carbohydratea can attach to proteins to form glycoproteins. 4. Lectins are specific carbohydrate-binding proteins mediating Cell-Cell interaction. On Monday:
2. Monosaccharides can be modified by reaction with alcohols and amines to form adducts O-Glycosidic bond: between the anomeric carbon atom of glucose and the hydroxyl oxygen atom of methonol. N-Glycosidic bond: anomeric carbon atom – nitrogen atom of an amine
3. Complex carbonhydrate are formed by linkage of monosacchrides Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides O-glycosidic bonds
4. Formation of a mannose 6-phosphate 1. Mannose 6-phosphate is a marker directing certain proteins from the Golgi to lysosomes. 2. Deficient in the phosphotransferase I-cell disease (psychomotor retardation + skeletal deformities) Can’t form mannose 6-phosphate Mistargeting of essential enzymes (lysosome blood and urine)
10. Common feagures of biological membrane 1. Membranes are sheetlike structures, only two molecules thick, that form closed boundaries between different compartments. The thickness of most membranes is between 6 nm and 10 nm. 2. Membrane consist mainly of lipids and proteins. Their mass ratio ranges from 1:4 to 4:1. Membranes also contain carbohydrates that are linked to lipids and proteins. 3. Membrane lipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. These lipid bilayers are barriers to the flow of polar molecules. 4. Specific proteins mediate distinctive functions of membrane.
11. 5. Membranes are noncovalent assemblies. The constituent proteins and lipid molecules are held together by many noncovalent interactions. 6. Membranes are asymmetric. The two faces of biological membranes always differ from each other. 7. Membranes are fluid structures.lipid and protein molecules diffuse rapidly , unless they are anchored by specific interactions. Membranes can be regarded as two-dementional solutions of oriented proteins and lipids. 8. Most cell membranes are electrically polarized. Membrane potential plays a key role in transport, energy conversion, and excitability. Common feagures of biological membrane
12. Fatty Acids are key conponents of lipids Structure of biomembrane Head group Fatty acid
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14. Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds Carbon-carbon double bonds (unsaturations) are found in naturally occurring fatty acids. There may be one double bond or many, up to six in important fatty acids. Fatty acids with one double bond are the most prevalent in the human body, comprising about half of the total. Fatty acids with two or more double bonds occur in lesser quantities, but are extremely important. When double bonds occur they are almost always cis. If there is more than double bond, they occur at three-carbon intervals, e.g., -C=C-C-C=C-. This is called the divinylmethane pattern.
15. Classification of Fatty Acids One system of fatty acid classification is based on the number of double bonds. ● 0 double bonds: saturated fatty acids ● 1 double bond: monounsaturated fatty acids
16. ● 2 or more double bonds: polyunsaturated fatty acids
17. Phospholipids are the major class of membrane lipids Hydrophobic hydrophilic Amphipathic
25. The favored structure for most phospholipids and glycolipids in aqueous media is a bimolecular sheet rather than a micelle.
26. Hydrophobic interactions have three significant biological consequences: 1. Lipid bilayers have an inherent tendency to be extensive. 2. Lipid bilayers tends to close on themselves so that there are no edges with exposed hydrocarbon chains, and so they form compartments. 3. Lipid bilayer are self-sealing because a hole in a bilayer is energetically unfavorable.
32. Proteins associate with the lipid bilayer in a variety of ways Integral membrane protein: a, b, c. Peripheral membrane protein: d, e.
33. Proteins interact with membranes in a variety of ways Protein can span the menrane with alpha helices which are the most common structural motif in membrane proteins.
34. A channel protein can be formed from Beta strands hydrophilic hydrophobic
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38. Lipids and many membrane proteins diffuse rapidly in the plane of the membrane FRAP: Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
39. The fluid mosaic model allows lateral movement but not rotation through the membrane
40. Membrane fluidity is controlled by fatty acid composition and cholesterol content
41. ● All biological Membranes asymmetric. ● The outer and inner surface of all known biological membranes have different components and different enzymatic activities.
42. P roteins are targeted to specific compartments by signal sequences
43. P roteins are targeted to specific compartments by signal sequences
44. P roteins are targeted to specific compartments by signal sequences
47. Summary ○ M any common features underlie the diversity of biological membrane ○ Fatty acid are key constituents of lipid ○ There are three common types of membrane lipids: phosphlipids, glycolipids and cholesterol. ○ Protein associate with the lipid bilayer in a variety of way. ○ Lipids and many membrane proteins diffuse rapidly in the plane of the membrane
48. Selectec readings De Weer, P. 2000. a century of thinking about cell membranes. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 62: 919-926 W hite SH and wimley WC. 1999. Membrane protein folding and stability: Physical principles. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 28: 319-365. Gunnar von Heijne. 2006. Membrane-protein topology. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7, 909 – 918 John F. Hancock. 2006. Lipid rafts: contentious only from simplistic standpoints. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7, 456-462
