1. INTERNATIONAL AND U.N. AGENCIES:
STRUCTURE, AND ROLE
Lecture-4
Anwar Islam, PhD.
Adjunct Professor,
School of Health Policy and Management,
Faculty of Health, York University

2. Topics for Discussion
 INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES: Their Nature
 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
 UN AGENCIES AND HEALTH

3. UN AGENCIES
INTERNATIONAL
NGOs
TYPES of
Organizations
MULTILATERAL
Organizations
MULTINATIONAL
Corporations
PRIVATE
Foundations
BILATERAL
Agencies
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4. UN AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS
UN AGENCIES (Health Related):
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
UNICEF
UNFPA
UNDP
ALL PART OF UN DEVELOPMENT GROUP
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5. INTERNATIONAL NGOs
International NGOs:
CARE
OXFAM
Population Council
MSF: Medicins Sans Frontier
MI: Micro-nutrient Initiative
GAIN: Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition
Action Aid International
ICRC and Red Crescent Societies
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6. INTERNATIONAL NGOs
International NGOs:
Save the Children
Helen Keller Foundation
GAVI: Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
World Vision International
HCI: Human Concern International
Amnesty International
PLAN International
IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature
Greenpeace
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7. UN AGENCIES
UN AGENCIES: NATURE
PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS
GLOBAL PRESENCE
WORKS WITH GOVERNMENTS
GLOBAL ACCOUNTABILITY
REGIONAL/COUNTRY LEVEL PRSENCE
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8. World Health Organization
WHO:
• Established April 7, 1948
• HQ: Geneva
• Mandate: Steward for Global Public Health
• Governance: World Health Assembly – each
member-state is a member with equal voting rights
• Executive Board: 34 members elected for 3 years by
the WHA to run day-to-day operations of the WHO
• Director General: the Chief Executive elected by the
EB and endorsed by the WHA
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9. World Health Organization
WHO Principles:
1. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity
2. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of
health is one of the fundamental rights of every human
being without distinction of race, religion, political belief,
economic or social condition
3. The health of all peoples is fundamental to the
attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon
the fullest co-operation of individuals and States
4. The achievement of any State in the promotion and
protection of health is of value to all
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10. WHO Principles
5. Unequal development in different countries in the promotion
of health and control of disease is a common danger
6. Healthy development of the child is of basic importance for
all of humanity
7. The extension to all peoples of the benefits of medical,
psychological and related knowledge is essential to the fullest
attainment of health
8. Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the
public are essential for improvement of the health of all
9. Governments have a responsibility for the health of their
peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of
adequate health and social measures
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11. WHO Constitution
• ACCEPTING THESE PRINCIPLES, the Constitution of the
WHO was adopted by all parties to promote and protect the
health of all peoples
• The Constitution was adopted by the International Health
Conference held in New York from 19 June to 22 July 1946,
signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States
and entered into force on 7 April 1948
• Amendments adopted by the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-ninth,
Thirty-ninth and Fifty-first World Health Assemblies
(resolutions WHA26.37, WHA29.38, WHA39.6 and
WHA51.23) came into force on 3 February 1977, 20
January 1984, 11 July 1994 and 15 September 2005
respectively
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12. World Health Organization
WHO FUNCTIONS:
• Providing Leadership in Matters Related to Health
and Engaging in Partnerships when needed
• Sharing Research and Data
• Setting norms and standards and promoting and
monitoring their implementation
• Articulating Ethical and Evidence-based Policy
Options
• Providing Technical Support and Building
Sustainable Institutional Capacity
• Monitoring Health Situation and Assessing Health
Trends
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13. GLOBAL POLICY
STANDARDS
Steward
GLOBAL FINANCE
ROLES
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
HS STRENGTHENING
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14. Flag of the World Health Organization
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15. World Health Organization
World Health Organization
‫منظمة الصحة العالمية‬
世界卫生组织
Organisation mondiale de la santé
Всемирная организация здравоохранения
Organización Mundial de la Salud
Six Official Languages:
English
Chinese
French
Arabic
Russian
Spanish
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16. Abbreviations:
WHO
OMS
Formation: 7 April 1948 [World Health Day]
Type: Specialized agency of the United Nations
Legal status:
Active
Headquarters:
Geneva, Switzerland
Current Head/DG:
Dr. Margaret Chan
Parent organization: United Nations Economic
and Social Council
(ECOSOC)
Websitewww.who.int
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17. Regional Headquarters of WHO
 Africa: Brazzaville, Republic of Congo AFRO
[includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt,
Sudan, South Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Somalia and
Morocco (all fall under EMRO)
 Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark
[includes most of Europe and Israel]
EURO
 South-East Asia: New Delhi, India
SEARO
[includes all countries of South-east Asia. Pakistan
is under EMRO. North Korea is served by SEARO]
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18. Regional Headquarters of WHO
 Eastern Mediterranean: Cairo, Egypt
EMRO
[Includes the countries of Africa that are not included
in AFRO, as well as the countries of the Middle East,
except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO]
 Western Pacific: Manila, Philippines
WPRO
[Covers all the Asian countries not served by
SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in
Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO]
 The Americas: Washington D.C., USA .
PAHO
[Also known as the Pan American Health
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Organization (PAHO), and covers the Americas]

19. World Health Organization
WHO: Finance
 Core Budget:
- Membership Fees from Member States
- Membership Fee varies by Financial Status
- Largest Contributor: U.S.
 Five “big” annual contributors (2012):
- U.S. $110 Million
- Japan $85 M
- Germany $37 M
- U.K. $31 M
- France $31 M
 Special/Project Contribution by bilateral
agencies/foundations/donors
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20. World Health Organization
WHO: Finance
 Other interesting annual contributors:
- Canada
$15 Million
- China
$14.8 M
- Netherlands
$ 8.6 M
- Australia
$ 8.9 M
- Italy
$23.2 M
- Mexico
$10.9 M
- South Korea
$10.5 M
- Russia
$ 7.4 M
- India
$ 2.4 M
- Brazil
$ 7.5 M
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21. World Health Organization
WHO: Finance
 Selected Developing Countries’ annual contributors:
- Indonesia
$1.1 Million
- Iran
$1.1 M
- Malaysia
$1.2 M
- Pakistan
$ 380,830
- Philippines
$ 417,580
- Peru
$ 417,980
- Egypt
$ 436,560
- Bangladesh
$ 46,440
- Tanzania
$ 37,160
- Zambia
$ 18,580
- Sierra Leone
$
4,650
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22. World Health Organization
Some Major Special Programs Include:
Roll Back Malaria
Stop TB
Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)
EPI
Safe Motherhood
Other programs on:
- Non-communicable Diseases
- Research and Training on Tropical Diseases
- Mental Health
- Road Traffic Safety
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23. World Health Organization
Special Program/Project Contributions:
 Bilateral agencies like USAID, JICA, DfID,
NORAD, SIDA, DFATD (Canada), GTZ
 Foundations: Bill and Melinda Gates,
Rockefeller, Ford, Bloomberg, HP Foundation
 Philanthropists:
- Ted Turner
- Warren Buffett
- Li Ka-shing
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24. World Health Organization
Assessed Membership
Contributions
CORE BUDGET
WHO
Finance
Special Program
Contribution
ADDITIONAL FUNDS
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25. World Health Organization
Finance Issues:
CORE Budget is “controlled” by the governing body of
WHO – the World Health Assembly
It is placed in and approved by the WHA
The EB may periodically review the core budget and
report to the WHA
In other words, the WHA is accountable for the Core
Budget
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26. World Health Organization
Finance Issues:
The “additional funding” is for specific specialized /
vertical programs and is “controlled” by oversight
committee set to oversee such programs
“Donors” represent and often dominate such
Oversight Committees
WHA has little “knowledge” and/or “control” over such
special funds
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27. World Health Organization
Finance Issues:
 Since the 1980s, the special funds are
increasing more rapidly than the “core”
contributions by member states
 The core Budget is now only 25% of the total
expenditure by the WHO
 In short, WHA has little “control” over the
greater part of WHO annual expenditure/budget
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28. World Health Organization
Finance Issues:
 For example, the combined 2012-2013 budget
proposed a total expenditure of $3.96 Billion
 Only $944 Million of this total (24%) is from
Assessed Contributions from Member States
 In other words, “Voluntary” contributions
constituted 76% of the total expenditure
 Member states, through the WHA, had control
or oversight over only 24% of the total WHO
expenditure
 Challenge: How to strengthen accountability
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29. World Health Organization
Other Issues:
 HQ versus the Regional Offices: Distribution of
power and financial resources
 Regionalization of WHO: Myth and Reality
 Role of NGOs as partners
 Coordination with other UN Agencies
 Coordination with Bilateral Agencies
 Coordination with Multilateral Organizations
especially the World Bank
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30. WHO Milestones
WHO: Major Milestones:
The Alma Ata Declaration of 1978
Promising Health for All (HFA) by 2000
Move to Define and Strengthen Health Systems
(2000)
Addressing Global Health Workforce Issues: JLI
Report, 2004; and WHR 2006
Promoting Universal Health Care (WHR 2010)
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