1. 3/2/2012
Outline
Introduction to Radiation Hazards 1. Introduction
and Environment1 2. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
3. Sources of Radiation Exposure
R. M. Nehru M.Sc., Ph.D., 4. Radiation Hazards
Information and Technical Services • Internal Radiation Hazards
Division,
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, • External Radiation Hazards
Anushaktinagar, Mumbai- 400 094
Email: nehru@aerb.gov.in 5. Radiation Protection & Radiation Risk
6. Radiological /Nuclear Emergencies,
Environmental Issues, and Management
7. Summary
[1] Invited talk at the International Workshop on “Radiation Technology in Health Care and its Safety” being held between March 5 ‐ 8, 2012 at Bharathiar
University, Coimbatore 1 2
‘(nuclear) safety' Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
The AERB was constituted on November 15, 1983 by the
'Safety' is the achievement of proper operating President of India by exercising the powers conferred by
Section 27 of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962) to carry
conditions, prevention of accidents and mitigation of
out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act.
accident consequences, resulting in protection of
workers, the public and the environment from undue
workers The
Th regulatory authority of AERB i d i d f
l t th it f is derived from th
the
radiation hazards. rules and notifications promulgated under the Atomic
Energy Act, 1962 and the Environmental Protection Act,
1986.
3 4
Chairman, AERB is the Competent Authority to
exercise powers under the following rules.
AERB MISSION
Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004
The mission of AERB is to ensure that the use Atomic Energy (Working of Mines, Minerals and Handling of
of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy in Prescribed Substances) Rules, 1984
India does not cause unacceptable impact on
p p Atomic Energy (
gy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes) Rules,
p ) ,
the health of workers and the members of the 1987
public and on the environment. Atomic Energy (Factories) Rules, 1996
Atomic Energy (Control of Irradiation of Food) Rules, 1996
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Major Committees of AERB
Apex Safety Review Committees
SARCOP/SARCAR
Apex Advisory Committees
Project Safety Review (ACPSRs for LWR,PHWRS,FCF,FRFCF)
Nuclear Safety (ACNS)
Radiation Safety (ACRS)
Industrial & Fire Safety (ACIFS)
Occupational Health (ACOH)
Security (ACS)
Advisory Committees for development of documents
ACCGASO/ACCGORN/ACCGD/ACCGQA/ACSDFCF/ACRDCSE/AC
RDS
Unit Level Safety Committees
Nuclear Power Projects (PDSCs/SEC/CESC/SG)
Nuclear Power Plants (TAPS,NAPS,KAPS, RAPS,MAPS, KGS)
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Other Facilities
(UCIL,NFC,HWP,BSM&NORM,ECIL,VECC,RRCAT)
7
Radiation Facilities (SCMIRA,COSTRAM etc) 8
Major Functions
Regulated Installations Safety Review of Nuclear and Radiation Facilities under design,
Nuclear and Fuel Cycle Radiation Facilities
construction, commission and operation.
Facilities Medical Applications
Nuclear Power Plants and Involving Radiation Issue License/Authorisation during Siting, Construction,
Research Reactors Industrial Radiography Commissioning, Operation and Decommissioning
Uranium Mines and Mills Nucleonic Gauges
Beach Sand Minerals Industrial Gamma Irradiators Ensure compliance with the AERB stipulated requirements by the
Fuel Fabrication Plants Accelerators and Cyclotron nuclear and radiation facilities
Reprocessing Plants Facilities
Waste Management Radioactive Sources in R&D Development of Regulatory D
D l t fR l t Documents lik S f t C d S f t
t like Safety Code, Safety
Facilities Transport of Radioactive Guide, Safety Manuals etc
R&D Facilities of DAE Material
Licensing of Key Operating Personnel
19 operating NPPs units Over 3,000 facilities including more Regulatory Inspections of Nuclear & Radiation Facilities
(2 BWRs, 17 PHWRs) than 10,000 sources (~400 category‐1
and ~2,000 category‐2) and about Industrial Safety in Nuclear Facilities
50000 radiation generating
equipment. Investigation of Significant Events
Review of Emergency Preparedness Plans
9 10
Sources of Radiation Exposure
1. Natural Sources
2. Man‐made
Sources
Ionising radiation Non-ionising radiation
X -rays Radio waves
Gamma rays Micro waves
Alpha particles Light
Safety Guide “Intervention Levels and Derived Intervention levels for Off‐Site Radiation Emergency” (AERB/SG/HS‐ Beta particles Heat
1, 1993)
Neutrons
Safety Guidelines “Preparation of Site Emergency Plans for Nuclear Installation” (AERB/SG/EP‐1, 1999)
Safety Guidelines “Preparation of Off‐Site Emergency Plans for Nuclear Installation” (AERB/SG/EP‐2, 1999)
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Types of Radiation Sources of Radiation Exposure
alpha particle He++
1. Natural Sources
2. Man‐made
Sources
beta particle e-
gamma ray
photon
x-ray
e-
paper plastic lead
e-
Neutron shielding material depends on the energy of the neutrons
13 http://www.nrc.gov14
Categories of exposures (IAEA SS‐115) 2.5 mSv/y
Occupational exposure
Natural 87%
All exposures of personnel incurred in the course of their work.
Radon & Thoron
Public exposures
Air 51%
Exposure incurred by members of the public from radiation sources,
excluding any occupational or medical exposure and the normal local
natural background radiation, but, including exposure from authorised
sources and practices and from intervention situations.
Medical exposures
Exposure incurred by patients as part of their own medical or dental
diagnosis or treatment; by persons, other than those occupationally
exposed, knowingly while voluntarily helping in the support and
comfort of patients and; by volunteers in a programme of biomedical Nuclear 0.1%
research involving their exposure.
Manmade 13%
15 16
DO YOU KNOW? Radiation exposures from
Monitoring instruments
Around a nuclear power station (0.02/y)
Chest x-ray (0.2)
Annual natural background (0.5 - 1.0)
High background areas ( ~6/y)
Heart catheterisation (200) … depends on...
• High or low levels?
• Particles or photons?
All units in mSv Barium meal x-ray (10 - 200) • Energy of photons?
• Required accuracy?
Nuclear accidents (upto 250)
Part 5. Occupational Protection
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Application of Radiation The Nine Classes of Dangerous Goods
Radiation in Medicine
Diagnostic Therapy
Class 1 Explosives Class 6 Toxic and
infectious
Radiography Nuclear Medicine Radiotherapy Nuclear Medicine
Class 2 Gases substances
Teletherapy Brachytherapy
Class 3 Flammable liquids Class 7 R di
Cl Radioactive
ti
Class 4 Flammable solids material
Radiation in Research
Class 5 Oxidizing Class 8 Corrosives
Medical Industry Agriculture University
substances and
Radiation in Industry organic peroxides Class 9 Miscellaneous
dangerous goods
Industrial Irradiators Nucleonic Consumer
Radiography Gauges Products
19 20
Categorization of Radioactive Sources
Radioactive Sources are classified in terms of their
potential to cause harm to human health, and for
grouping sources and the practices in which they are used
into discrete categories.
This categorization can assist regulatory bodies in
establishing regulatory requirements that ensure an
appropriate level of control for each authorized source.
21 22
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5. 3/2/2012
Orphan Source.
A radioactive source which is not under regulatory control, either
because it has never been under regulatory control, or because it has
been abandoned, lost, misplaced, stolen or otherwise transferred
without proper authorization.
Accident : Any unintended event, including operating errors,
equipment failures, or other mishaps, the consequences or potential
consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of
protection or safety.
Security of Radioactive Sources : Measures to prevent unauthorized
access or damage to, and loss, theft or unauthorized transfer of,
radioactive sources.
Sealed Source : Radioactive material that is (a) permanently sealed in a
capsule, or (b) closely bonded and in a solid form.
25 26
AERB Directive No. 01/2011
[Under Rule 15 of the Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules 2004]
Ref.No. No.CH/AERB/ITSD/125/2011/1507 dated April 27, 2011
Subject: The Dose Limits for Exposures from Ionising Radiations for workers and the members of the public
27 28
Radiation Protection & Radiation Risk
Basic principles
ICRP IAEA
Justification of
• International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA)
practice
• International Commission on Net benefit positive
Radiological Protection (ICRP)
• National Council on Radiation
N ti l C il R di ti Optimization of
Protection and Measurements (NCRP)
protection
• United Nations Scientific Committee on
the Effects of Atomic Radiation ALARA
(UNSCEAR)
• World Health Organization (WHO) Dose limitation
Never to exceed Dose
29 Limits 30
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ALARA
ALARA ‐ As Low As Reasonably Achievable
Time
Distance (inverse square law)
Shielding
Contamination Control Radiation
31 32
ICRP, NCRP & UNSCEAR conclude that, until further studies clarify the risk of
cancer induction at low doses, it is prudent and conservative to use the linear
no‐threshold (LNT) model to estimate cancer risks.
10. Protection of the environment
In its 1990 recommendations, ICRP stated ‘the Commission believes that
the standard of environmental control needed to protect man to the LNT Model
degree currently thought desirable will ensure that other species are not
put at risk. Occasionally, individual members of non-human species
might be harmed, but not to the extent of endangering whole species or
creating imbalance between species’. The interest in environmental
protection has greatly increased since then and ICRP now sees the need to
develop guidance on the matter.
In its (2007) new recommendations, ICRP indicates its intentions
to develop a clearer framework ‘in order to assess the relationships
between exposure and dose, and between dose and effect, and the
consequences of such effects, for non-human species, on a common
scientific basis’. The framework will be developed through the establishment
of relevant data for a small set of reference animals and plants that are typical
of ‘the major environments’. At this stage, however, ICRP does not propose to
set any form of ‘dose limits’ with respect to environmental protection.
Reference: J. Radiol. Prot. 28,161, 2008
(http://iopscience.iop.org/0952-4746/28/2/R02)
33 Reference: http://www.aboutnuclear.org 34
D o s e (m S v )
B io lo g ic a l E ffe c ts o f Io n is in g R a d ia tio n
Radiation Hazards - Internal
6 0 0 0
W h o le b o d y A c u te e x p o s u r e – Im m e d ia te E ffe c ts
A b o v e 6 0 0 0
C e n tra l N e rv o u s s ys te m im p a ir m e n t
D e a th is e x p e c te d
5 0 0 0
S e v e re e ffe c ts o n D ig e s tiv e s y s te m
TARGET TISSUE
H e m o r r h a g e , in f e c t io n , d ia r r h e a , e p i la t io n , t e m p o r a r y s t e r ili t y
4 5 0 0 to 5 0 0 0 is L D 5 0 /3 0 fo r h u m a n b e in g s
4 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 m S v a s life tim e d o s e
5 0 0 m S v M e d ic a l r e v ie w o f e x p o s u re
3 0 0 0 250 N o id e n tifia b le c lin ic a l s y m p to m s
(c h r o n ic o r a c u te e x p o s u r e s ) b e lo w
2 5 0 m S v
200
D ig e s t iv e s y s t e m a ls o
g e t e ffe c te d 150
H e m a to lo g ic a l d a m a g e
2 0 0 0 m o re s e v e re
p ro b a b le re c o v e ry 100 1 0 0 m S v lim it to p u b lic u n d e r e m e r g e n c y
M il d t o s e v e r e n a u s e a , m a l a is e ,
a n o r e x ia a n d in fe c tio n 7 0 m S v p e r a n n u m m a x im u m n a tu ra l
50 ra d ia tio n in h ig h b a c k g ro u n d a re a s (K e ra la )
2 0 m S v a n n u a l lim it fo r o c c u p a tio n a l
2 .4 m S v a v e ra g e a n n u a l n a tu ra l
1 0 0 0 B o n e m a rro w d a m a g e 0 1 m S v a n n u a l lim it fo r p u b lic fro m N u c le a r
R B C , W B C a n d p la te le ts
c o u n ts d e c re a s e C h r o n ic E x p o s u re s
L ym p h n o d e d a m a g e
L y m p h o c y te c o u n t d e c re a s e
N a u s e a , A n o r e x ia
5 0 0
H a e m a to p o ie tic S y s te m e ffe c te d
2 5 0
N o id e n tifia b le
0
35 36
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Radiation Hazards ( Internal /External)
Radiation Hazards - Internal
Radiation Spill (Minor /Major)
Obtain necessary supplies
for cleanup
Paper towels or diapers
RADCON or Scrubbing
Bubbles (DOW)
Opaque plastic bags for
waste.
Labels
Gloves
Descriptive forms (RS4 form)
37 38
SUMMARY
Stop what you are doing.
Presume you are contaminated.
Inform others in the immediate
area of the spill.
Localize the spilled material(s).
Label the area as contaminated.
39 40
At Nuclear Power Plant At Nuclear Power Plant
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At Nuclear Power Plant At Nuclear Power Plant
43 44
45 46
Radiological /Nuclear Emergencies Scenarios, Radiation Hazards
Environmental Issues, and Management
Accidents at Facilities using Radioactive Sources
Accidents during Transportation of Radioactive Materials
A id d i T i f R di i M i l
Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants and other Facilities in
the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Reference: Ortiz, P., M. Oresegun, and J. Wheatley, 2000, "Lessons from major radiation accidents," on line,
International Radiation Protection Association [http://www.irpa.net/irpa10/cdrom/00140.pdf ].
47 48
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49 50
•Mayapuri Radiological Accident
Mayapuri Incident Radiological /Nuclear Emergencies Scenarios,
•In April 2010, the locality of Mayapuri (a place in west of Delhi, the capital of India)
Environmental Issues, and Management
has been affected by a serious radiological accident.
•A gamma irradiator (Gammacell produced in 1968 by AECL in Canada) no longer in
use since 1985 in a chemistry laboratory at Delhi University was auctioned in a scrap
market of Mayapuri in February 2010. Accidents at Facilities using Radioactive Sources
y g y
•Dismantled by workers not aware of the hazard related to the highly radioactive
content of the machine. Accidents during Transportation of Radioactive Materials
A id d i T i f R di i M i l
•The lead shielding protecting the radioactive source was removed and the source
itself damaged. Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants and other Facilities in
the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
•Consequently, eight persons were directly exposed to the Gamma Rays of the
Cobalt‐60 (a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt) source contained in the
Gammacell. One person died while two others were severely affected.
•AERB +DAE+BARC+NDMA team recovered all of the Cobalt‐60 sources and the
slugs from the source(s) that were opened.
51 52
Typical Break-up of shipments
Security and Transportation Type of package Approximate
percentage
All radiation sources must be kept locked up when not in use.
Type B(U)/(M) 2 80,000 packages
Experiments left unattended should be labeled “Experiment in
Progress.” per annum
An up‐to‐date use log of all sources must be kept at the storage
Type A 70
location. IP-1/2/3 3
All radiation laboratories will be locked when unattended for extended
periods. Excepted 25
When you are the means for security, you must challenge unknown
persons entering the lab. Mode of Approximate
Sources can only be used in a registered radiation
transport percentage
laboratory.
Call RPP for all transfers of sources to other authorizations. Air 75
Road 20
53 Post 5 54
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10. 3/2/2012
Package approval certificate
Consignor’s declaration
Radionuclide
g y
Category Max. Radn. Level at the T.I. y
Physical / Chemical form
ext. surface of package Activity
I – WHITE 5 micro Sv/h 0.0 T.I.
Category of package
II – YELLOW 0.5 mSv/h 1.0
Proper shipping name
III – YELLOW 2 mSv/h 10.0 UN number
Information to carrier
55
TREMCARD/ Emergency instructions 56
TREMCARD
(TRansport EMergency CARD)
Cargo : Industrial radiography Source
Nature of Hazard : Radioactive . Potential external hazard * If some of regulatory requirements
Emergency Action : 1. Rescue the injured, if any not met, special arrangement
2. In case of fire, fight fire from a distance. shipments are permitted.
3. Inspect package visually.
If it is intact, continue the shipment.
, p * Compensatory measures
4. If damage to package is suspected, cordon to be implemented:-
5 m area around the package.
5. Notify the authorities listed below. + Speed limit
First Aid : 1. Obtain medical assistance, if needed.
+ Escort
2. Obtain names and addresses of persons, + Continuous
if any, involved in incident and convey tracking of shipment.
particulars to authorities listed below
* Multilateral approval required
Notification : National Emergency Response Agemcy
Consignor for international transport.
57 58
Schematic Layout of Three Major Types of Reactors
Radiological /Nuclear Emergencies Scenarios, Pressurised Water Reactor System
Environmental Issues, and Management
Accidents at Facilities using Radioactive Sources
Accidents during Transportation of Radioactive Materials
A id d i T i f R di i M i l Main features:
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor Reactor
System Vessel
Accidents in Nuclear Power Plants and other Facilities in
Moderator
the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Fuel
Coolant
Heat
Transport
System
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board
59
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Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant
Accident
Second Explosion at Fukushima Nuclear
Power Plant
61 62
63 64
Source: http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?content&nd=857170496
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12. 3/2/2012
Source: http://www.geigercounter.org/radioactivity/isotopes.htm
67 68
Source: http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?content&nd=857170496
69 70
Zoning Concept Around NPPs
TYPES OF EMERGENCIES Exclusion zone (1.6 kms)
Emergency situations are classified based on the extent and severity of an
accident Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ)
Plant Emergency: Accident situations leading to release of hazardous (Action Plans Drawn for Public Domain)
chemicals/radioactive materials, fire/explosion in the plant but with
consequences confined within the plant boundary.
Site Emergency: Accident situations in the plant involving release of
radioactivity or hazardous chemicals/ explosions/ fire, whose effects are 16 kms
confined to the Site (with off‐site consequences expected to be negligible)
Off‐Site Emergency: Accident situations with excessive release of
radioactivity or hazardous chemicals with consequences likely to extend and NPP
transgress into public domain, calling for intervention
5 kms
Sterilization Zone
(Regulated growth in
public domain)
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Action Flow Diagram for Site / Off‐site Emergencies
Emergency Exercises Shift Charge Engineer
Abnormal
Plant
Alerts Site Emergency
Conditions Director SED Reviews Radiation
Levels at the Site
Type of Emergency Management Exercise frequency
SED Activates
exercise Agency Emergency Control
Increase in
Radiation
Centre Levels Within
Plant Operating Once in Quarter Survey of Off‐site the Site
Radiation Levels Site Emergency Committee members
Organization Informed of Plant / Radiation Status
& SEC Convened by SED
& SEC C d b SED
Site Operating Once in a year Site Emergency
Increase in Site Emergency
Organization Off –Site Declaration by SED
Actions Continued
Radiation
Off‐Site Public Authorities Once in 2 years Levels
Fall in Off‐ Recovery of
Off‐site Emergency site Normal plant
SED Informs Off‐
Declaration by Radiation Status &
site Authorities Level Below
(OED) OED Normal
ERL Radiation
Off‐site
Emergencies
Termination of Off‐site Termination of Site
Actions Continued
Emergency by OED Emergency by SED
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
73 74
Communication during Off Site Emergency Emergency Response Action Plan
Incident site Incident site/ERCC • Warning & Advise
Declaration of Emergency Emergency Response • Traffic Control
by SED / OED of site Co-ordination Committee
• Sheltering
• Prophylactics Distribution
• Evacuation
• Radiological Survey
DAE Level State Level • Patrolling
DAE-Emergency
DAE Emergency control Room/Crisis
State Emergency
Management Group remains
Response Committee • Decontamination
Activated till emergency is terminated.
• Control on consumption of contaminated food
• Medical Management of affected individuals
National Level
National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) /
NCMC Control room at Delhi is activated and convened
75 76
Response to Radiological Emergency
NDMA CMG (DAE) AERB MHA/NEC
Radiological Incident : Information From
Public / Media / Police/ Hospitals etc.
• Inform NCMC Provide Activate ERC/ • Monitoring •Activate state
Technical Installation Govt.
• Coordinate at • Supervision
Support from and NDRF Bn ‐Police Support
national Level in
BARC/NPCIL/ for • Advice ‐ Transport Facility
Consultation with
DC /DM AERB CMG NDMA BRIT Monitoring • Arrange for
AERB, DAE & MHA
Medical Support,
• Move NDRF Air Lifting (if
After Information
required)
DC/DM to take Full Charge of the situation Technica
AFFECTED SITE • I f
Inform NCMC
Initiate actions l
Monitor the Area & cordoning‐
Support off Police, SDRF,
NDRF Start Rescue and Relief Transport etc
Mobilize Resources : Coordinate Actions Operation
• NDMA Through : Arrival of DC/DM(IC)
• CMG • District authorities
• AERB • NDRF DC/DM to Co‐ordinate (under
• DAE ERCs (28) • SDRF / DDRF guidance)
• SDMA / DDMA • Other Resources • Recovery & Disposal of Source
• MHA/NEC • Rescue & Relief
• Large Scale DC and Rehabilitation
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Role of the Regulatory Body on Role of the Regulatory Body on
Emergency Planning & Preparedness Emergency Planning & Preparedness
Development of codes & guides for Emergency planning & preparedness
Review & approval of Emergency plans prepared by facilities AERB Safety Guidelines NO. AERB/SG/EP‐1, EP‐2, EP‐3, EP‐4 Gives requirements
for the preparation of Plant, Site / off‐site emergency preparedness plans for nuclear
Review of Emergency preparedness of the facilities during regulatory inspections and radiation installations.
Observation & review of Emergency planning, preparedness & response during
exercises Off‐Site Emergency Exercise prior to first reactor criticality
Detailed evaluation of the Emergency planning, preparedness & response AERB observers ‐ Off‐site emergency exercises
capability of the NPP during “Periodic Safety Review
Periodic Review”
Provide advice, supervision and monitor the emergency response actions
Provide information to the public.
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India
79 80
NDMA : Management of Emergency NDMA : Management of Emergency
NDMA : Created by Disaster Management Act, 2005
NDMA responsibility :
Act provides effective management of all types of disasters Laying down the policies on Disaster Management
including Nuclear and Radiological
Approve the National Plan
NDMA consist of Chairperson (PM), Vice‐chairperson and eight
other members Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments
NDMA constitutes Advisory Committee consisting of experts Lay down guidelines for State Authorities in drawing up
the State Plan
National Executive Committee to assist the National Authority :
Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the
Composition ‐ Secretaries to the Government of India in the
policy & plan for disaster management
Ministries or Departments‐assist in implementation of guidelines &
plans Take measures for the prevention of disaster, mitigation,
Capacity Building by NDMA : NDRF (8 bat.), SDRF, DDRF & preparedness and capacity building –
ERCs Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning
each bat. : 18 teams, each team 45 members. of the National Institute of Disaster Management
81 82
Crises Management Group On‐Line Decision Support System
CMG (DAE) is nodal Agency : Provides technical inputs For monitoring the releases from containment an instrument system ‘Indian
Real time Online Decision Support System’ “IRODOS” has been developed
CMG functioning is from 1987 for the benefit of decision makers.
Chaired by Add. Secretary, DAE and Members from AERB, NPCIL, The system acquires:
BARC, HWB, DP&S and DAE Secretariat. • NPP status (accident details)
• Dose rate data from monitors installed around NPP (in two concentric
CMG activates Resource Groups and Emergency Response Centers rings) and
• Weather / met data from a national centre located in NOIDA.
Statutory requirements, executive decisions & international
obligations. With these inputs it gives a 72 h
h h hours radiological f
d l l forecast with h l
h hourly
resolution and update every 24 hours. The results are available for 75 km
CMG Co‐ordinates between local authority & National Crises radius around NPP with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km.
Management Committee (NCMC) In addition there are 37 stations of IERMON (Indian Environmental
NCMC is chaired by Cabinet Secretary and Secretary, DAE as one of Radiation Monitoring Network) stations across major cities in the country‐
the member. for continuous monitoring.
It has 24 x 7 manned Emergency Communication Room (ECR) at
DAE and alternate Communication room at NPCIL
83 84
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RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY……
RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY……
Radioactive Waste
Material, whatever be its physical form, remaining from practices Institutional Control
or interventions and for which no further use is foreseen. It can be
(a) that contains or is contaminated with radioactive substances 300 years for the repository based on the 30 year half-life of Cs-137
and has an activity or activity concentration higher than the level
Active control period - 100 years.
for clearance from regulatory requirements, and
Passive control period - 200 years
(b) exposure to which is not excluded from regulatory control.
General Considerations :
1. Segregation
2. Treatment and Conditioning
3. Waste Storage and Disposal
• Waste Categorisation
• Classification (Solid /Liquid/Gaseous)
85 86
Reference: AERB Annual Report 2010/2011 87 88
Reference: AERB Annual Report 2010/2011 89 Reference: AERB Annual Report 2010/2011 90
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16. 3/2/2012
Reference: AERB Annual Report 2010/2011 91 Reference: AERB Annual Report 2010/2011 92
Reference: AERB Annual Report 2010/2011 93 Reference: AERB Annual Report 2010/2011 94
95 96
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17. 3/2/2012
97 98
Indian Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network (IERMON)
1. BARC has established a countrywide environmental radiation
monitoring network called Indian Environmental Radiation Monitoring
Network (IERMON) with 37 monitoring stations across the country with
central station located at the Environmental Assessment Division of
BARC.
2. These stations get hourly data from all stations; the same is assimilated
and sent to the Emergency Control Room of the DAE. The central station
is also linked to the Emergency Response Centre at Modular
Laboratories, BARC.
3. The IERMON network provides on‐line information about radiation
levels at various stations which facilitates environmental impact
assessment of nuclear emergencies.
4. It also helps provide knowledge‐based environmental awareness to
public through participation of Universities and other educational
institutions. Mobile radiological survey laboratory is also developed and
deployed on need based basis at various locations.
Source: From the presentation of Dr. S. K. Jain, CMD, NPCIL 100
SUMMARY
1. AERB is a ISO‐9001: 2008 certified Organization.
Continual quality improvement in the area of safety
research, safety review and authorization/licensing
process, safety audit, regulatory inspection and
information to the public are always there.
2. Safety systems in Nuclear Power Plants in India are
f l l d
well‐regulated and maintained.
3. Adequate mechanisms and technical resources are
available to tackle the nuclear /radiological
emergencies.
4. Radiation hazards to environment is negligible when
compared to other sources.
Important Note: The same trend is continuing till date.
101 102
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18. 3/2/2012
THANKING……..
Friends & colleagues of
AERB /BARC/NPCIL & DAE
&
YOU !!
http://www.igcar.gov.in
http://www.dae.gov.in
http://www.britatom.com/
http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/
http://www.uic.com.au
http://nobelprize.org/physics/educational/
http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/
103
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