1. Cells in parts.
By Keita

2. Introduction to Cells
- There are 2 types of cells in the world: eukaryotic
cells and prokaryotic cells.
- I studied about eukaryotic cells, human cells in
particular.
- There roughly are 3 trillion cells in the average
adult.

3. The Central Ideas
- My Central Idea: Cells have many parts
with structures that interact with processes to
sustain life in organisms.
- My Central Idea: Cells have many parts
with structures that interact with processes to
sustain life in organisms.

4. Introduction to Cells
- There are 2 types of cells in the world: eukaryotic
cells and prokaryotic cells.
- I studied about eukaryotic cells, human cells in
particular.
- There roughly are 3 trillion cells in the average
adult.

5. Table of contents part 1
Part 1- The parts of any cell:
1.The Nucleus and DNA
2.Cellular Membrane
3.The Ribosomes
4.Translation, Transcription, and Replication
5.The Endoplasmic Reticulum
6.The Golgi Apparatus

6. Table of contents part 2
7.Proteins
8.Mitochondria
Part 2 specific cells:
1.Nerve cells
a. The Axon
b.The Dendrites

7. Table of Contents part 3
c. The Terminal
d. Schwann cells/ Myelin sheath
e. The Synapses
f. The nodes of Ranvier

8. Picture of General Cell

9. The Nucleus and The DNA
-The nucleus holds the DNA.
-The nucleus is protected by a double bi lipid layer.
-The DNA in the nucleus of your cell is made of
phospholipid groups, adenine, thymine, cytosine,
and guanine.

10. Pictures of Deoxyribonucleic acid and
Ribonucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

11. Picture of Cellular Membrane

12. The Cellular Membrane
- The cellular membranes in your cells are
composed of a phospholipid bilayer each.
- The membrane is semipermeable.
- The membranes of the nucleus have tunnels of
protein that the mRNA goes to the ribosome
through.

13. The Cellular Membrane #2
- The Cellular membranes have particular
proteins embedded into it.

14. Picture of Ribosome

15. The Ribosomes
- The ribosomes take mRNA (messenger ribonucleic
acid) and tRNA (translator RNA) and pair them up.
-The tRNA has amino acids attached to it that stick
together to make proteins.
-There are 20 amino acids.

16. Translation, Transcription, and
Replication
- Translation is when mRNA combines with tRNA and
creates proteins.
- Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.
- Replication is when DNA is created from DNA.

17. Video of Translation, Transcription, and
Replication

18. Picture of the Endoplasmic
Reticulum

19. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The endoplasmic reticulum has two parts: the
rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes
attached to it that release the proteins inside the
endoplasmic reticulum.

20. The Endoplasmic Reticulum #2
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum supposedly has
lots of purposes that I don’t know of but I do know
that it encloses the proteins from the rough
endoplasmic reticulum in some of its own
membrane turning the protein into a vesicle.

21. Picture of Golgi Body

22. The Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body
- The golgi apparatus adds the glycerol sugars that
guide the vesicles to where they have to go to.
- The golgi apparatus adds extra carbohydrates and
also adds phosphates.
- It does this with enzymes.

23. Picture of Proteins

24. The Proteins
- There are lots of kinds of proteins that the
ribosomes create.
- There are tunnel proteins, proteins that are
embedded into the membrane, there are
proteins on the surface of the membrane, so
you get the point right.

25. Picture of Mitochondria

26. Mitochondria
- Mitochondria creates the energy that the
cells use.
- Mitochondria transforms the already energy
containing sugars in the cell into ATP a more
used form of energy.

27. Mitochondria Part 2
- There can be thousands of mitochondrias
inside of one cell.
- Mitochondria takes the nutrients from the
small intestine and turns it the nutrients into
energy.

28. Nerve Cells
Here is a picture of a nerve cell.

29. Picture of Axon

30. The Axon
- The axon is the long thing on the picture of the cell
- The axon is where the signals from the cell are transmitted.
- The axon has voltage gated sodium channels that keep the
signal strong with sodium ions.

32. The Dendrites
- The dendrites are the root looking things on the picture
- On the average nerve cell there are five dendrites.
- These dendrites receive the signals from different axons
and “feel” as in the sense.

33. The Terminal
- The terminal is where the axon splits on the
picture
- The terminal is where the certain signal goes
to place where it commands something
through the synapses.

34. Myelin Sheath/ Schwann Cells

35. The Myelin Sheath/ Schwann cells
- The schwann cells are parts of the axon that
isolate the axon.
- The myelin sheath is made of multiple
schwann cells.
- The schwann cells are made of layers upon
layers of bi lipid layers.

36. Picture of Synapse

37. The Synapses
- The synapse is the space between the axon
and axon, dendrite, or soma and the two
sending and receiving neurons.
- There are these vesicles (membrane bound
proteins) with proteins called
neurotransmitters

38. The synapses
- Then, the snare proteins (the proteins that
connect the vesicles to the axon) pry open the
axon membrane.
- The neurotransmitters are let out and they
bond with the proteins on another cell which
opens a Na+ channel to make another action
potential

39. Picture of a Node of Ranvier

40. The Nodes of Ranvier
- In the Nodes of Ranvier the part of the axon
is depolarised this means that the cell is polar
in the first place.
- The cells are polar because there

41. The End
For now but the real end is near

42. The Real End
Is here

43. Anyway, Any questions?