Understanding the Rails web model and scalability options

1. “ Genius is the gold in the mine; talent is the miner who works and brings it out. ” Lady Marguerite Blessington Donets Basin Coal Mine-Ukraine

2. “ Genius is the gold in the mine; talent is the miner who works and brings it out. ” Lady Marguerite Blessington Презентация начнется в течение нескольких минут ... Donets Basin Coal Mine-Ukraine

3. доброе утро

4. Fabio Akita, Co-Founder @CodeMiner42

5. “Off-centered software for off-centered people” Fabio Akita, Co-Founder @CodeMiner42

8. Understanding the Rails Web Model and Scalability Options

12. rails new app

14. somethings don’t change

16. CGI

17. 1 request blocks 1 process

18. require 'rubygems' require 'rack' class Test def call(env) sleep 1 # on purpose, simulating a blocking operation [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["Hello World!"]] end end Rack::Handler::Thin.run Test.new

20. $ rackup config.ru >> Thin web server (v1.3.1 codename Triple Espresso) >> Maximum connections set to 1024 >> Listening on 0.0.0.0:8080, CTRL+C to stop

21. ab -n 10 -c 1 http://127.0.0.1:8080/ This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1178079 $> ... Concurrency Level: 1 Time taken for tests: 10.020 seconds ... Requests per second: 1.00 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 1002.015 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 1002.015 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 0.12 [Kbytes/sec] received ...

26. Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn

27. Optimize

28. Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn (CoW GC - REE or MRI 2)

30. Ruby Enterprise Edition 1.8.7 Copy on Write patched (about to be deprecated) mark and sweep GC Ruby 1.9.2 (current) mark and sweep GC Ruby 1.9.3 (transitioning) Lazy Sweep GC Copy on Write compatible Ruby 2.0 (future) Bitmap Marking GC

34. Browser Browser Browser Browser NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn

35. Browser Browser Browser Browser NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn Memcached

36. Browser Browser Browser Browser Varnish NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn Memcached

37. Browser Browser Browser Browser Varnish NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn Resque Memcached

38. Browser Browser Browser Browser Varnish NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn Resque Memcached

39. Too Long or Periodic Polling

41. Notiﬁcations and Events in general Online Gaming Chatting and Presence Collaborative Applications Advanced and more Interactive UI

42. (function poll(){ $.ajax({ url: "server", success: function(data){ // do something with the received ‘data’ //Setup the next poll recursively poll(); }, dataType: "json"}); })();

43. (function poll(){ setTimeout(function(){ $.ajax({ url: "server", success: function(data){ // do something with the received ‘data’ //Setup the next poll recursively poll(); }, dataType: "json"}); }, 5000); })();

45. Cross Frame communication HTTP Polling (Ajax) Liveconnect (Java applets, Flash socket) Long Polling Comet & HTTP Streaming (ex. forever frame/chunked encode)

48. W3C/IETF Standard - RFC 6455 (12/2011) Full duplex persistent communication channel Less overhead than HTTP (down to 2 bytes per frame) No latency (no reconnections) No polling overhead (on demand) “Upgrades” HTTP, uses 80/443 (kind of friendly to existing proxies)

49. <script type="text/javascript"> var ws = new WebSocket("ws://example.com:10081/"); </script>

50. <script type="text/javascript"> var ws = new WebSocket("ws://example.com:10081/"); ws.onopen = function() { ws.send("Hello"); // Sends a message. }; ws.onmessage = function(e) { // Receives a message. alert(e.data); }; ws.onclose = function() { alert("closed"); }; </script>

52. Protocol IE Firefox Chrome Safari Opera hixie-75 4 5 hixie-76 4 6 5.0.1 11 hybi-00 (disabled) (disabled) hybi-06 HTML5 Labs dev hybi-07 6 hybi-09 HTML5 Labs hybi-10 IE 10 7 14 RFC 6455 11 16

53. POLYFILL/FALLBACK (web-socket-js)

54. <script type="text/javascript" src="swfobject.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="web_socket.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Let the library know where WebSocketMain.swf is: WEB_SOCKET_SWF_LOCATION = "WebSocketMain.swf"; var ws = new WebSocket("ws://example.com:10081/"); ws.onopen = function() { ws.send("Hello"); // Sends a message. }; ws.onmessage = function(e) { // Receives a message. alert(e.data); }; ws.onclose = function() { alert("closed"); }; </script>

59. Client: kind of OK Server: what do do?

60. Long running requests

61. Reactor Pattern (Eventmachine)

63. synchronous I/O non-blocking synchronous I/O non-blocking asynchronous I/0

64. Wait Events (I/O, timers) Main Loop Notiﬁes Event (main thread) Handlers

66. select poll

67. select poll epoll kqueue IOCP

68. libevent libev select poll epoll kqueue IOCP

69. Tornado Twisted libevent libev select poll epoll kqueue IOCP

70. Tornado Twisted Node.js libevent libev select poll epoll kqueue IOCP

71. Tornado Cool.io Twisted Node.js libevent libev select poll epoll kqueue IOCP

72. Tornado Cool.io Twisted Node.js libevent libev EventMachine select poll epoll kqueue IOCP

73. Tornado Cool.io Goliath Twisted Node.js Thin libevent libev EventMachine select poll epoll kqueue IOCP

75. require 'rubygems' require 'rack' class Test def call(env) EM.defer do sleep 1 # CPU bound, throw to thread-pool (cheating) end [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["Hello World!"]] end end Rack::Handler::Thin.run Test.new

83. ab -n 10 -c 1 http://127.0.0.1:8080/ This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1178079 $> #ZOMG! ... Concurrency Level: 1 Time taken for tests: 0.003 seconds ... Requests per second: 3219.58 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 0.311 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 0.311 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 380.44 [Kbytes/sec] received ...

86. Block Non-Block Total Time 10 sec 0.0001 sec Requests per Second 1 + 8000

89. “Tick” Timers #add_timer #add_periodic_timer Reactor Loop Blocking Tasks (Eventmachine) #defer #next_tick

90. require 'rubygems' # or use Bundler.setup require 'eventmachine' class EchoServer < EM::Connection def receive_data(data) if data.strip =~ /[exit|quit]$/i EM.stop else send_data("Repeating: #{data}") end end end

91. require 'rubygems' # or use Bundler.setup require 'eventmachine' class EchoServer < EM::Connection def receive_data(data) if data.strip =~ /[exit|quit]$/i EM.stop else send_data("Repeating: #{data}") end end end EventMachine.run do # hit Control + C to stop Signal.trap("INT") { EM.stop } Signal.trap("TERM") { EM.stop } EM.start_server("0.0.0.0", 10000, EchoServer) end

92. $ telnet localhost 10000 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Hello World

93. $ telnet localhost 10000 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Hello World Repeating: Hello World

94. $ telnet localhost 10000 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Hello World Repeating: Hello World Play again, Sam

95. $ telnet localhost 10000 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Hello World Repeating: Hello World Play again, Sam Repeating: Play again, Sam

96. $ telnet localhost 10000 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Hello World Repeating: Hello World Play again, Sam Repeating: Play again, Sam quit .

97. $ telnet localhost 10000 Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. Hello World Repeating: Hello World Play again, Sam Repeating: Play again, Sam quit Connection closed by foreign host.

98. require 'rubygems' require 'eventmachine' EM.run do # ... main reactor loop EM.stop # stop the main loop and exit end

99. require 'rubygems' require 'eventmachine' EM.run do puts 1 puts 2 puts 3 end

100. $ ruby em.rb 1 2 3

101. require 'rubygems' require 'eventmachine' EM.run do EM.defer do sleep 3 puts 1 end EM.add_timer(1) do puts 2 EM.add_timer(1) do puts 3 end end puts 4 end

102. $ ruby em.rb 4 2 3 1

104. var http = require('http'); http.createServer(function (req, res) { res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}); res.end('Hello World'); }).listen(9876);

106. require 'rubygems' require 'rack' Rack::Handler::Thin.run Proc.new { [200, {"Content-Type" => "text/plain"}, ["Hello World!"]] }

107. ab -n 1000 -c 5 http://127.0.0.1:8080/ This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1178079 $> ... Concurrency Level: 5 Time taken for tests: 0.121 seconds .. Requests per second: 8239.06 [#/sec] (mean) Time per request: 0.607 [ms] (mean) Time per request: 0.121 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests) Transfer rate: 973.56 [Kbytes/sec] received ...

109. Node.js Ruby libev Eventmachine, Cool.io Google V8 MRI, JRuby, Rubinius Less Resources, Faster More Resources, Slightly Processing slower processing callbacks only Threads, Fibers, Callbacks

114. EM-Websocket

115. require "rubygems" require 'eventmachine' require 'em-websocket' config = {:host => "0.0.0.0", :port => 8080, :debug => true} EM::WebSocket.start(config) do |ws| ws.onopen { ws.send "Welcome!"} ws.onmessage { |msg| ws.send "Sending Pong: #{msg}" } ws.onclose { puts "connection closed" } ws.onerror { |e| puts "Error: #{e.message}" } end

116. Caveats in Callback Driven Development

117. fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', function (err) { if (err) throw err; console.log('renamed complete'); }); fs.stat('/tmp/world', function (err, stats) { if (err) throw err; console.log('stats: ' + JSON.stringify(stats)); });

118. fs.rename('/tmp/hello', '/tmp/world', function (err) { if (err) throw err; fs.stat('/tmp/world', function (err, stats) { if (err) throw err; console.log('stats: ' + JSON.stringify(stats)); }); });

119. EM.run do page = EM::HttpRequest.new(@url1).get page.errback do puts "Site is down! terminate?" end page.callback do about = EM::HttpRequest.new(@url2).get about.callback do # callback nesting, ad infinitum end about.errback do # error-handling code end end end

120. “Callback Spaghetti”

121. Ruby 1.9 Fibers to the rescue!

122. number_generator = Fiber.new do start = 0 loop do start += 1 Fiber.yield(start) end end

123. number_generator = Fiber.new do start = 0 loop do start += 1 Fiber.yield(start) end end > number_generator.resume => 1

124. number_generator = Fiber.new do start = 0 loop do start += 1 Fiber.yield(start) end end > number_generator.resume => 1 > number_generator.resume => 2

125. number_generator = Fiber.new do start = 0 loop do start += 1 Fiber.yield(start) end end > number_generator.resume => 1 > number_generator.resume => 2 > number_generator.resume => 3

127. Less expensive than Threads cooperative vs preemptive multitasking developer controls scheduling no need to have mutexes, no shared data coroutines / can be implemented with continuations

132. EM.run do page = EM::HttpRequest.new(@url1).get page.errback do puts "Site is down! terminate?" end page.callback do about = EM::HttpRequest.new(@url2).get about.callback do # callback nesting, ad infinitum end about.errback do # error-handling code end end end

133. page = http_get(@url1) puts "Fetched page: #{page.response_header.status}" if page page = http_get(@url2) puts "Fetched page 2: #{page.response_header.status}" end

134. def http_get(url) f = Fiber.current http = EM::HttpRequest.new(url).get http.callback{ f.resume(http) } http.errback { f.resume(http) } return Fiber.yield end EM.run do Fiber.new do page = http_get(@url1) puts "Fetched page: #{page.response_header.status}" if page page = http_get(@url2) puts "Fetched page 2: #{page.response_header.status}" end do.resume end

141. EM-Synchrony

142. EM.synchrony do page = EM::HttpRequest.new("http://www.google.com").get puts "Look Ma! No callbacks! Fetched page: #{page}" EM.stop end # old way EM.run do page = EM::HttpRequest.new("http://www.google.com").get page.callback do puts "Lame ... Fetched page: #{page}" EM.stop end end

143. Goliath

144. require 'goliath' require 'yajl' G = Goliath::Rack # don’t to this, just to fit in this slide :-) class Echo < Goliath::API use G::Render, 'json' # auto-negotiate response format use G::Params # parse & merge query and body parameters use G::Validation::RequiredParam, {:key => 'echo'} def process_request logger.info "Processing request" {response: env.params['echo']} end def response(env) [200, {}, process_request] end end

145. $ ruby echo.rb -p 9001

146. $ ruby echo.rb -p 9001 $ curl http://localhost:9001/ {"error":"Echo identifier missing"}

147. $ ruby echo.rb -p 9001 $ curl http://localhost:9001/ {"error":"Echo identifier missing"} $ curl http://localhost:9001?echo=Hello%20World {"response":"Hello World"}

149. Web App Server and App Framework Fully asynchronous using Eventmachine Lightweight and High Performance (+ 3k req/s in 1 process) Rack aware (but not 100% Rack compatible) Fibers with EM-Synchrony for easier development

150. Recap so far ...

152. Ruby can using Reactors to massively scale Good contender to Node.js-style (getting better) One single Ruby process can handle thousands of concurrent requests Web browsers got smarter with Websockets Ruby implements Websocket support

153. Pusher

154. Browser Persistent connection! async Rails App Eventmachine App Resque Queues sync

155. Browser Persistent connection! async Rails App Eventmachine App Resque Queues sync

156. <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/ jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="http://js.pusher.com/1.11/pusher.min.js"></script> <script> var pusher = new Pusher('7114e...c318e'); var channel = pusher.subscribe('demo-channel'); </script>

157. <script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.1/ jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="http://js.pusher.com/1.11/pusher.min.js"></script> <script> var pusher = new Pusher('7114e...c318e'); var channel = pusher.subscribe('demo-channel'); channel.bind('create', function(message) { var elem = $("#" + message.elem_id); if (elem) elem.remove(); var html = "<li id='" + message.elem_id + "'>" + message.elem_id + " - " + message.value + "</li>"; $("#list").append(html); }); channel.bind('delete', function(message) { var elem = $("#" + message.elem_id); if (elem) elem.remove(); }); </script>

158. require 'rubygems' require 'pusher' Pusher.app_id = '14909' Pusher.key = '7114e...c318e' Pusher.secret = '25aa7...3d49c' ('a'..'z').each do |letter| doc = { :elem_id => letter, :value => "Letter: #{letter}"} Pusher['demo-channel'].trigger('create', doc) end

159. time ruby pusher_sync.rb real 0m14.585s user 0m0.583s sys 0m0.105s

160. require 'rubygems' require 'pusher' require 'eventmachine' Pusher.app_id = '14909' Pusher.key = '7114e...c318e' Pusher.secret = '25aa7...d49c' EM.run do EM::Iterator.new("a".."z").each do |letter, iter| doc = { :elem_id => elem_id, :value => "Letter: #{letter}" } pusher = Pusher['demo-channel'].trigger_async('create', doc) pusher.callback { EM.stop if letter == 'z' } pusher.errback { |error| EM.stop if letter == 'z' } iter.next end end

163. time ruby pusher_async.rb real 0m1.129s user 0m0.649s sys 0m0.063s

164. pusher.connection.bind('connected', function() { alert("You're up!") }); pusher.connection.bind('connecting_in', function(delay) { alert("Retrying in " + delay + " seconds.") }); pusher.connection.bind('failed', function() { document.write("Not able to connect.") });

166. Private Channels Encryption Authentication Presence Events

168. Total API requests (11/02/2011) (day has 86.400 seconds)

169. 13.969.264 Total API requests (11/02/2011) (day has 86.400 seconds)

170. Amount of messages sent to clients since launch (11/02/2011)

171. 35.552.810.379 Amount of messages sent to clients since launch (11/02/2011)

172. average latency (excluding internet - 11/02/2011)

173. < 10ms average latency (excluding internet - 11/02/2011)

174. Wrapping up ...

176. CGI model is difﬁcult to scale Multi-processes vs multi-threads vs Reactors HTTP 5 WebSockets is hot! Eventmachine is great! Fibers vs “callback spaghetti” Try out Pusher!

182. Ilya Grigorik (igvita)

184. PostRank (acquired by Google!) EM-Synchrony, Goliath Google SPDY research

185. Tony Arcieri (bascule)

187. Rev (later Cool.io), Revactor Reia (Ruby syntax over Erlang, replaced by Elixir) Celluloid (Threads abstraction to Actors) (Mark Perham used to create Sidekiq)

188. Ruby is very ﬂexible

189. one more thing ...

190. Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser NginX, HAProxy Passenger, Unicorn

191. Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser Browser NginX, HAProxy JRuby - TorqueBox, Trinidad (multiple concurrent native threads)

193. Native threads Ruby 1.9.x (extensions can release the GIL) Native threads JRuby (no GIL) Native threads Rubinius (no GIL check out the Puma webserver)

199. Большое спасибо www.codeminer.com.br www.akitaonrails.com @akitaonrails

Understanding the Rails web model and scalability options

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