1. Syllabus outline
1. Washing machine equipments and
processing conditions
2. Finishing of jeans with special emphasis
on various types of jeans washing
3. Environment pollution, eco-friendliness
in washing and finishing

2. WASHING MACHINE
 A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or
washer) is a machine designed to wash laundry, such as
clothing, towels and sheets.
 The term is mostly applied only to machines that use
water as the primary cleaning solution, as opposed to dry
cleaning or even ultrasonic cleaners.
 To clean clothing it is necessary to rub and flex the cloth to
break apart solids and help the soap penetrate.
 At first this was done by pounding or rubbing the clothing
with rocks in a river, and later developed into the
corrugated wash board.

3. WASHING MACHINE – Old Process
 The earliest machines were often hand-operated.
 Initially the machines were constructed from wood, later machines made of metal,
permitted a fire to burn below the washtub, to keep the water warm.
 Removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was originally a
separate process.
 The wet clothing would be formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water.
 To help reduce this labor, the wringer/mangle was developed, which uses two
rollers under spring tension to squeeze water out of the clothing.
 Each piece of clothing would be fed through the wringer separately.
 The wringers were hand-operated, but were later became powered attachment
above the washer tub.
 The extracted wash water would fall back into the tub to be reused.

4. WASHING MACHINE-Modern Process
 The modern process of water removal by spinning come into
use, after electric motors were developed.
 Spinning requires a constant high-speed power source.
 Originally done in a separate device known as an extractor.
 A load of washed clothing would be transferred from the wash
tub to the extractor basket, and the water spun out.
 These extractors were often dangerous to use because
unevenly distributed loads would cause the machine to shake
violently.

5. Contd…..
 Many efforts have been made to counteract the shaking of unstable loads.
 The spinning basket was mounted on a free-floating shock-absorbing frame
to absorb minor imbalances.
 A bump switch was present to detect severe movement and stop the
machine so that the load can be manually redistributed.
 Many modern machines are equipped with a sealed ring of liquid that
works to counteract any imbalances.
 Automatic washer(washer/extractor) combines the features of these two
devices into a single machine, plus the ability to fill and drain water by
itself.
 Washing and drying are done in the same machine, in latest automatic
machines.

6. TOP LOADING WASHING M/C
 The top-loading design or V-axis clothes washer is popular in
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States and Latin
America.
 Places the clothes in a vertically-mounted perforated basket that
is contained within a water-retaining tub, with a propeller-like
agitator in the center of the bottom of the basket.
 Clothes are loaded through the top of the machine, which is
covered with a hinged door.
 During the wash cycle, the outer tub is filled with water,
sufficient to suspend the clothing freely in the basket.
 The movement of the agitator pulls the clothing in the center
towards the agitator paddles.

7. TOP LOADING WASHING M/C
 Top-loaders are not well-suited to cleaning large objects such as pillows
or sleeping bags.
 It is due to the tendency for them to just float on the surface of the water
without circulating.
 The aggressive agitator action can damage delicate fabrics.
 Top-loading washers are mechanically more complex than front-loading
machines.
 Top-loading washers do not suffer from continued maintenance
problems.
 During the spin-cycle, a top-loading tub is free to move about, inside the
cabinet of the machine.
 It uses a lip (cover) around the top of the inner basket and outer tub to
keep the spinning water and clothing from spraying-out over the edge.

8. TOP LOADING WASHING M/C

9. FRONT-LOADING WASHING M/C
 The front-loading design or H-axis clothes washer, is more
popular in Europe and the Middle East.
 Mounts the inner basket and outer tub horizontally, and
loading is through a door at the front of the machine.
 The door often but not always contains a window.
 Agitation is supplied by the back-and-forth rotation of the
cylinder and by gravity.

10. FRONT-LOADING WASHING M/C
 The clothes are lifted up by paddles on the inside wall of the
drum and then dropped.
 This motion flexes the weave of the fabric and forces water and
detergent solution through the clothes load.
 As the wash-action does not require the clothing be freely
suspended in water, only sufficient water is needed to moisten
the fabric.
 As less water is required, front-loaders use less soap.
 The aggressive dropping and folding action of the tumbling can
easily produce large amounts of foam.
 Front-loading washers are mechanically simple compared to top-
loaders.

11. FRONT-LOADING WASHING M/C
 Front-load washers suffer from their own technical problems,
due to the drum lying sideways.
 For example, a top-loading washer keeps water inside the tub
merely through the force of gravity, pulling down on the water.
 While a front-loader must tightly seal the door, shut with a
gasket to prevent water dripping onto the floor during the wash-
cycle.
 This access door is locked shut during the entire wash cycle, as
opening the door, with the machine in use, could result in water
gushing-out onto the floor.
 It is possible to accidentally pinch fabric between the door and
the drum, resulting in tearing and damage to the pinched
clothing during tumbling and spinning.

12. FRONT-LOADING WASHING M/C
 Many front-loading machines have electrical heating elements to heat
the wash bath to near-boiling.
 Front-loaders use special detergents that are designed to release
different chemical ingredients at different temperatures.
 Front-loaders wash clothes more thoroughly, cause less wear, and use
less water and energy than top-loaders.
 As a result of using less water, they require less detergent to be used.
 Or they can use the same amount of detergent with less water, which
increases detergent concentration and increases the amount of
chemical action.
 They also allow a dryer to be more easily mounted directly above the
washer.

13. FRONT-LOADING WASHING M/C

14. COMPARISON
 Top-loading machines are less prone to leakage.
 Front-loaders tend to operate more quietly than top-
loaders, since there is less of a tendency to imbalance.

15. COMMERCIAL WASHING M/C
 A commercial washing machine is intended for more frequent and long-
term usage than a consumer washing machine.
 As the function is more important than style, most commercial washers
have a sharp-edged square appearance, often with stainless steel exteriors
to minimize rust and corrosion in a constantly moist environment.
 They are built with large easy-to-open service covers.
 Installed in long rows with a wide access passageway behind all the
machines to allow maintenance without moving the heavy machine.
 The features of a commercial Laundromat washer are more limited than a
consumer washer.
 One special type of continuous-processing washer is known as the tunnel
washer which does not have separate, distinct wash or rinse cycles, but
combines them all in sequence inside a single, long ,large-diameter
rotating tube.

16. COMMERCIAL WASHING M/C

17. COMMERCIAL WASHING M/C

18. INDUSTRIAL WASHING M/C
 An industrial clothes washer can be used to batch process up to 300
pounds (140 kg) of textiles at once.
 Can be used for extremely machine-abusive washing tasks such as
stone washing or fabric bleaching and dyeing.
 Can be mounted on heavy shock absorbers and attached to a concrete
floor so that it can extract water from even the most severely out-of-
balance and heavy wash loads.
 It may be mounted on hydraulic cylinders, permitting the entire washer
to be lifted and tilted so that fabrics can be automatically dumped from
the wash drum onto a conveyor belt, once the cycle is complete.

19. INDUSTRIAL WASHING M/C

20. Manufacturer’s product
 Automatic washing and dehydrated machine is a ideal dry-clean
equipment which composes washing clothes, dewatering, stoving
and detergent distillation.
 The machine is suitable for washing clothing and fabric such as
cotton, wool, woolen cloth, cotton flannel, chemical fibre (except
polyvinyl chloride fibre, artificial leather and velvet), woolen
blanket, fur coat, feather down and fur.
 It is a ideal washing equipment for guesthouse, laundry and dyeing
shop, factory, mine, army and hostel.

21.  This as long lasting, strong, rust free & stylish.
 The following are the specifics of product:
1. Die processed stainless steel front.
2. Stainless steel inner cylinder.
3. Electrically interlocked stainless steel loading/unloading door.
4. Stainless steel outer casing, dispenser, heater box and strainers.
5. Galvanized and stone enamel painted structure frame and
cladding.
6. Doesn't require huge space.
7. Electrical controls to co-ordinate automatic functions.
8. Solenoid operation of water, steam and valves
9. Protective devices against single phasing and motor overload.

22. Automatic Industrial Washing Machines
 The automatic Industrial Washing Machine is used for denim wash,
enzyme wash, stone wash, over dying & for all special/general
purposes.
 This sturdy, user friendly, simple functions, low maintenance, long
lasting, rust free machine requires lesser space.
 In comparison to other machines, these machines require lesser
time and effort.

23. Automatic Industrial Washing Machines

24. The specifications of Industrial Washing Machine (Automatic) are:
 Inner perforated cylinder & outer cylinder.
 Electrically and mechanically interlocked SS loading & unloading doors.
 Stainless Steel dispenser, heater box & strainers.
 Stainless Steel galvanized trunnion (one of a pair of coaxial projections
attached to opposite sides of a container, cannon, etc., to provide a
support about which it can turn in a vertical) shafts.
 Hot/Epoxy painted structure frame and cladding.
 Heavy duty motor coordinates with heavy duty gear box to create the
positive Drive.
 Side Loading facility helps operator unload material without wasting
valuable material.
 Two unloading doors save the loading and unloading time.
 Side loading also facilitates easy checking and matching of fabric.

25. Washer Extractors

26. Washer Extractors
 The washer extractor requires less space.
 This computer controlled washer extractor advances by itself from
washing to high spin extraction by completing a regular wash cycle in
35- 45 minutes.
 These high performing machines are known for their optimum
efficiency and high performance.
Features
• Long lasting
• Rust-free
• Sturdy & stylish
• Convenient
• Safe
• No foot pedals
• No levers
• No brake liner
• No maintenance

27. Specifications
• Direct drive
• Self balancing with automatic dc injection brake
• Outer and inner stainless steel
• Sturdy welded construction
• Facility to dismantle basket without dismantling outer casing
• Electrically interlocked top lid stops the machine when opened
• Three position drain connection with outer casing
• Electrically controlled instrumentation and protection
• Auto timing and automatic DC injection for braking
• Protective devices against single
• Reverse phasing
• Motor overload

28. Drying Tumblers

29. Drying Tumblers
Some of the characteristics are:
• Front loading
• Reversible
• Automatic
• Stainless steel inner cylinder
• Glass wool insulated outer body duly hot painted
• Electrically interlocked door
• Total front & back service
• No space required on sides of the machine
• Steam/Thermal fluid radiator is of copper coils & aluminium fins
• Fin type heaters for electric
• Full S.S. heat exchanger for diesel
• Self cleaning lint screen drops lint automatically after every cycle
• Automatic timed
• Auto reverse
• Auto digital temperature control
• Steam heated models

30. Dry Cleaning Machines

31. Dry cleaning machines prominent
features:
• Front loading
• Open pocket, with low spin extract P
• Built in solvent filter
• Automatic
• Stainless steel inner cylinder and large S.S. loading - unloading door.
• Outer body - hot painted
• Built in solvent filter housed in the top tank receives soiled solvent
from the base tank through a powerful centrifugal pump which
pushes the soiled solvent through several fine mesh cylindrical filters
for reuse.
• Low spin extract
• Separate motors for dry-clean & extract
• Vibration less during extraction
• Low spin extract makes articles lighter to unload
• No solvent dripping

32. WASHING M/C MANUFACTURERS
 Alliance Laundry (Speed Queen)
 Amica
 Antonio Merloni under the brand names Asko, Ardo, Philco and Servis
 Arçelik - including the brand names Beko, Blomberg, Altus and Arctic
 Bendix
 Bosch - including the brand names Siemens, Neff, Balay, Profilo and Constructa
 Candy - including the brand names Hoover and Zerowatt
 Continental Girbau
 Dexter Laundry
 Dyson (no longer produced)

33. WASHING M/C MANUFACTURERS
 Electrolux - including the brand names AEG, Frigidaire, John Lewis, Rex, Tricity Bendix, Zanussi and
Zoppas
 Fagor - including the brand names Brandt, Thompson, Ocean and SanGiorgio
 Fisher & Paykel
 GE - including (in the United States) the brand name Hotpoint
 Godrej
 Gorenje
 Haier
 Hitachi
 IFB
 Indesit - including the brand names Hotpoint-Ariston, Creda and Scholtes
 LG
 Mabe - including the brand names Easy, Centrales, Dako, Moffat

34. WASHING M/C MANUFACTURERS
 Miele
 Mueller Eletrodomésticos
 Pellerin Milnor
 Ramsons
 Samsung
 Schulthess - including the brand name Merker
 Smeg
 Sony Systems- India
 Staber

35. WASHING M/C MANUFACTURERS
 Thor
 V-Zug - including the brand names Sibir and Gehrig
 Vestel
 Videocon
 Washex
 Whirlpool - including the brand names Admiral,
Amana, Inglis, Kenmore, Maytag, Magic Chef, Estate,
Kirkland and Roper