Presentation by Boy Luethje at SYSU

1. Global production and work in the IT-
industry
信息技术产业的全球生产与工作
Boy Lüthje 吕博艺
Institute of Social Research
University of Frankfurt
Germany
德国法兰克福大学社会研究所

2. Outline 纲要
1. Changes in the global production system
of the IT industry 信息技术产业全球生产制
度的变迁
2. Global production networks and work 全
球生产网络与工作
3. Labor standards, innovation, and global
regulation 劳工标准、创新、以及全球规制

5. The vertically integrated computer industry
Circa 1980
______________________________________________________________
Sales and
Distribution
Application
Software
Operating
System
Computer
Chips
IBM DEC Siemens Fujitsu ...........
______________________________________________________________
Adapted from: A. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, New York/London 1996

6. The horizontal computer industry
Circa 1995
____________________________________________
Sales and
Distribution Retail Stores Superstores Mail Order
Application
Software Word Word Perfect etc.
Operating
System DOS/Windows OS/2 Mac UNIX
Computer Compaq Dell Packard Bell HP IBM etc.
Contract
Manufacturers Solectron SCI Flextronics IBM etc.
Chips Intel Architecture Motorola RISCs
____________________________________________
Adapted from: A. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive, New York/London 1996

7. EMS Revenues 1989-2001
1989年－2001年 电子制造服务的收入
Source: Technology Forecasters, Inc.
120
100
80
US$ Billion
60
40
20
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001E

8. Electronics Contract Manufacturing Revenues
2003-2008
2003年－2008年 电子合同制造的收入
Source: ISuppli

9. Top Ten EMS Top Ten ODMs
2005
2005 Company Annual 2005 Company 2005 Annual
Rank Name Revenue Rank Name Revenue(000)
(000)
1 Foxconn $20,981
1 Quanta $12,523
2 Flextronics $15,582
2 Asustek $10,737
3 Sanmina-SCI $11,343
3 Compal $6,860
4 Solectron $10,207
4 Lite-On $5,054
5 Celestica $8,471
5 Inventec $5,048
6 Jabil $8,057
6 BenQ $5,043
7 Elcoteq $5,179
7 Wistron $4,814
8 Venture $3,238 Inventec
8 $3,577
Appliance
9 Benchmark $2,257
9 Tatung $2,338
10 USI $1,621
10 Mitac Intl $2,307
Total Top 10 $86,936
Total Top 10 $58,300
Data by iSuppli Corp.
Figures in $US Millions

10. Global Supply Chain Consolidation
全球供应链的合并
HP/Compaq 惠普/康柏
Pre-merger Compaq/HP HP 2004
63 manufacturing facilities 32
142 distribution hubs 88
1500 suppliers ca. 700
385 logistics partners 119
7000 IT applications ca. 4000
22000 data servers 19000
Ca. 300 data centers 88
3bn$ cost savings over first 2 years
Massive pressure on manufacturing partners
Source: HP company information

11. The crisis of the Silicon Valley Model
硅谷模式的危机(2001 ff.)
 Rapid innovation results in over-capacities in key
product markets (e.g. PC) 飞速的创新导致关键产品市场
生产能力过剩（比如，个人电脑）
 CM companies as ―regulators‖ of global over-
capacities 合同制造企业成为全球生产能力过剩的“调节
器”
 Massive plant closures and job cuts 大规模关闭工厂
以及裁员
 The shift of manufacturing to China 制造业向中国转移

12. 2.
Global Production Networks and
Work
全球生产网络与工作
Is Fordism coming back?
福特制回来了吗？

13. Vertical re-integration „at the bottom―
“在底端”的垂直化重新整合

14. Global locations Flextronics International, 2000
2000年伟创力的全球布局

16. 联系我们 | 企业文化 | 人才招聘 | 网站导航 | 合作伙伴
Copyright © 1998 - 2003 foxconn. All Rights Reserved.

17. ―The forbidden city of Terry Guo‖
―郭台铭的紫禁城”
(Source: The Wall Street Journal)

22. Flexible mass production regime South China
 State-of-the-art working conditions and technology
 Low wages, mostly hourly, long working hours
 High wage differentials operator vs. specialized workers, mgmt
 High degree of Taylorist segmentation
 Line workers migrant women workers (dagongmei)
 Recruitment through labor agencies in rural areas in inner China
 Low-end ―corporate welfare state―: dormitories, entertainment activities
 Regulation of migration problems through dormitory system
 Relatively strong labor laws – no enforcement
 Trade Unions as part of management and ―Corp Soc Responsibility‖

23. 3.
Labor standards, innovation,
and global regulation
劳工标准、创新、以及全球规制
Policy alternatives beyond Neo-
Liberalism
超越新自由主义的政策选择

24. New dynamics of industrial development
产业发展的新动态
• Vertical Specialization at the top drives vertical re-
integration from below
顶端的垂直专业化推动从下面开始的垂直化重新整合
• Rapid industrial upgrading in emerging economies
在新兴经济中飞速的产业升级
• But: cluster effects mostly between multinationals –
little impact on indigenous suppliers
然而：集群效应通常存在于跨国公司之间——并没给本土
供应商带来多大影响
• Work and labor standards the weakest link
工作与劳工标准是最薄弱的环节

25. Emerging economies 新兴经济
• Vertical re-integration – but market cycles and
profits under control of global brands
垂直化重新整合——但市场周期和利润处于全球品牌
商控制之下
• Qualitative upgrading and cross-linkages with
local supply and design firms?
质的提升，以及本土供应和设计企业之间交互链接
• Chinese multinationals as drivers for re-
integration of local value chains (e.g. Huawei,
ZTE, Konka)? 中国跨国公司作为本土价值链重新整
合的驱动者（比如，华为、中兴通讯、康佳）
• Control of labor standards and enforcement of
labor laws! 劳工标准的控制以及劳动法的执行

26. Global policies 全球政策
• Protectionism is no answer
保护主义不是答案
• Developing sustainable models of technology
and consumption (e.g. electronic waste)
发展可持续的科技和消费模式（比如，电子垃圾）
• Instead of „Corporate Responsibility―: Control of
brands concerning labor and environmental
standards
取代“企业社会责任”：在劳工与环境标志方面控制
品牌商

28. Labor standards and production
politics 劳工标准与生产政治
• Control of labor standards from below: labor laws,
active trade unions, collective bargaining, industry-
wide wage standards
自下而上地控制劳工标准：劳动法、活跃的工会、集体谈
判、行业级工资标准
• Global benchmarking of „decent work―
“体面劳动”的全球基准评价
• Assembly: Teamwork and workers’ control instead
of Neo-Taylorism
组装：团队合作与工人的控制，而非新泰勒制

29. „Trust is good, control is better―
―信任是好的，而控制更好”
• Re-Regulation of key product markets and
networks (e.g. mobile phones)
对关键产品市场和网络进行重新规制（比如，手机）
• Strict control of electronic waste (EU and Chinese
guidelines vs. U.S.)
严格控制电子垃圾（欧盟、中国准则与美国）
• Use popular know-how in recycling
在回收时运用普及的知识
• Next step: labor standards as criteria of product
certification
下一步：劳工标准作为产品认证的基准

30. 谢谢！