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3.4.1.5 Tectonic processes Human response to volcanic hazards Syllabus: Understand the variation in response to risk in terms of probability of hazard occurrence and level of economic development Assess the costs and benefits of living near areas of volcanic activity. Use case studies to look at hazards and to illustrate the benefits including minerals, fertile soils, geothermal power and tourist attractions.

1. Environmental control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2410969.stm Etna erupts again Living with a volcano

Volcanic engineering ,[object Object],[object Object]

Workers have used more than 70 bulldozers in a desperate attempt to pile up enough earth to divert the lava away from the station. Lava halts as Etna battle continues

2. Hazard resistant design ,[object Object],[object Object]

Modify vulnerability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Prediction and warning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Case study – monitoring Sakurajima Japan ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Scientists improve volcano prediction

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Land use planning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

2007 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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To what extent can the impact of volcanic hazards be reduced? (10 marks) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Nov 06 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Explain the difference between primary and secondary volcanic hazards giving two examples in each case. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Assess the extent to which responses C,D E and F can be successfully applied to areas at risk from volcanic eruptions

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