Fungi, Nematodes, and Bacteria: Does Bentgrass Stand a Chance?
1. Fungi, Bacteria and Nematodes
Does Bentgrass Stand a Chance?
Lane Tredway
Associate Professor and Extension Specialist
Department of Plant Pathology
North Carolina State University
4. Is it getting hotter?
1980s 1990s 2000s
90
Mean High Temperature (F)
80
70
60
50
40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Raleigh/Durham International
Airport
5. Heat imposed severe stress on creeping bentgrass
greens in 2010....
15
departure from normal HIGH temperature
departure from normal LOW temperature
10
Departure from Normal (F)
5
0
-5
-10
-15
May June July August Sept Oct
6. ...and again in 2011.
15
departure from normal HIGH temperature
departure from normal LOW temperature
10
Departure from Normal (F)
5
0
-5
-10
-15
May June July August
7. Was 2010 Wet or Dry? Both!
7
Cumulative Rainfall (in.)
5.25
3.5
1.75
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov
8. Rainfall was more consistent over 2011
2
Cumulative Rainfall (in.)
1.5
1
0.5
0
May June July Aug Sept
9. Everyone is feeling the economic downturn.
Do you have more or less
discretionary income today?
19. Fans do not correct
for shade and tree
root competition
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Pythium root rot was the most common and severe
creeping bentgrass disease in 2010 and 2011.
29. Pythium root and crown rot
• putting green disease
• many Pythium species (20+)
can cause root and crown rot
• induced by wet soil conditions
• annual bluegrass and creeping
bentgrass most susceptible
• bermudagrass and seashore
paspalum can also be affected
39. Pythium Root Rot: Chemical Control
Few fungicides are specifically labeled for Pythium root rot, and little
is known about their relative efficacy.
FRAC Code Chemical Class Common Names Products
11 QoI azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin Heritage, Disarm
aromatic
14 ethazole Terrazole
hydrocarbons
21 QiI cyazofamid Segway
28 carbamates propamocarb Banol, Stellar
33 phosphonates fosetyl-Al, phosphorous acid Signature, Alude, Resyst
43 benzamides fluopicolide Stellar
44. Pythium Root Rot: Chemical Control
Preventative
• applications of cyazofamid, ethazole, mefanoxam,
or propamocarb during periods of wet weather
45. Pythium Root Rot: Chemical Control
Preventative
• applications of cyazofamid, ethazole, mefanoxam,
or propamocarb during periods of wet weather
• watered-in with 1/8” of irrigation for best results
46. Pythium Root Rot: Chemical Control
Preventative
• applications of cyazofamid, ethazole, mefanoxam,
or propamocarb during periods of wet weather
• watered-in with 1/8” of irrigation for best results
Curative
47. Pythium Root Rot: Chemical Control
Preventative
• applications of cyazofamid, ethazole, mefanoxam,
or propamocarb during periods of wet weather
• watered-in with 1/8” of irrigation for best results
Curative
• ethazole (Koban, Terrazole), followed 2 to 3 days
later by a systemic product (cyazofamid,
mefanoxam, propamocarb)
48. Pythium Root Rot: Chemical Control
Preventative
• applications of cyazofamid, ethazole, mefanoxam,
or propamocarb during periods of wet weather
• watered-in with 1/8” of irrigation for best results
Curative
• ethazole (Koban, Terrazole), followed 2 to 3 days
later by a systemic product (cyazofamid,
mefanoxam, propamocarb)
• watered-in with 1/8” of irrigation for best results
56. Program ’11
How to develop and implement a fungicide program.
57. Program ’11
How to develop and implement a fungicide program.
1. develop list of diseases based on location, cultivar, soil
type, and history
58. Program ’11
How to develop and implement a fungicide program.
1. develop list of diseases based on location, cultivar, soil
type, and history
2. use historical weather data to determine when each
disease is ‘normally’ active
59. Program ’11
How to develop and implement a fungicide program.
1. develop list of diseases based on location, cultivar, soil
type, and history
2. use historical weather data to determine when each
disease is ‘normally’ active
3. select product(s) that will control the disease(s) that are
expected to be active each week
60. Program ’11
How to develop and implement a fungicide program.
1. develop list of diseases based on location, cultivar, soil
type, and history
2. use historical weather data to determine when each
disease is ‘normally’ active
3. select product(s) that will control the disease(s) that are
expected to be active each week
4. select rates, intervals, and application method
61. Program ’11
How to develop and implement a fungicide program.
1. develop list of diseases based on location, cultivar, soil
type, and history
2. use historical weather data to determine when each
disease is ‘normally’ active
3. select product(s) that will control the disease(s) that are
expected to be active each week
4. select rates, intervals, and application method
5. adjust as needed based on actual weather conditions
62.
63. PRD Segway Honor Signature + Banol
fairy ring Bayleton Torque
dollar spot Honor Torque 26GT Disarm C Honor
algae Daconil Ult Disarm C Fore
brown patch 26GT Disarm C Honor
PRR Segway Signature + Banol Terrazole Subdue
Segway Bayleton Honor Torque Signature 26GT Terrazole Disarm C Subdue Honor
0.9 fl oz 1 fl oz 1.1 oz 0.6 fl oz 4 oz 4 fl oz 4 fl oz 5 fl oz 1 fl oz 1.1 fl oz
water-in water-in water-in water-in foliar foliar water-in foliar water-in foliar
Banol Daconil Ult Fore
2 fl oz 3.2 fl oz 6 oz
foliar foliar foliar
64. Program ’11: How to follow along...
feeds.feedburner.com/turfpathology
65. Program ’11: How to follow along...
turfpathology.org
feeds.feedburner.com/turfpathology
66. Program ’11: How to follow along...
turfpathology.org
facebook.com/turfpathology
feeds.feedburner.com/turfpathology
67. Program ’11: How to follow along...
turfpathology.org
facebook.com/turfpathology
twitter.com/ncturfpathology
feeds.feedburner.com/turfpathology
70. History of Bacterial Wilt
• severe epidemic in Midwestern US on ‘Toronto’ creeping bentgrass in
1970’s caused by Xanthomonas transluscens
71. History of Bacterial Wilt
• severe epidemic in Midwestern US on ‘Toronto’ creeping bentgrass in
1970’s caused by Xanthomonas transluscens
• X. transluscens continues to be an occasional problem on Poa annua
greens in the northern US
72. History of Bacterial Wilt
• severe epidemic in Midwestern US on ‘Toronto’ creeping bentgrass in
1970’s caused by Xanthomonas transluscens
• X. transluscens continues to be an occasional problem on Poa annua
greens in the northern US
• efforts to develop this into a bioherbicide failed due to lack of efficacy
in absence of severe stress
73. History of Bacterial Wilt
• severe epidemic in Midwestern US on ‘Toronto’ creeping bentgrass in
1970’s caused by Xanthomonas transluscens
• X. transluscens continues to be an occasional problem on Poa annua
greens in the northern US
• efforts to develop this into a bioherbicide failed due to lack of efficacy
in absence of severe stress
• 2009 - report of a bacterial disease of creeping bentgrass caused by
Acidovorax spp. in Charlotte, NC
75. Bacterial Fright Timeline
June 2009 - samples from Quail Hollow Country Club submitted to
Michigan State University for disease diagnosis
76. Bacterial Fright Timeline
June 2009 - samples from Quail Hollow Country Club submitted to
Michigan State University for disease diagnosis
October 1, 2009 - Michigan State reported to Quail Hollow that the
problem was a bacterial disease caused by a species of Acidovorax
77. Bacterial Fright Timeline
June 2009 - samples from Quail Hollow Country Club submitted to
Michigan State University for disease diagnosis
October 1, 2009 - Michigan State reported to Quail Hollow that the
problem was a bacterial disease caused by a species of Acidovorax
October 2, 2009 - attempted to contact Dr. Vargas for information
78. Bacterial Fright Timeline
June 2009 - samples from Quail Hollow Country Club submitted to
Michigan State University for disease diagnosis
October 1, 2009 - Michigan State reported to Quail Hollow that the
problem was a bacterial disease caused by a species of Acidovorax
October 2, 2009 - attempted to contact Dr. Vargas for information
May 19, 2010 - received response from Paul Giordano:
80. Communication from MSU on May 19, 2010
....we believe the bacterium is the causal organism, or at least partially
responsible for the issue....
81. Communication from MSU on May 19, 2010
....we believe the bacterium is the causal organism, or at least partially
responsible for the issue....
....we are still in the beginning stages of investigating this problem, and
would like to have sound scientific evidence supporting our
conclusions before giving any concrete answers....
82. Communication from MSU on May 19, 2010
....we believe the bacterium is the causal organism, or at least partially
responsible for the issue....
....we are still in the beginning stages of investigating this problem, and
would like to have sound scientific evidence supporting our
conclusions before giving any concrete answers....
....we would like to initiate some collaborative research with your lab
aimed at positive identification of the problem....
83. Plant Disease Note,
Published July 2009
• ...a golf course putting green
sample...
• ...symptoms of general wilt, decline,
and characteristic necrosis...
• ...bacterial streaming was present in
all of the infected tissue...
• ...3 different bacteria were isolated...
• ...one resulted in slight browning of
leaf tips just 2 days after inoculation...
84. Plant Disease Note,
Published July 2009
• ...when leaf tips of the inoculated
plants were cut, bacterial streaming
was observed...
• ...DNA sequencing results indicated
that the causal agent was a member
of the Acidovorax genus...
• ...this is the first report of a bacterial
disease affecting creeping bentgrass
caused by Acidovorax spp. in the US.
95. Which bacteria
did they see? Is it a
pathogen?
The diagnostic
lab saw some bacteria
in our samples.
96. Which bacteria
did they see? Is it a
pathogen?
The diagnostic
lab saw some bacteria
They didn’t say, but in our samples.
clearly we have a huge bacteria
problem here.
102. Management of Bacterial Diseases in Turf
ALLEVIATE STRESS!
• raise mowing heights
• reduce mowing frequency
• mow in evening or when turf is dry
• avoid abrasive practices such as aerification or topdressing
• LIGHT and FREQUENT applications of complete foliar fertilizers
• irrigate in morning to prepare for heat of day, ensure that foliage
dries in between syringe cycles
104. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
105. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
• oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
106. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
• oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
• hydrogen dioxide (Zerotol, Redox, etc)
107. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
• oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
• hydrogen dioxide (Zerotol, Redox, etc)
• n-Alkyl ammonium chloride (Consan 20, Greenshield, SA-20)
108. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
• oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
• hydrogen dioxide (Zerotol, Redox, etc)
• n-Alkyl ammonium chloride (Consan 20, Greenshield, SA-20)
• copper (Junction, Camelot, Copper-Count-N)
109. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
• oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
• hydrogen dioxide (Zerotol, Redox, etc)
• n-Alkyl ammonium chloride (Consan 20, Greenshield, SA-20)
• copper (Junction, Camelot, Copper-Count-N)
• fosetyl-Al (Signature, Autograph, Fosetyl-Al, Prodigy)
110. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
• oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
• hydrogen dioxide (Zerotol, Redox, etc)
• n-Alkyl ammonium chloride (Consan 20, Greenshield, SA-20)
• copper (Junction, Camelot, Copper-Count-N)
• fosetyl-Al (Signature, Autograph, Fosetyl-Al, Prodigy)
• acibenzolar (component of Daconil Action)
111. What are the chemical control options?
• streptomycin sulfate (Agrimycin 17, FireWall)
• oxytetracycline (Mycoshield, FireLine)
• hydrogen dioxide (Zerotol, Redox, etc)
• n-Alkyl ammonium chloride (Consan 20, Greenshield, SA-20)
• copper (Junction, Camelot, Copper-Count-N)
• fosetyl-Al (Signature, Autograph, Fosetyl-Al, Prodigy)
• acibenzolar (component of Daconil Action)
• fluazinam (experimental)
113. G-2, Charlotte NC
Signature (8 oz)
Dac Action (3.6 oz)
Mycoshield (3.7 oz)
Ningnanamycin (1 oz)
Untreated
0 3 6 9
Disease Severity (0 to 9)
June 13 June 20 June 27 July 5
114. G-2, Charlotte NC
Mycoshield (10 lbs/A) Agrimycin (10 lbs/A)
Kasumin (1.5 fl oz/M) Untreated
6
a
ab
Disease Severity (0 to 9)
4.5
a
ab ab
3 ab b
b
1.5
a
a a
a
0
June 27 July 5 July 18
Treatments applied June 27, July 5, and July 12