1) Europeans began to develop strong national identities in the 1800s, seeing themselves as part of unique nations rather than just regions. 2) Nationalism increased competition between countries and states promoted nationalism to gain citizens' loyalty. 3) The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to other countries, transforming economies from agricultural to factory-based production and spurring rapid urbanization and population growth.

1. Nationalism and
Industrialization
Europe moves ahead faster; the -isms begin

2. National identity
• Europeans begin to think of themselves as
nations of people
• People used to think of themselves in terms of
families, clans cities, regions and religious faith.
• Start to identify as people born into a
unique community, with a common
language, custom, values and history = a
nation

3. Nationalism
• With this identity, competition comes.
• My nation is better than yours.
• Loyalty stressed
• Leaders (the state) play on this, and
incorporate the government into the
national identity.
• The nation-state is the best protector of
the people.

4. Cultural and Political
• Cultural accomplishments stressed: Jakob
and Wilhelm Grimm collect German
stories as expressions of German Volk
(“people”)
• Cultural activities stress uniqueness and
historical scholarship

5. Political nationalism
• Italy sees the formation of Young Italy, to
promote independence from Spain and
Austria
• A sense of “other” is bad emerges
• Anti-Semitism rises, as does Jewish
nationalism
• Theodor Herzl organizes the first Zionist
Congress to establish a home for the
Jewish people in Palestine

6. Napoleon helps
• The French were psyched with their
revolution.
• Austrians, Russians, Spanish, Dutch, British
and Prussian identity solidifies in response
to Napoleon’s threat
• Congress of Vienna meets to try to re-
establish order after Napoleon is defeated
• Klemens von Metternich is the architect; he tries
to suppress nationalism--fail, so he embraces it

7. Modern Europe
• Revolutions in Belgium, Italy, Poland, Spain,
Portugal, German Principalities, Prussia.
• Italy is unified removing Spain guided by Camilo
Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Germany, guided by Otto von Bismark,
deliberately provokes wars and wins.
• “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority
votes...but by blood and iron.”
• 1871 the Second Reich is proclaimed (HRE
is First Reich) under Kaiser Wilhelm I

8. Industrial Revolution
Now that the political realm is in order, welcome to
the biggest thing since agriculture

9. http://youtu.be/zhL5DCizj5
Crash Course video on Industrialization

10. Industrialization
• A process that transformed agrarian and
hand-crafted economies into machine
driven, factory based forms of production
• Technology takes a leap, energy forms
advance, labor systems change, economics
evolves, people migrate

11. It coulda happened
• Yangzi Delta in China
• Japan
• Great Britain
• All have: High Agricultural production, high
population density, navigable rivers, cities,
banking.
• Britain has ready access to coal and that
makes the difference

12. Coal, colonies & Calico
• Britain is running short of wood, so it turns
to coal
• colonies provide ready access to raw
materials
• Cotton kicks it off. Demand for calicoes--
cheap, brightly printed cotton textiles from
India.
• so spinning & weaving has to speed up

13. QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The Spinning Mule

14. • A child can work it
• It produces up to 15 times as much cloth as
the fastest hand weaver per day
• First powered by water wheel, then by
steam powered engine built by James Watt

15. Innovation takes off
• New forms of iron and steel
• Steam engines attached to everything that
moves--ships, railroads especially
• Britain has a lock on this--does it faster
than any other country

16. The Factory
• People made stuff in the home to avoid
guild restrictions (called the “putting out
system”)
• But the new machines are too big for the
home, so buildings are built to house them.
• Larger machines incorporate more of the
process; production is centralized in one
place

17. The Factory Continued
• labor is divided into stages--workers
perform a single task over and over again
• strict work discipline and high standards of
production enforced
• emergence of owner class, workers,
artisans begin to die off.
• work becomes repetitious and boring, 14-
16 hours a day 6 days a week, men women
and children involved.

18. Industrialization spreads
• Britain tries to keep all this secret; no
chance
• Spreads to Germany, France, Belgium and
the US
• Smuggling, theft, and espionage
• Germany goes slowest, but comes on
strong, Bismark sees power and goes for it

19. IndustrIES
• Textiles go first, then Coal, Iron, Steel, Glass
production
• Then more refined goods: weapons, shoes,
tools, clocks
• Transportation becomes needed: trains,
track, engine parts = Assembly Line
• Hello Eli Whitney and Henry Ford

20. Interchangeable parts
• Benefits: Anyone can assemble it
• parts are cheaper to make
• Repairs are cheaper
• Assembly is faster
• Assembly line needs a larger space
• Prices plummet, yet profits soar

21. Enter the corporation
• Britain and France lay legal foundation for
Corporations to form
• a private business owned by many many
individual investors who finance the
business by purchasing stocks.
• When business is good, investors get
dividends-shares of the profits. If it goes
under, the individual is protected through
bankruptcy.

22. Demographics
• Population soars
• 1700-1800
• Europe: 105 million to 180 million;
Americas 13 million to 24 million
• 1800-1900
• Europe: 180 million to 390 million; US
alone 6 million to 76 million

23. Demographic Transition
• In the short run, industrialization leads to
longer life spans, so population jumps
• But fertility rates begin to drop
• voluntary birth control available
• non-agrarian = less need for children
• population begins to stabilize

24. Demographics:
migration
• People move to urban areas for work
• 1800s: 1/5 of people live in towns and
cities of fewer than 10,000 people
• 1900s: 3/4 of people live in cities
• London at 6.5 million in 1900--largest city
in the world; NY had 4.2 million
• infrastructure not designed for this

25. Migration
• People also migrate trans-continentally
• first time since original migration
• Americas are the prime destination
• Most don’t intend to stay but do
• British 1st wave, then Germans,
Scandinavians, Irish next, Eastern and
Southern Europe third, Russian Jews 4th

26. and the monopoly
• corporations act to take full control of
industry, outperform and smother
competitors
• Some work vertically to control all parts of
production and distribution.
• Some work horizontally to consolidate all
independent companies under one
leadership.
• owners make $$, govt. largely ignores this