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DOTNET Framework Difference FAQs-1.pdf
HTML-XML Difference Faqs.pdf
ASP.NET Difference FAQs.pdf
Design Patterns Difference FAQs.pdf
Dotnet Programming Concepts Difference FAQs.pdf
LINQ Difference FAQs.pdf
OOPs Difference FAQs.pdf
Sql Server Difference FAQs.pdf
WCF Difference FAQs.pdf
ADO.NET Difference FAQs-1.pdf
Comparative Chart of ASP.Net 2.0,3.0 and 3.5 Features.pdf
Difference Between ASP.Net 2.0 and ASP.Net 3.5.pdf
1) What is the difference between CCW and RCW?

   S.No   CCW                                    RCW
   1      COM to .NET communication              .NET to COM Communication happens
          happens through COM Callable           through Runtime Callable Wrapper
          Wrapper


2) What are the differences between Dll and Exe?

   S.No   Dll                                    Exe
   1      Objects of Dlls can be created         Objects of Exe cannot be created
   2      Dll is In-Process                      Exe is Out-Process
   3      It cannot be started as a standalone   It can be started as a standalone


3) What are the differences between Managed Code and Unmanaged Code?

   S.No   Managed Code                           Unmanaged Code
   1      It is executed under CLR               It is not executed under CLR
   2      It compiles to intermediate language   It compiles directly to machine code
   3      It provides services like security,    It does not provide security, exception
          exception handling, garbage            handling, garbage collection etc
          collection etc
   4      It can access both managed and         It can access only unmanaged code
          unmanaged code
1) What are differences between XML and HTML?

   S.No   XML                                       HTML
   1      XML provides user definable tags          HTML provides defined set of tags
                                                    designed for web display
   2      XML is content driven                     HTML is format driven
   3      End tags are essential in a well          End tags are not always
          formed XML document. In a well            required.<HTML> tag needs an
          formed document, elements can be          equivalent </HTML> tag but <br> tag
          defined as single tag or a pair of tags   does not require </br> tag
          like <student/> or the <student>…
          </student> pair
   4      Quotes required around attribute          Quotes are not required for the values
          values                                    of attributes
   5      Slash required in empty tags              Slash not required
   6      XML is used for describing data           HTML is used for designing pages
ASP.NET Difference FAQs-1.pdf
ASP.NET Difference FAQs-2.pdf
1) What are the differences between Inline code and Code Behind Code?
   S.No Inline code                         Code Behind Code
   1    Its within .aspx file               Its in a external class file
   2    Dynamically compiled                Compiled prior to deployment and
                                            linked with .aspx file

2) What are the differences between Global.asax and Web.Config?
   S.No global.asax                        web.config
   1    It is a class file                 It is an XML file
   2    There can be only one for an       There can be many if under different
        application                        sub-folders
   3    Can have Application and Session Cannot have Application and Session
        events                             events
   4    Need to be recompiled when         No need to compile when changes are
        changes are made                   made

3) What are the Differences between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?
   S.No Server.Transfer                   Response.Redirect
   1    The navigation happens on the     The navigation happens on the client-
        server-side ,so client history is side ,so client history is updated
        not updated
   2    Data can be persist across the    Context.Items loses the persistence
        pages using Context.Item
        collection
   3    No Round-trips                    Makes a Round-trip
   4    Has Good encapsulation            No

4) What is the difference between a custom control and a user control?
   S.No User Control                        Custom Control
   1     Is a file with the .ascx extension Is a file with the .dll extension
   2     Can be only used with the          Can be used in any number of
         application                        applications
   3     Language dependent                 They are language independent, a
                                            control
                                            created in c# can be used in vb.net
   4     Cannot be added to Visual studio Can be added to Visual studio Toolbox
         Toolbox
   5     Inherits from Server controls and We have to develop from scratch ,
         easy to create                     so comparatively
                                            difficult
   6     Generally used for static content  Used when dynamic content is
                                            required

5) What is the difference between Caching and Application?
   S.No Caching                             Application
   1     Cache have expire policy           Application does not have expire
                                            policy
   2     Cache does not require explicit    Application require explicit locking
         locking
   3     Cache has the Property of timeout, Application variables exist as long as
which allows us to control the         the application is alive
         duration of the Objects so cached
   4     Output can be cached in 4 ways,        Application does not have options as
               Page Output Caching             like Cache object
               Page Partial Caching
               DataSource Caching
               Data Caching
   5     It is accessible to page level to all  It is accessible to both page level and
         the users                              application level to all the users
6) What is the difference between web farm and web garden?
   S.No Web farm                               Web garden
   1     A web application running on          A web application running on a single
         multiple servers is called a web      server that has multiple CPUs is
         farm                                  called a web garden

7) What is the difference between Application and Session Events?
  S.No Application Event                     Session Event
  1      Application events are used to      Session events are used to initialize
         initialize objects and data that we data that we want to keep throughout
         do want to make available to all    individual sessions, but that we do not
         the current sessions of our web     want to share between sessions
         application

8) What is the difference between Session Cookies and Persistent Cookies?
   S.No Session Cookies                    Persistent Cookies
   1     Session Cookies do not have       Persistent Cookies have an expiration
         expiration date                   date. The expiration date indicates to
                                           the browser that it should write the
                                           cookie to the client’s hard drive

9) What are the differences between Server Controls and HTML Controls?
   S.No Server Controls                      HTML Controls
   1     Server Controls can trigger         HTML Controls can trigger only
         control-specific events on the      page-level events on server (postback)
         server
   2     Data entered in a server control is Data is not maintained in an HTML
         maintained across requests. Server control. Data must be saved and
         controls retain state               restored using page-level scripts
   3     The Microsoft .NET Framework        HTML controls have HTML attributes
         provides a set of properties for    only
         each server control. Properties
         allows us to change the server
         control’s appearance and behavior
         within server-side code
   4     Server controls automatically       We must detect browser in code or
         detect browser and adapt display write for least common denominator
         as appropriate
10) What are the differences between ViewState and Hidden fields?
   S.No ViewState                            Hidden fields
   1     This is used for pages that will    This is used for pages that will
         postback to itself                  postback to itself or to another page
2      This is built in structure for        This is not an inbuilt structure
          maintaining state of a page
   3      Security is more as data is hashed,   Security is less when compared to
          compressed and encoded                ViewState

11) What is the difference between SQL Cache Notification and SQL Cache Invalidation?
   S.No SQL Cache Notification             SQL Cache Invalidation
   1      Using SQL Cache Notification,    Using SQL Cache Invalidation, we
          we can generate notifications    can make a cached item invalid that
          when the data of a database on   depends on the data stored in a SQL
          which a cached item depends      server database, when the data in the
          changes                          SQL server database is changed

12) What is the difference between absolute time expiration and sliding time expiration?
   S.No Absolute time expiration             Sliding time expiration
   1      In absolute time expiration, a     In sliding time expiration, the time for
          cached item expires after the      which the item is cached is each time
          expiration time specifies for it,  incremented by its expiration time if it
          irrespective of how often it is    is accessed before completion of its
          accessed                           expiration time

13) What is the difference between adding items into cache through Add() method and
    Insert() method?
   S.No Cache.Add()                           Cache.Insert()
   1       Cache.Add() method also returns Cache.Insert() method adds only the
           an object representing the item we item in the cache
           have added in the cache ,besides
           adding the item in the cache
   2       It is not possible to replace an   We can replace an existing item in the
           existing item in the cache using   cache using the Cache.Insert() method
           the Cache.Add() method

14) What is the difference between page-level caching and fragment caching?
   S.No Page-level caching                   Fragment caching
   1      In Page-level caching, we cache    In Fragment caching, we cache parts
          a whole page                       of the web page such as a user control
                                             added to the web page

15) What is the difference between Label control and Literal control?
   S.No Label control                       Literal control
   1      Final HTML code of a Label        Final HTML code of a Literal control
          control has an HTML tag           contains only text, which is not
                                            surrounded by any HTML tag

16) What is the difference between HyperLink control and LinkButton control?
    S.No HyperLink control                 LinkButton control
    1     A HyperLink control do not have A LinkButton control have Click and
          Click and Command events         Command events, which can be
                                           handled in the code behind file of the
                                           web page
17) What is the difference between an HtmlInputCheckBox control and an
    HtmlInputRadioButton control?
   S.No HtmlInputCheckBox control          HtmlInputRadioButton control
   1      We can select more than one      We can select only a single
          HtmlInputCheckBox control from HtmlInputRadioButton control from a
          a group of HtmlInputCheckBox     group of HtmlInputRadioButton
          controls                         controls

18) How a content page differs from a master page?
   S.No Content page                        Master page
   1     A content page does not have       A master page has complete HTML
         complete HTML source code          source code inside its source file

19) How will you differentiate a submaster page from a top-level master page?
   S.No Submaster page                      Top-level master page
   1     Like a content page, a submaster   Top-level master page has complete
         page also does not have complete HTML source code inside its source
         HTML source code                   file

20) What is the difference between a page theme control and a global theme?
    S.No Page theme                           Global theme
    1     A page theme is stored inside a     A global theme is stored inside the
          subfolder of the App_Themes         Themes folder on a web server
          folder of a web application
    2     It can be applied to individual web It can be applied to all the web sites
          pages of the web application        on the web server

21) What is the difference between a default skin and a named skin?
   S.No Default skin                          Named skin
   1      A default skin does not have a      A named skin has a SkinId attribute
          SkinId attribute
   2      It is automatically applied to all  It is applied to a control explicitly by
          the controls of the same type       setting the SkinId property of the
          present on a web page               control from the Properties window

22) Differentiate Globalization and Localization
   S.No Globalization                          Localization
   1       Globalization is the process of     Localization is the process of
           identifying the specific portion of configuring a web application to be
           a web application that needs to be supported for a specific language or
           different for different languages   locale
           and isolating that portion from the
           core of the web application

23) What are the differences between web.config and machine.config?
   S.No web.config                         machine.config
   1     This is automatically created     This is automatically installed when
         when we create an ASP.Net web     we install Visual Studio. Net
         application project
   2     This is also called application   This is also called machine level
         level configuration file          configuration file
3   We can have more than one             Only one machine.config file exists
    web.config file                       on a server
4   This file inherits setting from the   This file is at the highest level in the
    machine.config                        configuration hierarchy
Difference between Web site and Web application

  S.No     Web site                                 Web application
  1        Can mix vb and c# page in single         We can't include c# and vb page in single
           website.                                 web application.
  2        Can not establish dependencies.          We can set up dependencies between
                                                    multiple projects.
  3        Edit individual files after              Can not edit individual files after
           deployment.                              deployment without recompiling.
  4        Right choice when one developer          Right choice for enterprise environments
           will responsible for creating and        where multiple developers work unitedly for
           managing entire website.                 creating,testing and deployment.
           i.e.,In web site development,            i.e.,In Web application, different different
           decoupling is not possible.              groups work on various components
                                                    independently like one group work on
                                                    domain layer, other work on UI layer.
  5        Web site is easier to create than Web    Web application is more difficult to create
           application                              than a Web site

Difference between Local storage and cookies

  S.No     Local storage                            Cookies
  1        Good to store large amount of data,      Good for small amount of data, up to 4KB
           up to 4MB
  2        Easy to work with the JavaScript         Difficult to work with JavaScript
  3        Local storage data is not sent to the    All data is transferred to and from server, so
           server on every request (HTTP            bandwidth is consumed on every request
           header) as it is purely at the client
           side
  4        No way to specify the time out           Can specify timeout period so that cookies
           period as the Cookies have               data are removed from browser

Difference between Session and Cache

 S.No      Session                                 Cache

 1         Ssession retains state per user         Cache is used for retaining state for
                                                   application scoped items.
 2         Items put into a session will stay      Items in the cache can expire (will be
           there, until the session ends           removed from cache) after a specified
                                                   amount of time. And also there is no guaranty
                                                   that objects will not be removed before their
                                                   expiration times as ASP.NET remove items
                                                   from cache when the amount of available
                                                   memory gets small. This process is called as
                                                   Scavenging.
 3         The session state can be kept external This is not the case with the cache.
           (state server, SQL server) and shared
           between several instances of our web
           app (for load balancing).
Difference between Datalist and Repeater

 S.No      Datalist                                Repeater

 1         Datalist supports multiple columns      Repeater doesn't support multiple columns
           displaying and using repeat columns     display,no repeat columns property
           property
 2         Datalist supports styles for formating Repeater does not provide styles
           templates data[headerstyle,...]
 3         Datalist rendering output[html          Repeater performanace is better than Datalist
           content]will be slow compare with
           repeater.

Summary:
If the requirement can achieve using repeater and datalist,choose repeater for better performance
1. Difference between Factory Pattern and Abstract Factory Pattern

 S.No    Factory Pattern                            Abstract Factory Pattern
 1       Create object through inheritance          Create object through composition
 2       Produce only one product                   Produce families of products
 3       Implements code in the abstract creator    Concrete factories implements factory
         that make use of the concrete type that    method to create product
         sub class produces

2.Difference between Abstract Factory Pattern And Builder Pattern

 S.No    Builder Pattern                            Abstract Factory Pattern
 1       In Builder Pattern, there will be one      Abstract Factory Pattern will return the
         Director class which will instruct Builder instance directly.
         class to build the different
         parts/properties of our object and finally
         retrieve the object.
 2       It will have reference to the created      It does not keep the track of it's created
         object.                                    object.

3.Difference between Builder Pattern And Composite Pattern

 S.No    Builder Pattern                            Composite Pattern
 1       It is used to create group of objects of   It creates Parent - Child relations between
         predefined types.                          our objects.

4.Difference between MVC and MVP


 S.No    MVP                                        MVC
 1       MVP is a bit more complex to               MVC is easier to implement than MVP.
         implement than MVC .Also, it has
         additional layer for view interfaces.
 2       The request is always received by the      The request is received by the controller
         View and delegated to the presenter        which in turn gets the required data and
         which in turn gets the data does the       loads up the appropriate view
         processing
 3       The presentation and view logic an be      The controller logic can be unit tested.
         unit tested as the view is loosely         Note: We can unit test view if we are using
         coupled.                                   Razor view engine. ASPX viewengine are
                                                    not that easily unit testable
 4       MVP is best suitable for Windows           MVC is best suitable for Web Programming.
         Programming as the flow naturally tend
         towards this pattern.
5.Difference between Proxy Pattern and Observer Pattern

 S.No     Proxy Pattern                                 Observer Pattern
 1        The Proxy Pattern is used for wrapping a The Observer Pattern is used by a publisher
          kind of special object with 1 or more    object to notify subscriber objects with
          other objects.                           information.
 2        Either because we don't always have the       The publisher object does not know the
          wrapped object or because it needs to be      subscribing objects - except that the
          managed in a certain way that can be          conform to a certain subscriber interface.
          simplified via the proxy object(s). This is   This is a very flexible pattern for
          kind of a way to exchange the API of an       distributing events, since those that wants to
          existing class with a proxy class. We are     listen on certain object has the power to do
          not just talking events here, but whatever    so without changing the code of the
          kind of functionality to define via the       publishing object.
          proxy object instead of the real object.

6. Difference between Singleton Pattern and a static class

 S.No     Singleton Pattern                             static class
 1        Singleton pattern maintains single            We cannot create instance for static class.
          instance.
 2        A singleton can extend classes and            A static class cannot .
          implement interfaces.                         Note: It can extend classes, but it does not
                                                        inherit their instance members.
 3        A singleton can be initialized lazily or      A static class is generally initialized when it
          asynchronously.                               is first loaded, leading to potential class
                                                        loader issues.
 4        Singletons can be handled                     static class cannot be handled
          polymorphically without forcing their         polymorphically.
          users to assume that there is only one
          instance.
 5        Singleton Class can have value when      Static are always just shared and have no
          Class object instantiated between server instance but multiple references.
          and client, such a way if three client
          want to have a shared data between them
          Singleton can be used.Thats why
          singleton class can be used for state
          mangement in stateless scenarios like
          shopping cart scenario.
 6        We can pass singleton object as               We cannot pass parameter in static class
          parameter
 7        Singleton provides flexibility and also       Static classes once defined could not
          provides sort of a mechanism to control       accomodate any future design changes as by
          object creation based on various              design static classes are rigid and cannot be
          requirements. They can be extended as         extended.
          well if need arises. In other words we
          are not always tied to a particular
          implementation. With Singleton we
have the flexibility to make changes as
         when situation demands.

7.Difference between Strategy and Inversion of Control (IOC)


 S.No    Strategy Pattern                          Inversion of Control (IOC) Pattern
 1       The strategy pattern is useful when we    Inversion of Control/Dependency Injection
         want classes to depend on the interface   (IoC/DI) comes into play when we want the
         rather than the implementation.And we     concrete strategy implementation injected
         can easily swap out behavior depending    into a class. For example, we could use the
         on which concrete implementation we       DI Framework Ninject and configure it so
         provide.                                  that it will know which concrete strategy
                                                   implementation to inject into a class in
                                                   specific scenarios.

                                                   Note: Strategy is just one of the ways that
                                                   IOC is implemented

8.DIfference between IDictionary and Dictionary


 S.No    IDictionary                               Dictionary
 1       IDictionary is just a contract, abstraction Dictionary is concrete implementation.
 2       It is recommended for example to expect Argument or Property is not required for
         as argument an IDictionary rather than   Dictionary.
         concrete Dictionary, or to expose
         property of IDictionary rather than
         Dictionary, because this promotes loose
         coupling. Than we are able to change
         underlying objects in the future without
         affecting those who use your object.

9.Difference between Factory Pattern and Dependency Injection


 S.No    Factory Pattern                           Dependency Injection(DI)
 1        Factory is used to create objects        DI is used to move the responsibility of
                                                   creating an object outside the main code.
 2                                                 Some of the well known framework
                                                   available for DI are

                                                   1.   Unity Application Block (Microsoft)
                                                   2.   Ninject
                                                   3.   StructureMap
                                                   4.   Castle Windsor
                                                   5.   Munq/Funq
                                                   6.   Autofac
10.Difference between String.Clone() and String.Copy() method

 S.No    String.Clone()                                String.Copy()
 1       Returns a reference to this instance of       Creates a new instance of String with the
         String.                                       same value as a specified String.

         i.e., it gives pointer value(ie Current       i.e., it creates an instance in Heap Memory
         memory Reference)                             and gives pointer value(ie New Memory
                                                       Reference)

11.Difference between Strategy Pattern and Factory Pattern

 S.No    Strategy Pattern                              Factory Pattern
 1       Strategy's sole intent to is to provide a Factory's sole purpose is to create objects .
         mechanism to select different algorithm.

 2       We cannot use "strategy" to create            We can use "factory" to create objects of
         objects of "factory".                         "strategy".

12.Difference between Proxy and Adaptor

 S.No    Proxy Pattern                                 Adaptor Pattern
 1       Proxy on the other hand represents a          Adapter is used to adapt to incompatible
         standin object for the real object. This is   interfaces. It's more directed from the client
         required when the real object is complex      (those who consume the object) perspective.
         to create, is not available, or for           A client expects an interface to be of
         authentication purpose. For e.g. web          particular type and adapter plays a role in
         service proxy, proxy authentication           filling that gap.
         server etc.
                                                       It's more from making it easier for the client
         Proxy can be categorized into                 to adapt to other third party libraries within
                                                       there own by adapting to it.
         Virtual Proxy
         Remote Proxy
         Protection Proxy

13.Difference between Decorator and Visitor

 S.No    Decorator Pattern                             Visitor Pattern
 1       Decorator may have just a single object       Visitor has a tree of objects to be worked
         to customize.                                 upon.
 2       Decorator does not require a traverser        Visitor requires a traverser for successful
         for successful implementation.                implementation.
 3       Decorator pattern is a structural pattern     Visitor pattern is Behavioral pattern that
         that help us to add new function to an        seperate the data structure from the
         object in the run time , note that in the     operation (functionality ) that work on it ,
         run time not design time .                    this mean we can add different operation on
                                                       the same data structure
Dotnet difference questions & answers Compiled-1
Dotnet Programming Concepts Difference FAQs-1.pdf
Dotnet Programming Concepts Difference FAQs-2.pdf
Difference between hash table and arraylist

 S.No    Arraylist                                     Hash table
 1       Array List is a List                          Hash Table is a map
 2       Here, we can only add items to the list       Here, we can add data with the key
 3       Retrieving data using Arraylist is slower     Retrieving by key in Hashtable is faster than
         than Hashtable because If we want to          retrieving in Arraylist because If we want to
         find something in a arraylist we have to      find something in a hashtable we dont have
         go through each value in arraylist.           to go through each value in hashtable,
                                                       instead search for key values and is faster.

Difference between Hash Table and Arrays

 Hash Table                                          Array
 Hash table stores data as name,value pair.          Array stores only value
 To access value from hash table, we need to         In array, to access value , we need to pass
 pass name.                                          index number.

 We can store different type of data in hash         In array ,we can store only similar
 table, say int,string etc.                          type of data.

Difference between Dictionary and Hashtable

 Dictionary                                          Hashtable
 Dictionary is a generic type                        Hashtable is not generic type.
 In Dictionary we need to specify the types of     Hashtable is a collection of name/value pairs
 both the key and the corresponding value.The that are organised on the basis of hash code of
 value represents the actual object stored and the the key being specified.
 key represents a means to identify a particular
 object.
 In Dictionary public static members are type        Hashtable is thread safe for use by multiple
 safe but any instance members are not type          reader threads and a single writing thread.
 safe.
 We cannot use Dictionary with Web Services     We can use Hashtable withWeb Services
 The reason is no web service standard supports
 generic standard.
 Dictionary is aster than Hashtable because          It is slower than dictionary because to retrieve
 boxing is not required.                             a value we must cast it as its actual type,
                                                     because it will be returned via object reference.
Difference between array and stack
 Array                                           Stack
 An array can be multi-dimensional               Stack is strictly one-dimensional
 An array allows direct access to any of its     With a stack, only the 'top' element is directly
 elements                                        accessible; to access other elements of a stack,
                                                 we must go through them in order, until we
                                                 get to the one we want


Difference between Stack and Heap


 Stack                                           Heap
 Memory will be allocated at the compile time.   Memory will be allocated at the run time.
 Here the memory is allocated by the compiler.   Here the memory is allocated by the user.
 Memory will be allocated only in sequential     Memory will be allocated in sequential
 locations.                                      locations and non- sequential locations.
 The memory will also be deleted by the          The memory must be deleted explicitly by the
 compiler.                                       user.
 There is lot of chance of memory wastage.       There is no chance of memory wastage if the
                                                 memory is handled perfectly.


Difference between Array and ArrayList


 Array                                           ArrayList
 They are fixed length.                          They are resizable and variable length
 They are compiled strong type collection.       They are flexible and can accommodate any
                                                 data types.
 Because arrays are of fixed size and strong     In arraylist lots of boxing and unboxing are
 type collection performance is faster.          done there for its performance is slower.

 Array is in the System namespace                ArrayList is in the System.Collections
                                                 namespace.
 Ex:Char[] vowel=new Char[];                     Ex:ArrayList a_list=new ArrayList();
1.Difference between for and foreach loop

 S.No     For loop                                   Foreach loop
 1        In case of for the variable of the loop is In case of Foreach the variable of the loop
          always be int only.                        while be same as the type of values under the
                                                     array.
 2        The For loop executes the statement or     The Foreach statement repeats a group of
          block of statements repeatedly until       embedded statements for each element in an
          specified expression evaluates to false.   array or an object collection.
 3        There is need to specify the loop          We do not need to specify the loop bounds
          bounds(Minimum, Maximum).                  minimum or maximum.
 4        example:                                   example:
          using sytem;                               using sytem;
           class class1                               class class1
            {                                         {
               static void Main()                         static void Main()
                {                                          {
                   int j=0;                                   int j=0;
                   for(int i=0; i<=10;i++)                    int[] arr=new int[]
                    {                                {0,3,5,2,55,34,643,42,23};
                       j=j+1;                                 foreach(int i in arr)
                     }                                         {
                      Console.ReadLine();                         j=j+1;
                  }                                             }
               }                                                Console.ReadLine();
                                                             }
                                                        }

2. Difference between Covariance and Contravariance

 S.No     Covariance                                 Contravariance
 1        Converting from a broader type to a        Converting from a more specific type to a
          specific type is called co-variance.If B   broader type is called contra-variance. If B is
          is derived from A and B relates to A,      derived from A and B relates to A, then we
          then we can assign A to B. Like A=B.       can assign B to A. Like B= A. This is
          This is Covariance.                        Contravariance.
 2        Co-variance is guaranteed to work         Contra-variance on the other hand is not
          without any loss of information during guaranteed to work without loss of data. As
          conversion. So, most languages also       such an explicit cast is required.
          provide facility for implicit conversion.
                                                    e.g. Converting from cat or dog to animal is
          e.g. Assuming dog and cat inherits from called contra-variance, because not all
          animal, when you convert from animal features (properties/methods) of cat or dog is
          type to dog or cat, it is called co-      present in animal.
          variance.


 3        Example:
class Fruit { }

    class Mango : Fruit { }

    class Program

    {

    delegate T Func<out T>();

    delegate void Action<in T>(T a);

    static void Main(string[] args)

        {

        // Covariance

        Func<Mango> mango = () => new Mango();

        Func<Fruit> fruit = mango;

        // Contravariance

        Action<Fruit> fr = (frt) =>

        { Console.WriteLine(frt); };

        Action<Mango> man = fr;

        }

    }
4   Note:

    1. Co-variance and contra-variance is possible only with reference types; value types
    are invariant.

    2. In .NET 4.0, the support for co-variance and contra-variance has been extended to
    generic types. No now we can apply co-variance and contra-variance to Lists etc. (e.g.
    IEnumerable etc.) that implement a common interface. This was not possible with
    .NET versions 3.5 and earlier.
3.Difference between IList and IEnumerable


 S.No    IList                                      IEnumerable
 1       IList is used to access an element in a    IEnumerable is a forward only collection, it
         specific position/index in a list.         can not move backward and between the
                                                    items.
 2       IList is useful when we want to Add or     IEnumerable does not support add or remove
         remove items from the list.                items from the list.
 3       IList can find out the no of elements in   Using IEnumerable we can find out the no of
         the collection without iterating the       elements in the collection after iterating the
         collection.                                collection.
 4       IList does not support filtering.          IEnumerable supports filtering.

4.Difference between IEnumerable and IQueryable


 S.No    IEnumerable                                IQueryable
 1       IEnumerable exists in                      IQueryable exists in System.Linq
         System.Collections Namespace.              Namespace.
 2       IEnumerable is best to query data from     IQueryable is best to query data from out-
         in-memory collections like List, Array     memory (like remote database, service)
         etc.                                       collections.
 3       While query data from database,            While query data from database,
         IEnumerable execute select query on        IEnumerable execute select query on server
         server side, load data in-memory on        side with all filters.
         client side and then filter data.
 4       IEnumerable is suitable for LINQ to         IQueryable is suitable for LINQ to SQL
         Object and LINQ to XML queries.            queries.
 5       IEnumerable does not supports custom       IQueryable supports custom query using
         query.                                     CreateQuery and Execute methods.
 6       IEnumerable does not support lazy          IQueryable support lazy loading. Hence it is
         loading. Hence not suitable for paging     suitable for paging like scenarios.
         like scenarios.
 7       Extension methods supports by              Extension methods supports by IEnumerable
         IEnumerable takes functional objects.      takes expression objects means expression
                                                    tree.
 8       IEnumerable Example

            MyDataContext dc = new MyDataContext ();
            IEnumerable list = dc.loyees.Where(p => p.Name.StartsWith("S"));
            list = list.Take(10);

         Generated SQL statements of above query will be :

            SELECT [t0].[EmpID], [t0].[EmpName], [t0].[Salary] FROM [Employee] AS [t0]
            WHERE [t0].[EmpName] LIKE @p0
Note: In this query "top 10" is missing since IEnumerable filters records on client side


         IQueryable Example

           MyDataContext dc = new MyDataContext ();
           IEnumerable list = dc.loyees.Where(p => p.Name.StartsWith("S"));
           list = list.Take(10);

         Generated SQL statements of above query will be :

           SELECT TOP 10 [t0].[EmpID], [t0].[EmpName], [t0].[Salary] FROM [Employee]
         AS [t0]
          WHERE [t0].[EmpName] LIKE @p0

         Note: In this query "top 10" is exist since IQueryable executes query in SQL server
         with all filters.

5.Difference between IEnumerable and IEnumerator

 S.No    IEnumerable                               IEnumerator
 1       The IEnumerable interface is a generic    IEnumerator provides two abstract methods
         interface that provides an abstraction    and a property to pull a particular element in
         for looping over elements.                a collection. And they are Reset(),
         In addition to providing foreach          MoveNext() and Current The signature of
         support, it allows us to tap into the     IEnumerator members is as follows:
         useful extension methods in the           void Reset() : Sets the enumerator to its
         System.Linq namespace, opening up a       initial position, which is before the first
         lot of advanced functionality             element in the collection.
         The IEnumerable interface contains an     bool MoveNext() : Advances the enumerator
         abstract member function called           to the next element of the collection.
         GetEnumerator() and return an interface   object Current : Gets the current element in
         IEnumerator on any success call.          the collection
 2       IEnumerable does not remember the         IEnumerator does remember the cursor state
         cursor state i.e currently row which is
         iterating through
 3       IEnumerable is useful when we have        IEnumerator is useful when we have to pass
         only iterate the value                    the iterator as parameter and has to remember
                                                   the value
LINQ Difference FAQs-1.pdf
LINQ Difference FAQs-2.pdf
1.Difference between LINQ and SQL

       S.No    LINQ                                  SQL

       1       LINQ Stands for language              SQL stands for Structured
               integrated query.                     Query Language.

       2       LINQ Statements are verified          SQL statements can be used in a
               during compile time.                  application gets verified for their
                                                     syntaxes only in the run time.

       3       To use LINQ we can depend upon        To use SQL we need to be familiar
               our .Net Language syntaxes and        with SQL syntaxes and also the pre-
               also we can consume base class        defined functions of SQL like
               library functionalities.              MAX,MIN,LEN and SUBSTRING
                                                      etc...

       4       LINQ Statements can be                As SQL statements execute on
               debugged as they execute under        Database server debugging of the code
               framework environment.                is not possible.
               SQL .

2.Difference between LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework

       S.No    LINQ to SQL                           Entity Framework

       1       It only works with Sql server.        It works with variety of db products.

       2       Used for rapid application            Cannot used for rapid application
               development.                          development.

       3       It does not support for complex       It provides support for complex type.
               type.

       4       It cannot generate db from model.     It can generate db from model.

       5       Mapping type ( class to single        Mapping type ( class to multiple
               table)                                tables)

       6       We can query data using               We can query data using esql,object
               DataContext.                          services,entity client and linq to
                                                     entities.


Another Good Reference:

http://jinaldesai.net/linq-to-sql-vs-entity-framework/

                      (OR)

http://www.slideshare.net/jinaldesailive/linq-to-sql-vs-entity-framework-jinal-desai
3.Difference between LINQ and Stored Procedures


      S.No   LINQ                                  Stored Procedures

      1      As LINQ is part of .NET, we can       It is really very hard to debug the
             use visual studio’s debugger to       Stored Procedure
             debug the queries

      2      With LINQ everything gets             With Stored Procedures, we need to
             complied into single DLL hence        provide an additional script for
             deployment becomes easy.              deployment

      3      LINQ is type safe, so queries         Stored Procedures are not type safe
             errors are type checked at compile    i.e., error can be caught only during
             time.It is really good to encounter   runtime.
             an error when compiling rather
             than runtime exception!

      4      LINQ supports multiple databases      With Stored Procedures which need to
                                                   be re-written for different databases.

      5      LINQ supports abstraction which       As Stored Procedures does not support
             allows framework to add               abstaction , so it is difficult to add
             additional improvements like          additional impovements like multi
             multi threading. It is much           threading
             simpler and easier to add this
             support through LINQ than Stored
             Procedures.

      6      LINQ queries need to compile      Stored Procedures are ster thn LINQ
             before execution.Therefore, LINQ because they are precompiled i.e.,
             is slower than Stored Procedures. Stored Procedures have a predictable
                                               execution plan.Therefore, if a stored
                                               procedure is being executed for the
                                               second time, the database gets the
                                               cached execution plan to execute the
                                               stored procedure.

4.Difference between LINQ to SQL and LINQ to Objects


      S.No   LINQ to SQL                           LINQ to Objects

      1      LINQ to SQL needs a Data          LINQ to Objects does not need any
             Context object. The Data Context intermediate LINQ provider or API.
             object is the bridge between LINQ
             and the database.

      2      LINQ to SQL returns data of type      LINQ to Objects returns data of type
             IQueryable<T>                         IEnumerable<T>.
3      LINQ to SQL is translated to SQL      LINQ to Objects does not need to be
             by way of Expression Trees,           translated.
             which allow them to be evaluated
             as a single unit and translated to
             the appropriate and optimal SQL
             statements.

      4      LINQ to SQL is translated to SQL      LINQ to Objects is executed in the
             calls and executed on the             local machine memory.
             specified database

5.Difference between LINQ to SQL and LINQ to Entities


      S.No   LINQ to SQL                           LINQ to Entities

      1      Does not support Conceptual Data      Supports Conceptual Data Model
             Model

      2      Does not support Storage Schema       Supports Storage Schema

      3      Does not support Mapping Schema       Supports Mapping Schema

      4      Does not support New Data Access      Supports New Data Access Provider
             Provider

      5      Does not support Non-SQL Server       Supports Non-SQL Server Database
             Database Support                      Support

      6      Supports Direct Database              Does not support Direct Database
             Connection                            Connection

      7      Does not support Multiple-table       Supports Multiple-table Inheritance
             Inheritance

      8      Does not support Single Entity from   Supports Single Entity from Multiple
             Multiple Tables                       Tables
1.Difference between LINQ to SQL and ADO.NET

      S.No   LINQ to SQL                          ADO.NET

      1      Used for data handling with SQL      Used for data handling with any
             Server databases only.               database: SQL
                                                  Server/Access/Oracle/Excel etc.

      2      Uses the extension methods of        Does not use the extension methods of
             System.Linq.Queryable class.         System.Linq.Queryable class.

      3      Introduced in .net Framework 3.0     It is there since the .net Framework 1.0

      4      DataContext is used for Database     SqlConnection/OleDbConnection are
             connectivity.                        used for database connectivity

      5      Syntax and coding is somewhat        Easier syntax and coding.
             complex.

Note: Both LINQ TO SQL and ADO.NET have connected / disconnected modes of data
handling

2.Difference between LINQ and nHibernate


      S.No   LINQ                                 nHibernate

      1      LINQ is not an open-source           nHibernate is an open source.

      2      LINQ is an incomplete ORM tool       nHibernate is an ORM tool
             as it needs additional extensions.

      3      LINQ is primarily a querying         nHibernate has a limited querying
             language                             language.

      4      LINQ is much more useful in          nHibernate is much more useful in
             small applications where there is    largel applications where there is
             no massive dependence on             massive dependence on databases.
             databases.

      5      With LINQ, database already          With nHibernate, database does not
             exists and the relationships and     already exist and it needs to be defined
             some programming will be             .
             dependent on how the database is
             defined.
3.Difference between LINQ and Entity Framework


     S.No   LINQ                             Entity Framework

     1      Used for Rapid Application       Used for Enterprise Development
            Development

     2      Works with objects in database   Works with Conceptual model of
                                             database

     3      Mainly woks with SQL Server      Works with all data sources

     4      ".dbml" is created while using   ".EDMX" is created while using Entity
            LINQ to SQL                      Framework
OOPs Difference FAQs-1.pdf
OOPs Difference FAQs-2.pdf
OOPs Difference FAQs-3.pdf
1) What are the differences between TypeOf() and GetType()?
   S.No TypeOf()                              GetType()
   1    Its an operator                       Its a method
   2    Can't be overloaded                   Has lot of overloads

2) What are the differences between const and readonly?
   S.No const                                 readonly
   1    It cannot be static                   It can be instance level or static
   2    It is evaluated at design time        It is evaluated at run time
   3    It is initialized at declaration      It is initialized at declaration or in
                                              constructor
   4    It must be of integral type or        In addition, it can have complex types
        enumeration                           with new keyword and enumerations are
                                              not allowed

3) What are the Differences between Abstract Class and Interface?
   S.No Abstract Class                        Interface
   1    It can have implemented Methods       It cannot have implemented Methods
   2    A class can inherit only one abstract A Class can implement any number of
        class                                 Interfaces
   3    We go for Abstract classes on such    We go for Interface on such situations
        situations where we need to give      where we need to give common
        common functionality for group of     functionality for group of un-related
        related classes                       classes
   4    If we add a new method, then we can If we add a new method, then we need to
        provide a default implementation and change all the existing work
        so no need to make any change to
        existing work
   5    Static and Instance constants are     Only Static constants are possible
        possible


4) What are the differences between Structure and Class?
   S.No Structure                               Class
   1    It is value type                        It is reference type
   2    It is stored on stack                   It is stored on heap
   3    It does not support inheritance         It supports inheritance
   4    It is suitable for small data structure It is suitable for complex data structures
5) What are the differences between property and indexer?
   S.No Property                                Indexer
   1    A property can be static member         An indexer is always an instant member
   2    The get accessor of a property          The get accessor of an indexer
        corresponds to a method with no         corresponds to the same formal parameter
        parameters                              lists as the indexer

6) What are the differences between overloading and overriding?
   S.No Overloading                            Overriding
   1    Same name in same / derived class      We need to provide different
        but with different / type of parameter implementation than base class
   2    Has different signature                Has same signature
   3    Otherwise called Compile-time          Otherwise called Run-time Polymorphism
Polymorphism


7) What are the differences between Value Types and Reference Types?
   S.No Value Types                           Reference Types
   1    It is stored on stack                 It is stored on heap
   2    It can be accessed directly           It can be accessed through references
   3    Life time of value type is determined Lifetime of reference type is managed
        by lifetime of variable that contain  by .net framework
        them
   4    Examples: All numeric data type,      Examples: All arrays, String, Class types,
        Boolean, char, Date, Structure,       Delegate
        enumerations

   Note: Object is not any kind of type. You can create object of structure as well as Class

   Are not type: Namespaces, Modules, Events, properties, procedures, variables, constants, &
   fields.
Difference between Events and Delegates

  S.No    Events                                Delegates
  1       Event can be used in an               Delegate cannot be used in an
          interface definition                  interface definition

  2       Event can only be invoked from        Delegates can be invoked from child
          the class that declares it            classes and clients.

  3       Event comes with its pair of          There is no pair of accessors concept
          accessors i.e Add and Remove.         in delegates.
          An event is always assigned and
          unassigned with a += and -=
          operator.
  4       Event has a restrictive signature     Delegates do not have restrictive
          and must always be of the form
                                                signature as like events
          Event (object source, EventArgs
          args)

Difference between Class and Object

  S.No     Class                                    Object
  1        It is a datatype that contains the       It is a chunk of memory that
           programming logic.                       implements the class logic.
  2        Class is visible in the source code      Object is in the RAM and not
           and resides in hard disk.                visible in source code.
  3        Class is like a template or blueprint    It is the real world implementation
           of the object. It implements             of the class. Each object has its
           reusability,encapsulation,               own copy of data.
           inheritance
  4        Example:Button is a class with           Example: Button1, Button2 are the
           properties like Text,BackColor,          objects of Button class.
           events like click, methods like
           Focus
  5        We can create subclasses                 We cannot create sub-objects

Difference between Private and Static Constructor
 S.No       Static constructor               Private constructor

 1          A static constructor is called         Private constructor is called after the
            before the first instance is           instance of the class is created.
            created. i.e. global initializer.
 2          Static constructor will be called      Static members will not be initialized
            first time when the class is           either by private or public
            referenced.Static constructor is       constructor.
            used to initialize static members
            of the class.
 3          The static constructor will only be The private constructor will be
            executed once.                      executed each time it is called.
Difference between properties and methods

    S.No     Properties                            Methods
    1        Properties are used to represent      Methods are used to performs actions
             data
    2        Properties are created by using       Methods create like public void
             getter and setter i.e., get{} and     method1(parameter list here)
             set{}


Difference between Singleton Pattern and a static class

S.No       Singleton Pattern                       static class

           Singleton pattern maintains single      We cannot create instance for static
           instance.                               class.
2          A singleton can extend classes and A static class cannot .
           implement interfaces.              Note: It can extend classes, but it
                                              does not inherit their instance
                                              members.
3          A singleton can be initialized lazily   A static class is generally initialized
           or asynchronously.                      when it is first loaded, leading to
                                                   potential class loader issues.
4          Singletons can be handled               static class cannot be handled
           polymorphically without forcing         polymorphically.
           their users to assume that there is
           only one instance.
5          Singleton Class can have value          Static are always just shared and have
           when Class object instantiated          no instance but multiple references.
           between server and client, such a
           way if three client want to have a
           shared data between them
           Singleton can be used.Thats why
           singleton class can be used for
           state mangement in stateless
           scenarios like shopping cart
           scenario.
6          We can pass singleton object as         We cannot pass parameter in static
           parameter                               class
7          Singleton provides flexibility and      Static classes once defined could not
           also provides sort of a mechanism       accomodate any future design
           to control object creation based on     changes as by design static classes
           various requirements. They can be       are rigid and cannot be extended.
           extended as well if need arises. In
           other words we are not always tied
           to a particular implementation.
           With Singleton we have the
           flexibility to make changes as when
           situation demands.
Dotnet difference questions & answers Compiled-1
Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation

               Abstraction                                Encapsulation
 Abstraction solves the problem in the       Encapsulation solves the problem in the
 design level.                               implementation level.
 Abstraction is used for hiding the      Encapsulation means hiding the code
 unwanted data and giving relevant data. and data into a single unit to protect the
                                         data from outside world.
 Abstraction allows us to focus on what      Encapsulation means hiding the internal
 the object does instead of how it does it   details or mechanism of how an object
                                             does something.
 Abstraction- Outer layout, used in          Encapsulation- Inner layout, used in
 terms of design.                            terms of implementation.
 For Example:-                               For Example:- Inner Implementation
  Outer Look of a Mobile Phone, like it      detail of a Mobile Phone, how keypad
 has a display screen and keypad buttons     button and Display Screen are
 to dial a number.
                                             connected with each other using circuits


Difference between Composition and Aggregation

               Composition                                 Aggregation
 Defines a strong-coupled relationship       Defines a weak-coupled relationship
 between two entities, where the one         between two entities, where one entity
 entity is part of another, and both need    could be part of another, but either can
 each other for their existence.             exist without the other, independantly.

 e.g. Human body and the Heart.              e.g.School and teacher.

 Composition implies real ownership of       Aggregation does not necessarily own
 its components                              any of its aggregates.
 Composition has a stronger bond of its      Aggregation has weaker or looser bonds
 components.                                 with its aggregates.
 Composition has components that exist       Aggregation has aggregates that live at
 at the inner level.                         the outer level.
Difference between Private Class and Sealed Class

               Private Class                               Sealed Class
 A Private class can only be accessed by A Sealed class can be accessed by any
 the class it is defined and contain within class.Private Constructor of a Private
 - it is completely inaccessible to outside Class = Sealed Class.
 classes.
 In private Class,we can create a            In Sealed class we can not create a
 constructor and therefore we can create     constructor of that class, so no instance
 an instance of that class.                  of that class is possible.
 public class A                              public sealed class A
  {                                            {
  private class B                              }
    {                                        public class B : A //ERROR
    }                                          {
  B b = new B();                               }
  }
 public class C
  {
  A.B b = new A.B(); // ERROR
  }
 The main use of Private class is to create The sealed classes are mainly used to
 a user-defined type, which we want to be prevent inheritance features of object
 accessible to that class only.             oriented programming.

 Private class(i.e private constructor) is
 also used to implement singleton
 classes(pattern). Singleton means "A
 single-instance object, and it simplify
 complex code. Singletons have a static
 property that we must access to get the
 object reference."

Difference between Static Class and Sealed Class

                Static Class                               Sealed Class
 We can neither create their instances,      We can create their instances, but cannot
 nor inherit them                            inherit them
 They can have static members only.          They can contain static as well as
                                             nonstatic members.
 ex:                                         ex:
 static class Program
{                                          sealed class demo
                                            {
 }
                                            }

                                            class abc:demo
                                            {
                                            --Wrong
                                            }
 Static classes are used when a class        The sealed classes are mainly used to
 provides functionality that is not specific prevent inheritance features of object
 to any unique instance.                     oriented programming.

Difference between Virtual method and Abstract method


      Feature                Virtual method                  Abstract method
 Overriding           Virtual method may or may        An abstract method should be
                      not override by inherited class. overriden by inherited class.

                      i.e.,Virtual method provide      i.e.,Abstract method forces
                      the derived class with the       the derived class to
                      option of overriding it.         override it.

                      Virtual = = Overridable          abstract == MustOverride
 Implementation       Virtual method has an            Abstract method does not
                      implementation.                  provide an implementation.
 Necessity to         Virtual methods allow            Abstract methods in a
 Implement            subclasses to provide their      class contain no method
                      own implementation of that       body, and are implicitly
                      method using the override        virtual
                      keyword
 Scope                Virtual methods scope to         Abstract method's scope to
                      members only.                    members and classes
 Instancing           Virtual methods - Not            Abstract method - direcly
                      applicable, as we can't          NO, but other way, Yes.
                      create instance for              We can create an instance
                      members, it is possible only     of a class that derives from
                      with classes.                    an abstract class. And we
                                                       can declare a type Abstract
                                                       class and instantiate that
                                                       as a derived class.
Example:

 public abstract class Test
 {

   public abstract void A();          // Abstract method

   public virtual void B()
   {
     Console.WriteLine("Test.B"); } // Virtual Method
   }

     public class InheritedTest : Test
     {

         public override void A()
         {
          Console.WriteLine("InheritedTest.A");
         }

         //Method B implementation is optional

         public override void B()
         {
          Console.WriteLine("InheritedTest.B");
         }
     }



Difference between Class and Static Class

                   Class                                  Static Class
 Class has Instance Members                 Static class does not have Instance
                                            Members
 In Class, Constructor has Access           In Static Class, Constructor does not
 Specifier.                                 have Access Specifier.
 In Class Constructor, initiation is done   In Static Class ,Constructor will be
 every time when an object is created       called only one time .
 for the class

 In Class, Class members can be             In Static Class, members can be
 accessed through class object.             accessed through its Class name only
Difference between Method Overloading and Method overriding in C#


         Method Overloading                        Method overriding
 Method Overloading is passing same      Method Overriding is redifining parent
 message for different functionality     class function to the child class
 Method Overloading is between the       Method Overriding is between the same
 same function name with the different   method.
 signature
 Method Overloading does not check for Method Overriding checks the return
 the return type.                      type.
 Method Overloading takes place in the   Method Overriding takes place between
 same class.                             parent and child classes
 Method Overloading is static binding    Method Overriding is a dynamic
                                         binding.
SQL Server Difference FAQs-1.pdf
SQL Server Difference FAQs-2.pdf
SQL Server Difference FAQs-3.pdf
SQL Server Difference FAQs-4.pdf
SQL Server Difference FAQs-5.pdf
1) What are the Differences between TRUNCATE and Delete?
  S.No Truncate                          Delete
  1     Truncate is faster               Delete is comparatively slower
  2     Removes all rows from a table    Can remove specific rows with Where
                                         clause
  3     Is DDL Command                   Is DML Command
  4     Resets identity of the table     Does not reset identity of the table
  5     Removes the data by deallocating Removes one row at a time and
        the data pages and logs the      records an entry in the transaction log
        deallocation.                    for each deleted row.
  6     Cannot be rolled back            Can be rolled back

2) What are the differences between Primary key and Unique key?
  S.No Primary Key                        Unique Key
  1     Creates Clustered index           Creates Non-Clustered index
  2     Null values are not allowed       Allows only one null value

3) What are the Differences between Clustered Indexes and Non-Clustered Indexes?

  S.No    Clustered Indexes                     Non-Clustered Indexes
  1       It reorders the physical storage of   It sorts and maintain a separate
          records in the table                  storage
  2       There can be only one Clustered       More than one
          index per table
  3       The leaf nodes contain data           The leaf node contains pointer to data

4) What are the differences between Stored Procedures and User Defined Functions?
  S.No Stored Procedures                   User Defined Functions
  1     Stored Procedure cannot be used    User Defined Function can be used in
        in a Select statement              a Select statement
  2     Stored procedure supports          User Defined Function does not
        Deferred Name Resolution           support Deferred Name Resolution
  3     Stored Procedures are generally    User Defined Functions are generally
        used for performing Business       used for Computations
        Logic
  4     Stored Procedure need not return User Defined Functions should return
        a value                            a value
  5     Stored Procedures can return any User Defined Functions cannot return
        datatype                           Image
  6     Stored Procedures can accept       User Defined Functions accept lesser
        more number of input parameters number of input parameters than
        than User Defined Functions.       Stored Procedures. UDF can have
        Stored Procedures can have upto    upto 1023 input parameters
        21000 input parameters
  7     Stored Procedures can use          Temporary Tables cannot be used in a
        Temporary Tables                   User Defined Function
  8     Stored Procedures can execute      User Defined Functions cannot
        Dynamic SQL                        execute Dynamic SQL
  9     Stored Procedure supports error    User Defined Function does not
        handling                           support error handling.
                                           RAISEERROR or @@ERROR are
not allowed in UDFs
  10      Non-deterministic functions can    Non-deterministic functions cannot be
          be used in Stored Procedures.      used in User Defined Functions
                                             (UDFs). For example, GETDATE()
                                             cannot be used in User Defined
                                             Functions(UDFs)

5) What are the differences between Where and Having clauses?
   S.No Where clause                      Having clause
   1    It applies to individual rows     It applies to a group as a whole
   2    It selects rows before grouping   It selects rows after grouping
   3    It cannot contain aggregate       It can contain aggregate functions
        functions
   4    It can be used in select, delete  It is used only in select clause
        ,insert etc.

6) What are the differences between Union and UnionAll?
  S.No Union                                UnionAll
  1     This is used to eliminate duplicate It will not eliminate duplicate rows
        rows
  2     This selects only distinct rows     It selects all the values
  3     It can be used to combine any       It can be used to combine maximum
        number of queries                   of 2 queries
  4     It cannot contain aggregate         It can contain aggregate functions
        functions

7) What is the difference between normal Select statement and a Cursor?
  S.No Select statement                    Cursor
  1      Select statements are used for    Cursors are used for row-level
         table-level processing            processing
1) What are the differences between Instead of Triggers and After Triggers?
  S.No Instead of Triggers                 After Triggers
  1     Each table or view can have one    A table can have several AFTER
        INSTEAD OF trigger for each        triggers for each triggering action.
        triggering action (UPDATE,
        DELETE, and INSERT)
  2     INSTEAD OF triggers fire in        AFTER triggers fire after the
        place of the triggering action and triggering action (INSERT, UPDATE,
        before constraints are processed.  or DELETE) and after any constraints
                                           are processed.

2) What are the differences between Views and User-Defined Functions?
   S.No Views                             User-Defined Functions
   1    Views cannot accept parameters.   User-Defined Functions can accept
                                          parameters.
   2    Output of the Views cannot be     Output of the User-Defined Functions
        directly used in the SELECT       can be directly used in the SELECT
        clause.                           clause.

3) What are the differences between Triggers and Stored Procedures?
  S.No Triggers                            Stored Procedures
  1     Triggers cannot return a value     Stored Procedures may return a value
  2     We cannot pass parameters in       We can pass parameter in Stored
        Triggers                           Procedures
  3     We can write a Stored procedure    We cannot write a Trigger within a
        within a Trigger                   Stored Procedure
  4     Triggers are implicitly fired      Stored Procedures need to be
        whenever insert, update or delete  explicitly called by the programmer
        operations take place on table
  5     Triggers can only be implemented Stored procedures can be written for
        on Tables or Views                 the Database
1.Difference between Identity and Sequence in SQL Server 2012

      S.No   Identity                             Sequence

      1      Dependant on table.                  Independent from table.

      2      Identity is a property in a table.   Sequence is an object.

             Example :                            Example :

             CREATE TABLE Table                   CREATE SEQUENCE [dbo].
             test_Identity                        [Sequence_ID]

             (                                    AS [int]

             [ID] int Identity (1,1),             START WITH 1

             [Product Name] varchar(50)           INCREMENT BY 1

             )                                    MINVALUE 1

                                                  MAXVALUE 1000

                                                  NO CYCLE

                                                  NO CACHE

      3      If we need a new ID from an          In the sequence, we do not need to
             identity column we need to           insert new ID, we can view the new ID
             insert and then get new ID.          directly.

             Example :                            Example :

             Insert into [test_Identity] Values   SELECT NEXT VALUE
             (‘SQL Server’)                       FOR dbo.[Sequence_ID]

             GO

             SELECT @@IDENTITY AS
             ‘Identity’

             –OR

             Select SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS
             ‘Identity’

      4      We cannot perform a cycle in         In the sequence, we can simply add
             identity column. Meaning, we         one property to make it a cycle.
             cannot restart the counter after a
             particular interval.                 Example :

                                                  ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo].
                                                  [Sequence_ID]
CYCLE;

5   We cannot cache Identity column   Sequence can be easily cached by just
    property.                         setting cache property of
                                      sequence. It also improves the
                                      performance.

                                      Example :

                                      ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo].
                                      [Sequence_ID]

                                      CACHE 3;

6   We cannot remove the identity     The sequence is not table dependent so
    column from the table directly.   we can easily remove it

                                      Example :

                                      Create table dbo.[test_Sequence]

                                      (

                                      [ID] int,

                                      [Product Name] varchar(50)

                                      )

                                      GO

                                      –First Insert With Sequence object

                                      INSERT INTO dbo.test_Sequence
                                      ([ID],[Product Name]) VALUES
                                      (NEXT VALUE FOR [Ticket] ,
                                      ‘MICROSOFT SQL SERVER 2008′)

                                      GO

                                      –Second Insert without Sequence

                                      INSERT INTO dbo.test_Sequence
                                      ([ID],[Product Name]) VALUES (2 ,
                                      ‘MICROSOFT SQL SERVER 2012′)


7   We cannot define the maximum      Here we can set up its maximum
    value in identity column it is    value.
    based on the data type limit.
                                      Example :
ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo].
                                                   [Sequence_ID]

                                                   MAXVALUE 2000;

      8      We can reseed it but cannot           We can reseed as well as change the
             change the step size.                 step size.

             Example :                             Example :

             DBCC CHECKIDENT                       ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo].
             (test_Identity, RESEED, 4)            [Sequence_ID]

                                                   RESTART WITH 7

                                                   INCREMENT BY 2;

      9      We cannot generate range from         We can generate a range of sequence
             identity.                             values from a sequence object with the
                                                   help of sp_sequence_get_range.



2.Difference between Temp table and Table variable

      S.No   Temp table                            Table variable

      1      A Temp table is easy to create and    But the table variable involves the
             back up data.                         effort when we usually create the
                                                   normal tables.

      2      Temp table result can be used by      But the table variable can be used by
             multiple users.                       the current user only.

      3      Temp table will be stored in the      But a table variable will store in the
             tempdb. It will make network          physical memory for some of the data,
             traffic. When we have large data      then later when the size increases it
             in the temp table then it has to      will be moved to the tempdb.
             work across the database. A
             Performance issue will exist.

      4      Temp table can do all the DDL         Whereas table variable won't allow
             operations. It allows creating the    doing the DDL operations. But the
             indexes, dropping, altering, etc..,   table variable allows us to create the
                                                   clustered index only.

      5      Temp table can be used for the       But the table variable can be used up
             current session or global. So that a to that program. (Stored procedure)
             multiple user session can utilize
             the results in the table.

      6      Temp variable cannot use the          But we cannot do it for table variable.
transactions. When we do the
              DML operations with the temp
              table then it can be rollback or
              commit the transactions.

      7       Functions cannot use the temp       But the function allows us to use the
              variable. More over we cannot do    table variable. But using the table
              the DML operation in the            variable we can do that.
              functions .

      8       The stored procedure will do the    Whereas the table variable won't do
              recompilation (can't use same       like that.
              execution plan) when we use the
              temp variable for every sub
              sequent calls.

Another Good Reference:

http://sqljunkieshare.com/2011/11/05/difference-between-temporary-tables-and-table-variables/

3.Difference between RAISERROR and THROW statements


      S.No    RAISERROR Statement                 THROW Statement

      1       If a msg_id is passed to            The error_number parameter does not
              RAISERROR, the ID must be           have to be defined in sys.messages.
              defined in sys.messages.

      2       The msg_str parameter can           The message parameter does not
              contain printf formatting styles.   accept printf style formatting.

      3       The severity parameter specifies    There is no severity parameter. The
              the severity of the exception.      exception severity is always set to 16.

4.Difference between Local temporary table and Global temporary table


      S.No    Local temporary table               Global temporary table

      1       Denoted by # symbol.                Denoted by ## symbol.

      2       Valid for the current connection    Available to all the connections once
              only. They are cleared as soon as   created. They are deleted when all
              the current connection closes.      users referencing the table disconnect
                                                  from SQL Server .

      3       Cannot be shared between            Can be shared between multiple users.
              multiple users.
1.Difference between Correlated subquery and Nested subquery

      S.No   Correlated subquery                   Nested subquery

      1      Correlated subquery runs once for     Nested subquery runs only once for the
             each row selected by the outer        entire nesting (outer) query. It does not
             query. It contains a reference to a   contain any reference to the outer
             value from the row selected by the    query row.
             outer query.

      2      Correlated subquery follows down      Nested subquery follows top-down
             to top approach i.e., main query      approach i.e., child query is executed
             is executed first(even though         first and then parent .
             parenthesis are present) and then
             child query.                          We can also say:In a subquery
                                                   Outer query condition is used in the
             We can also say: in a Correlated      the inner query.
             subquery,Inner query condition is
             used in the outer query

      4      Example:                              Example:

             select e1.empname, e1.basicsal,       select empname, basicsal, deptno from
             e1.deptno from emp e1                 emp

             where e1.basicsal = (select           where (deptno, basicsal) in (select
             max(basicsal) from emp e2 where       deptno, max(basicsal) from emp group
             e2.deptno = e1.deptno)                by deptno)


2.Difference between Weak Entity Set and Strong Entity Set


      S.No   Weak Entity Set                       Strong Entity Set

      1      An entity set which does not          An entity set which does have a
             possess sufficient attributes to      primary key is called a strong entity
             form a primary key is known as a      set.
             weak entity set.

      2      Member of a weak entity set is a      Member of a strong entity set is a
             subordinate entity.                   dominant entity.

      3      Example:                              Example:

             Specific                              Set of all
             Person,Company,Event,Plant            Persons,Companies,Trees,Holidays
3.Difference between char and varchar data types in Sql Server

      S.No   Char                                 Varchar

      1      Fixed length memory storage          Variable length memory
                                                  storage(Changeable)

      2      CHAR takes up 1 byte per             VARCHAR takes up 1 byte per
             character                            character, + 2 bytes to hold length
                                                  information

      3      Use Char when the data entries in    Use Varchar when the data entries in a
             a column are expected to be the      column are expected to vary
             same size like phone number          considerably in size like address

      4      Ex:                                  Ex:
             Declare test Char(100);              Declare test VarChar(100);
             test="Test" -                        test="Test" -
             Then "test" occupies 100 bytes       Then "test" occupies only 4+2=6
             first four bytes with values and     bytes. first four bytes for value and
             rest with blank data                 other two bytes for variable length
                                                  information.



4.Difference between Sql Server 2005 and Sql Server 2008

      S.No   Sql Server 2005                      Sql Server 2008

      1      XML datatype is introduced.          XML datatype is used.

      2      Cannot encrypt the entire            Can encrypt the entire database
             database.                            introduced in 2008.

      3      Datetime is used for both date and   Date and time are seperately used for
             time.                                date and time

      4      No table datatype is included.       Table datatype introduced.

      5      SSIS is started using.               SSIS avails in this version.

      6      CMS is not available.                Central Management Server(CMS) is
                                                  Introduced.

      7      PBM is not available                 Policy based management(PBM)
                                                  server is Introduced.
1.Difference between Database Mail and SQL Mail

      S.No   Database Mail                        SQL Mail

      1      Based on SMTP (Simple Mail           Based on MAPI (Messaging
             Transfer Protocol).                  Application Programming Interface).

      2      Introduced in Sql Server 2005.       Used prior versions of Sql Server
                                                  2005.

      3      No need to install Outlook.          Require Outlook to be installed.

      4      More secure than Sql mail.           Less secure than Database mail.


2.Difference between Azure Table storage and SQL Azure

      S.No   Azure Table storage                  SQL Azure

      1      It is built on top of the Azure      It is an SQL Server that has been
             Storage platform.                    configured to be hosted on top
                                                  of the Windows Azure in a high
                                                  availability mode.

      2      It comprises flexible or schema-     It comprises standard SQL Tables with
             less entities. No referential        indexes and referential integrity.
             integrity between the tables, and
             no custom indexes.

      3      It can scale massive amounts of      It may not scale as far as Azure Table
             data due to the partition key.       storage.

      4      Can be thought as single             Look familiar to any .Net developer
             spreadsheet.                         who has used Sql server 2008 prior.

3.Difference between DBMS and RDBMS

      S.No   DBMS                                 RDBMS

      1      Stands for DataBase Management       Stands for Relational DataBase
             System                               Management System

      2      In dbms no relationship concept      It is used to establish the relationship
                                                  concept between two database objects,
                                                  i.e, tables

      3      It supports Single User only         It supports multiple users

      4      It treats Data as Files internally   It treats data as Tables internally

      5      It supports 3 rules of E.F.CODD      It supports minimum 6 rules of
             out off 12 rules                     E.F.CODD

      6      It requires low Software and         It requires High software and
Hardware Requirements.                hardware requirements.

      7      DBMS is used for simpler              RDBMS is used for more complex
             business applications                 applications.

      8      DBMS does not impose any              RDBMS defines the integrity
             constraints or security with regard   constraint for the purpose of holding
             to data manipulation                  ACID PROPERTY

      9      In DBMS Normalization process          In RDBMS, normalization process
             will not be present                   will be present to check the database
                                                   table consistency

      10     There is no enforcement to use         Although the foreign key concept is
             foreign key concept compulsorily      supported by both DBMS and RDBMS
             in DBMS                               but its only RDBMS that enforces the
                                                   rules

      11     FoxPro, IMS are Examples              SQL Server, Oracle are examples

4.Difference between SQL Server 2000 and SQL Server 2005

      S.No   SQL Server 2000                       SQL Server 2005

      1      Query Analyser and Enterprise         Both are combined as SSMS(Sql
             manager are separate.                 Server management Studio).

      2      No XML datatype is used.              .XML datatype is introduced.

      3      We can create maximum of              We can create 2(pow(20))-1 databases.
             65,535 databases.

      4      Exception Handling mechanism is       Exception Handling mechanism is
             not available                         available

      5      There is no Varchar(Max) data         Varchar(Max) data type is introduced.
             type is not available

      6      DDL Triggers is not available         DDL Triggers is introduced


      7      DataBase Mirroring facility is not    DataBase Mirroring facility is
             available                             introduced

      8      RowNumber function for paging         RowNumber function for paging is
             is not available                      introduced

      9      Table fragmentation facility is not   Table fragmentation facility is
             available                             introduced


      10     Full Text Search facility is not      Full Text Search facility is introduced
             available
11   Bulk Copy Update facility is not   Bulk Copy Update facility is
     available                          introduced

12   Data Encryption concept is not     .Cannot encrypt the entire database
     introduced

13   Cannot compress the tables and     Can Compress tables and indexes.
     indexes.                           (Introduced in 2005 SP2)

14   No varchar(max) or                 Varchar(max) and varbinary(max) is
     varbinary(max) is available.       used.

15   Data Transformation               SQL Server Integration Services(SSIS)
     Services(DTS) is used as ETL tool is started using from this SQL Server
                                       version and which is used as ETL tool
WCF Difference FAQs-1.pdf
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Dotnet difference questions & answers Compiled-1

  • 1. DOTNET Framework Difference FAQs-1.pdf HTML-XML Difference Faqs.pdf ASP.NET Difference FAQs.pdf Design Patterns Difference FAQs.pdf Dotnet Programming Concepts Difference FAQs.pdf LINQ Difference FAQs.pdf OOPs Difference FAQs.pdf Sql Server Difference FAQs.pdf WCF Difference FAQs.pdf ADO.NET Difference FAQs-1.pdf Comparative Chart of ASP.Net 2.0,3.0 and 3.5 Features.pdf Difference Between ASP.Net 2.0 and ASP.Net 3.5.pdf
  • 2. 1) What is the difference between CCW and RCW? S.No CCW RCW 1 COM to .NET communication .NET to COM Communication happens happens through COM Callable through Runtime Callable Wrapper Wrapper 2) What are the differences between Dll and Exe? S.No Dll Exe 1 Objects of Dlls can be created Objects of Exe cannot be created 2 Dll is In-Process Exe is Out-Process 3 It cannot be started as a standalone It can be started as a standalone 3) What are the differences between Managed Code and Unmanaged Code? S.No Managed Code Unmanaged Code 1 It is executed under CLR It is not executed under CLR 2 It compiles to intermediate language It compiles directly to machine code 3 It provides services like security, It does not provide security, exception exception handling, garbage handling, garbage collection etc collection etc 4 It can access both managed and It can access only unmanaged code unmanaged code
  • 3. 1) What are differences between XML and HTML? S.No XML HTML 1 XML provides user definable tags HTML provides defined set of tags designed for web display 2 XML is content driven HTML is format driven 3 End tags are essential in a well End tags are not always formed XML document. In a well required.<HTML> tag needs an formed document, elements can be equivalent </HTML> tag but <br> tag defined as single tag or a pair of tags does not require </br> tag like <student/> or the <student>… </student> pair 4 Quotes required around attribute Quotes are not required for the values values of attributes 5 Slash required in empty tags Slash not required 6 XML is used for describing data HTML is used for designing pages
  • 5. 1) What are the differences between Inline code and Code Behind Code? S.No Inline code Code Behind Code 1 Its within .aspx file Its in a external class file 2 Dynamically compiled Compiled prior to deployment and linked with .aspx file 2) What are the differences between Global.asax and Web.Config? S.No global.asax web.config 1 It is a class file It is an XML file 2 There can be only one for an There can be many if under different application sub-folders 3 Can have Application and Session Cannot have Application and Session events events 4 Need to be recompiled when No need to compile when changes are changes are made made 3) What are the Differences between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? S.No Server.Transfer Response.Redirect 1 The navigation happens on the The navigation happens on the client- server-side ,so client history is side ,so client history is updated not updated 2 Data can be persist across the Context.Items loses the persistence pages using Context.Item collection 3 No Round-trips Makes a Round-trip 4 Has Good encapsulation No 4) What is the difference between a custom control and a user control? S.No User Control Custom Control 1 Is a file with the .ascx extension Is a file with the .dll extension 2 Can be only used with the Can be used in any number of application applications 3 Language dependent They are language independent, a control created in c# can be used in vb.net 4 Cannot be added to Visual studio Can be added to Visual studio Toolbox Toolbox 5 Inherits from Server controls and We have to develop from scratch , easy to create so comparatively difficult 6 Generally used for static content Used when dynamic content is required 5) What is the difference between Caching and Application? S.No Caching Application 1 Cache have expire policy Application does not have expire policy 2 Cache does not require explicit Application require explicit locking locking 3 Cache has the Property of timeout, Application variables exist as long as
  • 6. which allows us to control the the application is alive duration of the Objects so cached 4 Output can be cached in 4 ways, Application does not have options as  Page Output Caching like Cache object  Page Partial Caching  DataSource Caching  Data Caching 5 It is accessible to page level to all It is accessible to both page level and the users application level to all the users 6) What is the difference between web farm and web garden? S.No Web farm Web garden 1 A web application running on A web application running on a single multiple servers is called a web server that has multiple CPUs is farm called a web garden 7) What is the difference between Application and Session Events? S.No Application Event Session Event 1 Application events are used to Session events are used to initialize initialize objects and data that we data that we want to keep throughout do want to make available to all individual sessions, but that we do not the current sessions of our web want to share between sessions application 8) What is the difference between Session Cookies and Persistent Cookies? S.No Session Cookies Persistent Cookies 1 Session Cookies do not have Persistent Cookies have an expiration expiration date date. The expiration date indicates to the browser that it should write the cookie to the client’s hard drive 9) What are the differences between Server Controls and HTML Controls? S.No Server Controls HTML Controls 1 Server Controls can trigger HTML Controls can trigger only control-specific events on the page-level events on server (postback) server 2 Data entered in a server control is Data is not maintained in an HTML maintained across requests. Server control. Data must be saved and controls retain state restored using page-level scripts 3 The Microsoft .NET Framework HTML controls have HTML attributes provides a set of properties for only each server control. Properties allows us to change the server control’s appearance and behavior within server-side code 4 Server controls automatically We must detect browser in code or detect browser and adapt display write for least common denominator as appropriate 10) What are the differences between ViewState and Hidden fields? S.No ViewState Hidden fields 1 This is used for pages that will This is used for pages that will postback to itself postback to itself or to another page
  • 7. 2 This is built in structure for This is not an inbuilt structure maintaining state of a page 3 Security is more as data is hashed, Security is less when compared to compressed and encoded ViewState 11) What is the difference between SQL Cache Notification and SQL Cache Invalidation? S.No SQL Cache Notification SQL Cache Invalidation 1 Using SQL Cache Notification, Using SQL Cache Invalidation, we we can generate notifications can make a cached item invalid that when the data of a database on depends on the data stored in a SQL which a cached item depends server database, when the data in the changes SQL server database is changed 12) What is the difference between absolute time expiration and sliding time expiration? S.No Absolute time expiration Sliding time expiration 1 In absolute time expiration, a In sliding time expiration, the time for cached item expires after the which the item is cached is each time expiration time specifies for it, incremented by its expiration time if it irrespective of how often it is is accessed before completion of its accessed expiration time 13) What is the difference between adding items into cache through Add() method and Insert() method? S.No Cache.Add() Cache.Insert() 1 Cache.Add() method also returns Cache.Insert() method adds only the an object representing the item we item in the cache have added in the cache ,besides adding the item in the cache 2 It is not possible to replace an We can replace an existing item in the existing item in the cache using cache using the Cache.Insert() method the Cache.Add() method 14) What is the difference between page-level caching and fragment caching? S.No Page-level caching Fragment caching 1 In Page-level caching, we cache In Fragment caching, we cache parts a whole page of the web page such as a user control added to the web page 15) What is the difference between Label control and Literal control? S.No Label control Literal control 1 Final HTML code of a Label Final HTML code of a Literal control control has an HTML tag contains only text, which is not surrounded by any HTML tag 16) What is the difference between HyperLink control and LinkButton control? S.No HyperLink control LinkButton control 1 A HyperLink control do not have A LinkButton control have Click and Click and Command events Command events, which can be handled in the code behind file of the web page
  • 8. 17) What is the difference between an HtmlInputCheckBox control and an HtmlInputRadioButton control? S.No HtmlInputCheckBox control HtmlInputRadioButton control 1 We can select more than one We can select only a single HtmlInputCheckBox control from HtmlInputRadioButton control from a a group of HtmlInputCheckBox group of HtmlInputRadioButton controls controls 18) How a content page differs from a master page? S.No Content page Master page 1 A content page does not have A master page has complete HTML complete HTML source code source code inside its source file 19) How will you differentiate a submaster page from a top-level master page? S.No Submaster page Top-level master page 1 Like a content page, a submaster Top-level master page has complete page also does not have complete HTML source code inside its source HTML source code file 20) What is the difference between a page theme control and a global theme? S.No Page theme Global theme 1 A page theme is stored inside a A global theme is stored inside the subfolder of the App_Themes Themes folder on a web server folder of a web application 2 It can be applied to individual web It can be applied to all the web sites pages of the web application on the web server 21) What is the difference between a default skin and a named skin? S.No Default skin Named skin 1 A default skin does not have a A named skin has a SkinId attribute SkinId attribute 2 It is automatically applied to all It is applied to a control explicitly by the controls of the same type setting the SkinId property of the present on a web page control from the Properties window 22) Differentiate Globalization and Localization S.No Globalization Localization 1 Globalization is the process of Localization is the process of identifying the specific portion of configuring a web application to be a web application that needs to be supported for a specific language or different for different languages locale and isolating that portion from the core of the web application 23) What are the differences between web.config and machine.config? S.No web.config machine.config 1 This is automatically created This is automatically installed when when we create an ASP.Net web we install Visual Studio. Net application project 2 This is also called application This is also called machine level level configuration file configuration file
  • 9. 3 We can have more than one Only one machine.config file exists web.config file on a server 4 This file inherits setting from the This file is at the highest level in the machine.config configuration hierarchy
  • 10. Difference between Web site and Web application S.No Web site Web application 1 Can mix vb and c# page in single We can't include c# and vb page in single website. web application. 2 Can not establish dependencies. We can set up dependencies between multiple projects. 3 Edit individual files after Can not edit individual files after deployment. deployment without recompiling. 4 Right choice when one developer Right choice for enterprise environments will responsible for creating and where multiple developers work unitedly for managing entire website. creating,testing and deployment. i.e.,In web site development, i.e.,In Web application, different different decoupling is not possible. groups work on various components independently like one group work on domain layer, other work on UI layer. 5 Web site is easier to create than Web Web application is more difficult to create application than a Web site Difference between Local storage and cookies S.No Local storage Cookies 1 Good to store large amount of data, Good for small amount of data, up to 4KB up to 4MB 2 Easy to work with the JavaScript Difficult to work with JavaScript 3 Local storage data is not sent to the All data is transferred to and from server, so server on every request (HTTP bandwidth is consumed on every request header) as it is purely at the client side 4 No way to specify the time out Can specify timeout period so that cookies period as the Cookies have data are removed from browser Difference between Session and Cache S.No Session Cache 1 Ssession retains state per user Cache is used for retaining state for application scoped items. 2 Items put into a session will stay Items in the cache can expire (will be there, until the session ends removed from cache) after a specified amount of time. And also there is no guaranty that objects will not be removed before their expiration times as ASP.NET remove items from cache when the amount of available memory gets small. This process is called as Scavenging. 3 The session state can be kept external This is not the case with the cache. (state server, SQL server) and shared between several instances of our web app (for load balancing).
  • 11. Difference between Datalist and Repeater S.No Datalist Repeater 1 Datalist supports multiple columns Repeater doesn't support multiple columns displaying and using repeat columns display,no repeat columns property property 2 Datalist supports styles for formating Repeater does not provide styles templates data[headerstyle,...] 3 Datalist rendering output[html Repeater performanace is better than Datalist content]will be slow compare with repeater. Summary: If the requirement can achieve using repeater and datalist,choose repeater for better performance
  • 12. 1. Difference between Factory Pattern and Abstract Factory Pattern S.No Factory Pattern Abstract Factory Pattern 1 Create object through inheritance Create object through composition 2 Produce only one product Produce families of products 3 Implements code in the abstract creator Concrete factories implements factory that make use of the concrete type that method to create product sub class produces 2.Difference between Abstract Factory Pattern And Builder Pattern S.No Builder Pattern Abstract Factory Pattern 1 In Builder Pattern, there will be one Abstract Factory Pattern will return the Director class which will instruct Builder instance directly. class to build the different parts/properties of our object and finally retrieve the object. 2 It will have reference to the created It does not keep the track of it's created object. object. 3.Difference between Builder Pattern And Composite Pattern S.No Builder Pattern Composite Pattern 1 It is used to create group of objects of It creates Parent - Child relations between predefined types. our objects. 4.Difference between MVC and MVP S.No MVP MVC 1 MVP is a bit more complex to MVC is easier to implement than MVP. implement than MVC .Also, it has additional layer for view interfaces. 2 The request is always received by the The request is received by the controller View and delegated to the presenter which in turn gets the required data and which in turn gets the data does the loads up the appropriate view processing 3 The presentation and view logic an be The controller logic can be unit tested. unit tested as the view is loosely Note: We can unit test view if we are using coupled. Razor view engine. ASPX viewengine are not that easily unit testable 4 MVP is best suitable for Windows MVC is best suitable for Web Programming. Programming as the flow naturally tend towards this pattern.
  • 13. 5.Difference between Proxy Pattern and Observer Pattern S.No Proxy Pattern Observer Pattern 1 The Proxy Pattern is used for wrapping a The Observer Pattern is used by a publisher kind of special object with 1 or more object to notify subscriber objects with other objects. information. 2 Either because we don't always have the The publisher object does not know the wrapped object or because it needs to be subscribing objects - except that the managed in a certain way that can be conform to a certain subscriber interface. simplified via the proxy object(s). This is This is a very flexible pattern for kind of a way to exchange the API of an distributing events, since those that wants to existing class with a proxy class. We are listen on certain object has the power to do not just talking events here, but whatever so without changing the code of the kind of functionality to define via the publishing object. proxy object instead of the real object. 6. Difference between Singleton Pattern and a static class S.No Singleton Pattern static class 1 Singleton pattern maintains single We cannot create instance for static class. instance. 2 A singleton can extend classes and A static class cannot . implement interfaces. Note: It can extend classes, but it does not inherit their instance members. 3 A singleton can be initialized lazily or A static class is generally initialized when it asynchronously. is first loaded, leading to potential class loader issues. 4 Singletons can be handled static class cannot be handled polymorphically without forcing their polymorphically. users to assume that there is only one instance. 5 Singleton Class can have value when Static are always just shared and have no Class object instantiated between server instance but multiple references. and client, such a way if three client want to have a shared data between them Singleton can be used.Thats why singleton class can be used for state mangement in stateless scenarios like shopping cart scenario. 6 We can pass singleton object as We cannot pass parameter in static class parameter 7 Singleton provides flexibility and also Static classes once defined could not provides sort of a mechanism to control accomodate any future design changes as by object creation based on various design static classes are rigid and cannot be requirements. They can be extended as extended. well if need arises. In other words we are not always tied to a particular implementation. With Singleton we
  • 14. have the flexibility to make changes as when situation demands. 7.Difference between Strategy and Inversion of Control (IOC) S.No Strategy Pattern Inversion of Control (IOC) Pattern 1 The strategy pattern is useful when we Inversion of Control/Dependency Injection want classes to depend on the interface (IoC/DI) comes into play when we want the rather than the implementation.And we concrete strategy implementation injected can easily swap out behavior depending into a class. For example, we could use the on which concrete implementation we DI Framework Ninject and configure it so provide. that it will know which concrete strategy implementation to inject into a class in specific scenarios. Note: Strategy is just one of the ways that IOC is implemented 8.DIfference between IDictionary and Dictionary S.No IDictionary Dictionary 1 IDictionary is just a contract, abstraction Dictionary is concrete implementation. 2 It is recommended for example to expect Argument or Property is not required for as argument an IDictionary rather than Dictionary. concrete Dictionary, or to expose property of IDictionary rather than Dictionary, because this promotes loose coupling. Than we are able to change underlying objects in the future without affecting those who use your object. 9.Difference between Factory Pattern and Dependency Injection S.No Factory Pattern Dependency Injection(DI) 1 Factory is used to create objects DI is used to move the responsibility of creating an object outside the main code. 2 Some of the well known framework available for DI are 1. Unity Application Block (Microsoft) 2. Ninject 3. StructureMap 4. Castle Windsor 5. Munq/Funq 6. Autofac
  • 15. 10.Difference between String.Clone() and String.Copy() method S.No String.Clone() String.Copy() 1 Returns a reference to this instance of Creates a new instance of String with the String. same value as a specified String. i.e., it gives pointer value(ie Current i.e., it creates an instance in Heap Memory memory Reference) and gives pointer value(ie New Memory Reference) 11.Difference between Strategy Pattern and Factory Pattern S.No Strategy Pattern Factory Pattern 1 Strategy's sole intent to is to provide a Factory's sole purpose is to create objects . mechanism to select different algorithm. 2 We cannot use "strategy" to create We can use "factory" to create objects of objects of "factory". "strategy". 12.Difference between Proxy and Adaptor S.No Proxy Pattern Adaptor Pattern 1 Proxy on the other hand represents a Adapter is used to adapt to incompatible standin object for the real object. This is interfaces. It's more directed from the client required when the real object is complex (those who consume the object) perspective. to create, is not available, or for A client expects an interface to be of authentication purpose. For e.g. web particular type and adapter plays a role in service proxy, proxy authentication filling that gap. server etc. It's more from making it easier for the client Proxy can be categorized into to adapt to other third party libraries within there own by adapting to it. Virtual Proxy Remote Proxy Protection Proxy 13.Difference between Decorator and Visitor S.No Decorator Pattern Visitor Pattern 1 Decorator may have just a single object Visitor has a tree of objects to be worked to customize. upon. 2 Decorator does not require a traverser Visitor requires a traverser for successful for successful implementation. implementation. 3 Decorator pattern is a structural pattern Visitor pattern is Behavioral pattern that that help us to add new function to an seperate the data structure from the object in the run time , note that in the operation (functionality ) that work on it , run time not design time . this mean we can add different operation on the same data structure
  • 17. Dotnet Programming Concepts Difference FAQs-1.pdf Dotnet Programming Concepts Difference FAQs-2.pdf
  • 18. Difference between hash table and arraylist S.No Arraylist Hash table 1 Array List is a List Hash Table is a map 2 Here, we can only add items to the list Here, we can add data with the key 3 Retrieving data using Arraylist is slower Retrieving by key in Hashtable is faster than than Hashtable because If we want to retrieving in Arraylist because If we want to find something in a arraylist we have to find something in a hashtable we dont have go through each value in arraylist. to go through each value in hashtable, instead search for key values and is faster. Difference between Hash Table and Arrays Hash Table Array Hash table stores data as name,value pair. Array stores only value To access value from hash table, we need to In array, to access value , we need to pass pass name. index number. We can store different type of data in hash In array ,we can store only similar table, say int,string etc. type of data. Difference between Dictionary and Hashtable Dictionary Hashtable Dictionary is a generic type Hashtable is not generic type. In Dictionary we need to specify the types of Hashtable is a collection of name/value pairs both the key and the corresponding value.The that are organised on the basis of hash code of value represents the actual object stored and the the key being specified. key represents a means to identify a particular object. In Dictionary public static members are type Hashtable is thread safe for use by multiple safe but any instance members are not type reader threads and a single writing thread. safe. We cannot use Dictionary with Web Services We can use Hashtable withWeb Services The reason is no web service standard supports generic standard. Dictionary is aster than Hashtable because It is slower than dictionary because to retrieve boxing is not required. a value we must cast it as its actual type, because it will be returned via object reference.
  • 19. Difference between array and stack Array Stack An array can be multi-dimensional Stack is strictly one-dimensional An array allows direct access to any of its With a stack, only the 'top' element is directly elements accessible; to access other elements of a stack, we must go through them in order, until we get to the one we want Difference between Stack and Heap Stack Heap Memory will be allocated at the compile time. Memory will be allocated at the run time. Here the memory is allocated by the compiler. Here the memory is allocated by the user. Memory will be allocated only in sequential Memory will be allocated in sequential locations. locations and non- sequential locations. The memory will also be deleted by the The memory must be deleted explicitly by the compiler. user. There is lot of chance of memory wastage. There is no chance of memory wastage if the memory is handled perfectly. Difference between Array and ArrayList Array ArrayList They are fixed length. They are resizable and variable length They are compiled strong type collection. They are flexible and can accommodate any data types. Because arrays are of fixed size and strong In arraylist lots of boxing and unboxing are type collection performance is faster. done there for its performance is slower. Array is in the System namespace ArrayList is in the System.Collections namespace. Ex:Char[] vowel=new Char[]; Ex:ArrayList a_list=new ArrayList();
  • 20. 1.Difference between for and foreach loop S.No For loop Foreach loop 1 In case of for the variable of the loop is In case of Foreach the variable of the loop always be int only. while be same as the type of values under the array. 2 The For loop executes the statement or The Foreach statement repeats a group of block of statements repeatedly until embedded statements for each element in an specified expression evaluates to false. array or an object collection. 3 There is need to specify the loop We do not need to specify the loop bounds bounds(Minimum, Maximum). minimum or maximum. 4 example: example: using sytem; using sytem; class class1 class class1 { { static void Main() static void Main() { { int j=0; int j=0; for(int i=0; i<=10;i++) int[] arr=new int[] { {0,3,5,2,55,34,643,42,23}; j=j+1; foreach(int i in arr) } { Console.ReadLine(); j=j+1; } } } Console.ReadLine(); } } 2. Difference between Covariance and Contravariance S.No Covariance Contravariance 1 Converting from a broader type to a Converting from a more specific type to a specific type is called co-variance.If B broader type is called contra-variance. If B is is derived from A and B relates to A, derived from A and B relates to A, then we then we can assign A to B. Like A=B. can assign B to A. Like B= A. This is This is Covariance. Contravariance. 2 Co-variance is guaranteed to work Contra-variance on the other hand is not without any loss of information during guaranteed to work without loss of data. As conversion. So, most languages also such an explicit cast is required. provide facility for implicit conversion. e.g. Converting from cat or dog to animal is e.g. Assuming dog and cat inherits from called contra-variance, because not all animal, when you convert from animal features (properties/methods) of cat or dog is type to dog or cat, it is called co- present in animal. variance. 3 Example:
  • 21. class Fruit { } class Mango : Fruit { } class Program { delegate T Func<out T>(); delegate void Action<in T>(T a); static void Main(string[] args) { // Covariance Func<Mango> mango = () => new Mango(); Func<Fruit> fruit = mango; // Contravariance Action<Fruit> fr = (frt) => { Console.WriteLine(frt); }; Action<Mango> man = fr; } } 4 Note: 1. Co-variance and contra-variance is possible only with reference types; value types are invariant. 2. In .NET 4.0, the support for co-variance and contra-variance has been extended to generic types. No now we can apply co-variance and contra-variance to Lists etc. (e.g. IEnumerable etc.) that implement a common interface. This was not possible with .NET versions 3.5 and earlier.
  • 22. 3.Difference between IList and IEnumerable S.No IList IEnumerable 1 IList is used to access an element in a IEnumerable is a forward only collection, it specific position/index in a list. can not move backward and between the items. 2 IList is useful when we want to Add or IEnumerable does not support add or remove remove items from the list. items from the list. 3 IList can find out the no of elements in Using IEnumerable we can find out the no of the collection without iterating the elements in the collection after iterating the collection. collection. 4 IList does not support filtering. IEnumerable supports filtering. 4.Difference between IEnumerable and IQueryable S.No IEnumerable IQueryable 1 IEnumerable exists in IQueryable exists in System.Linq System.Collections Namespace. Namespace. 2 IEnumerable is best to query data from IQueryable is best to query data from out- in-memory collections like List, Array memory (like remote database, service) etc. collections. 3 While query data from database, While query data from database, IEnumerable execute select query on IEnumerable execute select query on server server side, load data in-memory on side with all filters. client side and then filter data. 4 IEnumerable is suitable for LINQ to IQueryable is suitable for LINQ to SQL Object and LINQ to XML queries. queries. 5 IEnumerable does not supports custom IQueryable supports custom query using query. CreateQuery and Execute methods. 6 IEnumerable does not support lazy IQueryable support lazy loading. Hence it is loading. Hence not suitable for paging suitable for paging like scenarios. like scenarios. 7 Extension methods supports by Extension methods supports by IEnumerable IEnumerable takes functional objects. takes expression objects means expression tree. 8 IEnumerable Example MyDataContext dc = new MyDataContext (); IEnumerable list = dc.loyees.Where(p => p.Name.StartsWith("S")); list = list.Take(10); Generated SQL statements of above query will be : SELECT [t0].[EmpID], [t0].[EmpName], [t0].[Salary] FROM [Employee] AS [t0] WHERE [t0].[EmpName] LIKE @p0
  • 23. Note: In this query "top 10" is missing since IEnumerable filters records on client side IQueryable Example MyDataContext dc = new MyDataContext (); IEnumerable list = dc.loyees.Where(p => p.Name.StartsWith("S")); list = list.Take(10); Generated SQL statements of above query will be : SELECT TOP 10 [t0].[EmpID], [t0].[EmpName], [t0].[Salary] FROM [Employee] AS [t0] WHERE [t0].[EmpName] LIKE @p0 Note: In this query "top 10" is exist since IQueryable executes query in SQL server with all filters. 5.Difference between IEnumerable and IEnumerator S.No IEnumerable IEnumerator 1 The IEnumerable interface is a generic IEnumerator provides two abstract methods interface that provides an abstraction and a property to pull a particular element in for looping over elements. a collection. And they are Reset(), In addition to providing foreach MoveNext() and Current The signature of support, it allows us to tap into the IEnumerator members is as follows: useful extension methods in the void Reset() : Sets the enumerator to its System.Linq namespace, opening up a initial position, which is before the first lot of advanced functionality element in the collection. The IEnumerable interface contains an bool MoveNext() : Advances the enumerator abstract member function called to the next element of the collection. GetEnumerator() and return an interface object Current : Gets the current element in IEnumerator on any success call. the collection 2 IEnumerable does not remember the IEnumerator does remember the cursor state cursor state i.e currently row which is iterating through 3 IEnumerable is useful when we have IEnumerator is useful when we have to pass only iterate the value the iterator as parameter and has to remember the value
  • 24. LINQ Difference FAQs-1.pdf LINQ Difference FAQs-2.pdf
  • 25. 1.Difference between LINQ and SQL S.No LINQ SQL 1 LINQ Stands for language SQL stands for Structured integrated query. Query Language. 2 LINQ Statements are verified SQL statements can be used in a during compile time. application gets verified for their syntaxes only in the run time. 3 To use LINQ we can depend upon To use SQL we need to be familiar our .Net Language syntaxes and with SQL syntaxes and also the pre- also we can consume base class defined functions of SQL like library functionalities. MAX,MIN,LEN and SUBSTRING etc... 4 LINQ Statements can be As SQL statements execute on debugged as they execute under Database server debugging of the code framework environment. is not possible. SQL . 2.Difference between LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework S.No LINQ to SQL Entity Framework 1 It only works with Sql server. It works with variety of db products. 2 Used for rapid application Cannot used for rapid application development. development. 3 It does not support for complex It provides support for complex type. type. 4 It cannot generate db from model. It can generate db from model. 5 Mapping type ( class to single Mapping type ( class to multiple table) tables) 6 We can query data using We can query data using esql,object DataContext. services,entity client and linq to entities. Another Good Reference: http://jinaldesai.net/linq-to-sql-vs-entity-framework/ (OR) http://www.slideshare.net/jinaldesailive/linq-to-sql-vs-entity-framework-jinal-desai
  • 26. 3.Difference between LINQ and Stored Procedures S.No LINQ Stored Procedures 1 As LINQ is part of .NET, we can It is really very hard to debug the use visual studio’s debugger to Stored Procedure debug the queries 2 With LINQ everything gets With Stored Procedures, we need to complied into single DLL hence provide an additional script for deployment becomes easy. deployment 3 LINQ is type safe, so queries Stored Procedures are not type safe errors are type checked at compile i.e., error can be caught only during time.It is really good to encounter runtime. an error when compiling rather than runtime exception! 4 LINQ supports multiple databases With Stored Procedures which need to be re-written for different databases. 5 LINQ supports abstraction which As Stored Procedures does not support allows framework to add abstaction , so it is difficult to add additional improvements like additional impovements like multi multi threading. It is much threading simpler and easier to add this support through LINQ than Stored Procedures. 6 LINQ queries need to compile Stored Procedures are ster thn LINQ before execution.Therefore, LINQ because they are precompiled i.e., is slower than Stored Procedures. Stored Procedures have a predictable execution plan.Therefore, if a stored procedure is being executed for the second time, the database gets the cached execution plan to execute the stored procedure. 4.Difference between LINQ to SQL and LINQ to Objects S.No LINQ to SQL LINQ to Objects 1 LINQ to SQL needs a Data LINQ to Objects does not need any Context object. The Data Context intermediate LINQ provider or API. object is the bridge between LINQ and the database. 2 LINQ to SQL returns data of type LINQ to Objects returns data of type IQueryable<T> IEnumerable<T>.
  • 27. 3 LINQ to SQL is translated to SQL LINQ to Objects does not need to be by way of Expression Trees, translated. which allow them to be evaluated as a single unit and translated to the appropriate and optimal SQL statements. 4 LINQ to SQL is translated to SQL LINQ to Objects is executed in the calls and executed on the local machine memory. specified database 5.Difference between LINQ to SQL and LINQ to Entities S.No LINQ to SQL LINQ to Entities 1 Does not support Conceptual Data Supports Conceptual Data Model Model 2 Does not support Storage Schema Supports Storage Schema 3 Does not support Mapping Schema Supports Mapping Schema 4 Does not support New Data Access Supports New Data Access Provider Provider 5 Does not support Non-SQL Server Supports Non-SQL Server Database Database Support Support 6 Supports Direct Database Does not support Direct Database Connection Connection 7 Does not support Multiple-table Supports Multiple-table Inheritance Inheritance 8 Does not support Single Entity from Supports Single Entity from Multiple Multiple Tables Tables
  • 28. 1.Difference between LINQ to SQL and ADO.NET S.No LINQ to SQL ADO.NET 1 Used for data handling with SQL Used for data handling with any Server databases only. database: SQL Server/Access/Oracle/Excel etc. 2 Uses the extension methods of Does not use the extension methods of System.Linq.Queryable class. System.Linq.Queryable class. 3 Introduced in .net Framework 3.0 It is there since the .net Framework 1.0 4 DataContext is used for Database SqlConnection/OleDbConnection are connectivity. used for database connectivity 5 Syntax and coding is somewhat Easier syntax and coding. complex. Note: Both LINQ TO SQL and ADO.NET have connected / disconnected modes of data handling 2.Difference between LINQ and nHibernate S.No LINQ nHibernate 1 LINQ is not an open-source nHibernate is an open source. 2 LINQ is an incomplete ORM tool nHibernate is an ORM tool as it needs additional extensions. 3 LINQ is primarily a querying nHibernate has a limited querying language language. 4 LINQ is much more useful in nHibernate is much more useful in small applications where there is largel applications where there is no massive dependence on massive dependence on databases. databases. 5 With LINQ, database already With nHibernate, database does not exists and the relationships and already exist and it needs to be defined some programming will be . dependent on how the database is defined.
  • 29. 3.Difference between LINQ and Entity Framework S.No LINQ Entity Framework 1 Used for Rapid Application Used for Enterprise Development Development 2 Works with objects in database Works with Conceptual model of database 3 Mainly woks with SQL Server Works with all data sources 4 ".dbml" is created while using ".EDMX" is created while using Entity LINQ to SQL Framework
  • 30. OOPs Difference FAQs-1.pdf OOPs Difference FAQs-2.pdf OOPs Difference FAQs-3.pdf
  • 31. 1) What are the differences between TypeOf() and GetType()? S.No TypeOf() GetType() 1 Its an operator Its a method 2 Can't be overloaded Has lot of overloads 2) What are the differences between const and readonly? S.No const readonly 1 It cannot be static It can be instance level or static 2 It is evaluated at design time It is evaluated at run time 3 It is initialized at declaration It is initialized at declaration or in constructor 4 It must be of integral type or In addition, it can have complex types enumeration with new keyword and enumerations are not allowed 3) What are the Differences between Abstract Class and Interface? S.No Abstract Class Interface 1 It can have implemented Methods It cannot have implemented Methods 2 A class can inherit only one abstract A Class can implement any number of class Interfaces 3 We go for Abstract classes on such We go for Interface on such situations situations where we need to give where we need to give common common functionality for group of functionality for group of un-related related classes classes 4 If we add a new method, then we can If we add a new method, then we need to provide a default implementation and change all the existing work so no need to make any change to existing work 5 Static and Instance constants are Only Static constants are possible possible 4) What are the differences between Structure and Class? S.No Structure Class 1 It is value type It is reference type 2 It is stored on stack It is stored on heap 3 It does not support inheritance It supports inheritance 4 It is suitable for small data structure It is suitable for complex data structures 5) What are the differences between property and indexer? S.No Property Indexer 1 A property can be static member An indexer is always an instant member 2 The get accessor of a property The get accessor of an indexer corresponds to a method with no corresponds to the same formal parameter parameters lists as the indexer 6) What are the differences between overloading and overriding? S.No Overloading Overriding 1 Same name in same / derived class We need to provide different but with different / type of parameter implementation than base class 2 Has different signature Has same signature 3 Otherwise called Compile-time Otherwise called Run-time Polymorphism
  • 32. Polymorphism 7) What are the differences between Value Types and Reference Types? S.No Value Types Reference Types 1 It is stored on stack It is stored on heap 2 It can be accessed directly It can be accessed through references 3 Life time of value type is determined Lifetime of reference type is managed by lifetime of variable that contain by .net framework them 4 Examples: All numeric data type, Examples: All arrays, String, Class types, Boolean, char, Date, Structure, Delegate enumerations Note: Object is not any kind of type. You can create object of structure as well as Class Are not type: Namespaces, Modules, Events, properties, procedures, variables, constants, & fields.
  • 33. Difference between Events and Delegates S.No Events Delegates 1 Event can be used in an Delegate cannot be used in an interface definition interface definition 2 Event can only be invoked from Delegates can be invoked from child the class that declares it classes and clients. 3 Event comes with its pair of There is no pair of accessors concept accessors i.e Add and Remove. in delegates. An event is always assigned and unassigned with a += and -= operator. 4 Event has a restrictive signature Delegates do not have restrictive and must always be of the form signature as like events Event (object source, EventArgs args) Difference between Class and Object S.No Class Object 1 It is a datatype that contains the It is a chunk of memory that programming logic. implements the class logic. 2 Class is visible in the source code Object is in the RAM and not and resides in hard disk. visible in source code. 3 Class is like a template or blueprint It is the real world implementation of the object. It implements of the class. Each object has its reusability,encapsulation, own copy of data. inheritance 4 Example:Button is a class with Example: Button1, Button2 are the properties like Text,BackColor, objects of Button class. events like click, methods like Focus 5 We can create subclasses We cannot create sub-objects Difference between Private and Static Constructor S.No Static constructor Private constructor 1 A static constructor is called Private constructor is called after the before the first instance is instance of the class is created. created. i.e. global initializer. 2 Static constructor will be called Static members will not be initialized first time when the class is either by private or public referenced.Static constructor is constructor. used to initialize static members of the class. 3 The static constructor will only be The private constructor will be executed once. executed each time it is called.
  • 34. Difference between properties and methods S.No Properties Methods 1 Properties are used to represent Methods are used to performs actions data 2 Properties are created by using Methods create like public void getter and setter i.e., get{} and method1(parameter list here) set{} Difference between Singleton Pattern and a static class S.No Singleton Pattern static class Singleton pattern maintains single We cannot create instance for static instance. class. 2 A singleton can extend classes and A static class cannot . implement interfaces. Note: It can extend classes, but it does not inherit their instance members. 3 A singleton can be initialized lazily A static class is generally initialized or asynchronously. when it is first loaded, leading to potential class loader issues. 4 Singletons can be handled static class cannot be handled polymorphically without forcing polymorphically. their users to assume that there is only one instance. 5 Singleton Class can have value Static are always just shared and have when Class object instantiated no instance but multiple references. between server and client, such a way if three client want to have a shared data between them Singleton can be used.Thats why singleton class can be used for state mangement in stateless scenarios like shopping cart scenario. 6 We can pass singleton object as We cannot pass parameter in static parameter class 7 Singleton provides flexibility and Static classes once defined could not also provides sort of a mechanism accomodate any future design to control object creation based on changes as by design static classes various requirements. They can be are rigid and cannot be extended. extended as well if need arises. In other words we are not always tied to a particular implementation. With Singleton we have the flexibility to make changes as when situation demands.
  • 36. Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation Abstraction Encapsulation Abstraction solves the problem in the Encapsulation solves the problem in the design level. implementation level. Abstraction is used for hiding the Encapsulation means hiding the code unwanted data and giving relevant data. and data into a single unit to protect the data from outside world. Abstraction allows us to focus on what Encapsulation means hiding the internal the object does instead of how it does it details or mechanism of how an object does something. Abstraction- Outer layout, used in Encapsulation- Inner layout, used in terms of design. terms of implementation. For Example:- For Example:- Inner Implementation Outer Look of a Mobile Phone, like it detail of a Mobile Phone, how keypad has a display screen and keypad buttons button and Display Screen are to dial a number. connected with each other using circuits Difference between Composition and Aggregation Composition Aggregation Defines a strong-coupled relationship Defines a weak-coupled relationship between two entities, where the one between two entities, where one entity entity is part of another, and both need could be part of another, but either can each other for their existence. exist without the other, independantly. e.g. Human body and the Heart. e.g.School and teacher. Composition implies real ownership of Aggregation does not necessarily own its components any of its aggregates. Composition has a stronger bond of its Aggregation has weaker or looser bonds components. with its aggregates. Composition has components that exist Aggregation has aggregates that live at at the inner level. the outer level.
  • 37. Difference between Private Class and Sealed Class Private Class Sealed Class A Private class can only be accessed by A Sealed class can be accessed by any the class it is defined and contain within class.Private Constructor of a Private - it is completely inaccessible to outside Class = Sealed Class. classes. In private Class,we can create a In Sealed class we can not create a constructor and therefore we can create constructor of that class, so no instance an instance of that class. of that class is possible. public class A public sealed class A { { private class B } { public class B : A //ERROR } { B b = new B(); } } public class C { A.B b = new A.B(); // ERROR } The main use of Private class is to create The sealed classes are mainly used to a user-defined type, which we want to be prevent inheritance features of object accessible to that class only. oriented programming. Private class(i.e private constructor) is also used to implement singleton classes(pattern). Singleton means "A single-instance object, and it simplify complex code. Singletons have a static property that we must access to get the object reference." Difference between Static Class and Sealed Class Static Class Sealed Class We can neither create their instances, We can create their instances, but cannot nor inherit them inherit them They can have static members only. They can contain static as well as nonstatic members. ex: ex: static class Program
  • 38. { sealed class demo { } } class abc:demo { --Wrong } Static classes are used when a class The sealed classes are mainly used to provides functionality that is not specific prevent inheritance features of object to any unique instance. oriented programming. Difference between Virtual method and Abstract method Feature Virtual method Abstract method Overriding Virtual method may or may An abstract method should be not override by inherited class. overriden by inherited class. i.e.,Virtual method provide i.e.,Abstract method forces the derived class with the the derived class to option of overriding it. override it. Virtual = = Overridable abstract == MustOverride Implementation Virtual method has an Abstract method does not implementation. provide an implementation. Necessity to Virtual methods allow Abstract methods in a Implement subclasses to provide their class contain no method own implementation of that body, and are implicitly method using the override virtual keyword Scope Virtual methods scope to Abstract method's scope to members only. members and classes Instancing Virtual methods - Not Abstract method - direcly applicable, as we can't NO, but other way, Yes. create instance for We can create an instance members, it is possible only of a class that derives from with classes. an abstract class. And we can declare a type Abstract class and instantiate that as a derived class.
  • 39. Example: public abstract class Test { public abstract void A(); // Abstract method public virtual void B() { Console.WriteLine("Test.B"); } // Virtual Method } public class InheritedTest : Test { public override void A() { Console.WriteLine("InheritedTest.A"); } //Method B implementation is optional public override void B() { Console.WriteLine("InheritedTest.B"); } } Difference between Class and Static Class Class Static Class Class has Instance Members Static class does not have Instance Members In Class, Constructor has Access In Static Class, Constructor does not Specifier. have Access Specifier. In Class Constructor, initiation is done In Static Class ,Constructor will be every time when an object is created called only one time . for the class In Class, Class members can be In Static Class, members can be accessed through class object. accessed through its Class name only
  • 40. Difference between Method Overloading and Method overriding in C# Method Overloading Method overriding Method Overloading is passing same Method Overriding is redifining parent message for different functionality class function to the child class Method Overloading is between the Method Overriding is between the same same function name with the different method. signature Method Overloading does not check for Method Overriding checks the return the return type. type. Method Overloading takes place in the Method Overriding takes place between same class. parent and child classes Method Overloading is static binding Method Overriding is a dynamic binding.
  • 41. SQL Server Difference FAQs-1.pdf SQL Server Difference FAQs-2.pdf SQL Server Difference FAQs-3.pdf SQL Server Difference FAQs-4.pdf SQL Server Difference FAQs-5.pdf
  • 42. 1) What are the Differences between TRUNCATE and Delete? S.No Truncate Delete 1 Truncate is faster Delete is comparatively slower 2 Removes all rows from a table Can remove specific rows with Where clause 3 Is DDL Command Is DML Command 4 Resets identity of the table Does not reset identity of the table 5 Removes the data by deallocating Removes one row at a time and the data pages and logs the records an entry in the transaction log deallocation. for each deleted row. 6 Cannot be rolled back Can be rolled back 2) What are the differences between Primary key and Unique key? S.No Primary Key Unique Key 1 Creates Clustered index Creates Non-Clustered index 2 Null values are not allowed Allows only one null value 3) What are the Differences between Clustered Indexes and Non-Clustered Indexes? S.No Clustered Indexes Non-Clustered Indexes 1 It reorders the physical storage of It sorts and maintain a separate records in the table storage 2 There can be only one Clustered More than one index per table 3 The leaf nodes contain data The leaf node contains pointer to data 4) What are the differences between Stored Procedures and User Defined Functions? S.No Stored Procedures User Defined Functions 1 Stored Procedure cannot be used User Defined Function can be used in in a Select statement a Select statement 2 Stored procedure supports User Defined Function does not Deferred Name Resolution support Deferred Name Resolution 3 Stored Procedures are generally User Defined Functions are generally used for performing Business used for Computations Logic 4 Stored Procedure need not return User Defined Functions should return a value a value 5 Stored Procedures can return any User Defined Functions cannot return datatype Image 6 Stored Procedures can accept User Defined Functions accept lesser more number of input parameters number of input parameters than than User Defined Functions. Stored Procedures. UDF can have Stored Procedures can have upto upto 1023 input parameters 21000 input parameters 7 Stored Procedures can use Temporary Tables cannot be used in a Temporary Tables User Defined Function 8 Stored Procedures can execute User Defined Functions cannot Dynamic SQL execute Dynamic SQL 9 Stored Procedure supports error User Defined Function does not handling support error handling. RAISEERROR or @@ERROR are
  • 43. not allowed in UDFs 10 Non-deterministic functions can Non-deterministic functions cannot be be used in Stored Procedures. used in User Defined Functions (UDFs). For example, GETDATE() cannot be used in User Defined Functions(UDFs) 5) What are the differences between Where and Having clauses? S.No Where clause Having clause 1 It applies to individual rows It applies to a group as a whole 2 It selects rows before grouping It selects rows after grouping 3 It cannot contain aggregate It can contain aggregate functions functions 4 It can be used in select, delete It is used only in select clause ,insert etc. 6) What are the differences between Union and UnionAll? S.No Union UnionAll 1 This is used to eliminate duplicate It will not eliminate duplicate rows rows 2 This selects only distinct rows It selects all the values 3 It can be used to combine any It can be used to combine maximum number of queries of 2 queries 4 It cannot contain aggregate It can contain aggregate functions functions 7) What is the difference between normal Select statement and a Cursor? S.No Select statement Cursor 1 Select statements are used for Cursors are used for row-level table-level processing processing
  • 44. 1) What are the differences between Instead of Triggers and After Triggers? S.No Instead of Triggers After Triggers 1 Each table or view can have one A table can have several AFTER INSTEAD OF trigger for each triggers for each triggering action. triggering action (UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT) 2 INSTEAD OF triggers fire in AFTER triggers fire after the place of the triggering action and triggering action (INSERT, UPDATE, before constraints are processed. or DELETE) and after any constraints are processed. 2) What are the differences between Views and User-Defined Functions? S.No Views User-Defined Functions 1 Views cannot accept parameters. User-Defined Functions can accept parameters. 2 Output of the Views cannot be Output of the User-Defined Functions directly used in the SELECT can be directly used in the SELECT clause. clause. 3) What are the differences between Triggers and Stored Procedures? S.No Triggers Stored Procedures 1 Triggers cannot return a value Stored Procedures may return a value 2 We cannot pass parameters in We can pass parameter in Stored Triggers Procedures 3 We can write a Stored procedure We cannot write a Trigger within a within a Trigger Stored Procedure 4 Triggers are implicitly fired Stored Procedures need to be whenever insert, update or delete explicitly called by the programmer operations take place on table 5 Triggers can only be implemented Stored procedures can be written for on Tables or Views the Database
  • 45. 1.Difference between Identity and Sequence in SQL Server 2012 S.No Identity Sequence 1 Dependant on table. Independent from table. 2 Identity is a property in a table. Sequence is an object. Example : Example : CREATE TABLE Table CREATE SEQUENCE [dbo]. test_Identity [Sequence_ID] ( AS [int] [ID] int Identity (1,1), START WITH 1 [Product Name] varchar(50) INCREMENT BY 1 ) MINVALUE 1 MAXVALUE 1000 NO CYCLE NO CACHE 3 If we need a new ID from an In the sequence, we do not need to identity column we need to insert new ID, we can view the new ID insert and then get new ID. directly. Example : Example : Insert into [test_Identity] Values SELECT NEXT VALUE (‘SQL Server’) FOR dbo.[Sequence_ID] GO SELECT @@IDENTITY AS ‘Identity’ –OR Select SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS ‘Identity’ 4 We cannot perform a cycle in In the sequence, we can simply add identity column. Meaning, we one property to make it a cycle. cannot restart the counter after a particular interval. Example : ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo]. [Sequence_ID]
  • 46. CYCLE; 5 We cannot cache Identity column Sequence can be easily cached by just property. setting cache property of sequence. It also improves the performance. Example : ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo]. [Sequence_ID] CACHE 3; 6 We cannot remove the identity The sequence is not table dependent so column from the table directly. we can easily remove it Example : Create table dbo.[test_Sequence] ( [ID] int, [Product Name] varchar(50) ) GO –First Insert With Sequence object INSERT INTO dbo.test_Sequence ([ID],[Product Name]) VALUES (NEXT VALUE FOR [Ticket] , ‘MICROSOFT SQL SERVER 2008′) GO –Second Insert without Sequence INSERT INTO dbo.test_Sequence ([ID],[Product Name]) VALUES (2 , ‘MICROSOFT SQL SERVER 2012′) 7 We cannot define the maximum Here we can set up its maximum value in identity column it is value. based on the data type limit. Example :
  • 47. ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo]. [Sequence_ID] MAXVALUE 2000; 8 We can reseed it but cannot We can reseed as well as change the change the step size. step size. Example : Example : DBCC CHECKIDENT ALTER SEQUENCE [dbo]. (test_Identity, RESEED, 4) [Sequence_ID] RESTART WITH 7 INCREMENT BY 2; 9 We cannot generate range from We can generate a range of sequence identity. values from a sequence object with the help of sp_sequence_get_range. 2.Difference between Temp table and Table variable S.No Temp table Table variable 1 A Temp table is easy to create and But the table variable involves the back up data. effort when we usually create the normal tables. 2 Temp table result can be used by But the table variable can be used by multiple users. the current user only. 3 Temp table will be stored in the But a table variable will store in the tempdb. It will make network physical memory for some of the data, traffic. When we have large data then later when the size increases it in the temp table then it has to will be moved to the tempdb. work across the database. A Performance issue will exist. 4 Temp table can do all the DDL Whereas table variable won't allow operations. It allows creating the doing the DDL operations. But the indexes, dropping, altering, etc.., table variable allows us to create the clustered index only. 5 Temp table can be used for the But the table variable can be used up current session or global. So that a to that program. (Stored procedure) multiple user session can utilize the results in the table. 6 Temp variable cannot use the But we cannot do it for table variable.
  • 48. transactions. When we do the DML operations with the temp table then it can be rollback or commit the transactions. 7 Functions cannot use the temp But the function allows us to use the variable. More over we cannot do table variable. But using the table the DML operation in the variable we can do that. functions . 8 The stored procedure will do the Whereas the table variable won't do recompilation (can't use same like that. execution plan) when we use the temp variable for every sub sequent calls. Another Good Reference: http://sqljunkieshare.com/2011/11/05/difference-between-temporary-tables-and-table-variables/ 3.Difference between RAISERROR and THROW statements S.No RAISERROR Statement THROW Statement 1 If a msg_id is passed to The error_number parameter does not RAISERROR, the ID must be have to be defined in sys.messages. defined in sys.messages. 2 The msg_str parameter can The message parameter does not contain printf formatting styles. accept printf style formatting. 3 The severity parameter specifies There is no severity parameter. The the severity of the exception. exception severity is always set to 16. 4.Difference between Local temporary table and Global temporary table S.No Local temporary table Global temporary table 1 Denoted by # symbol. Denoted by ## symbol. 2 Valid for the current connection Available to all the connections once only. They are cleared as soon as created. They are deleted when all the current connection closes. users referencing the table disconnect from SQL Server . 3 Cannot be shared between Can be shared between multiple users. multiple users.
  • 49. 1.Difference between Correlated subquery and Nested subquery S.No Correlated subquery Nested subquery 1 Correlated subquery runs once for Nested subquery runs only once for the each row selected by the outer entire nesting (outer) query. It does not query. It contains a reference to a contain any reference to the outer value from the row selected by the query row. outer query. 2 Correlated subquery follows down Nested subquery follows top-down to top approach i.e., main query approach i.e., child query is executed is executed first(even though first and then parent . parenthesis are present) and then child query. We can also say:In a subquery Outer query condition is used in the We can also say: in a Correlated the inner query. subquery,Inner query condition is used in the outer query 4 Example: Example: select e1.empname, e1.basicsal, select empname, basicsal, deptno from e1.deptno from emp e1 emp where e1.basicsal = (select where (deptno, basicsal) in (select max(basicsal) from emp e2 where deptno, max(basicsal) from emp group e2.deptno = e1.deptno) by deptno) 2.Difference between Weak Entity Set and Strong Entity Set S.No Weak Entity Set Strong Entity Set 1 An entity set which does not An entity set which does have a possess sufficient attributes to primary key is called a strong entity form a primary key is known as a set. weak entity set. 2 Member of a weak entity set is a Member of a strong entity set is a subordinate entity. dominant entity. 3 Example: Example: Specific Set of all Person,Company,Event,Plant Persons,Companies,Trees,Holidays
  • 50. 3.Difference between char and varchar data types in Sql Server S.No Char Varchar 1 Fixed length memory storage Variable length memory storage(Changeable) 2 CHAR takes up 1 byte per VARCHAR takes up 1 byte per character character, + 2 bytes to hold length information 3 Use Char when the data entries in Use Varchar when the data entries in a a column are expected to be the column are expected to vary same size like phone number considerably in size like address 4 Ex: Ex: Declare test Char(100); Declare test VarChar(100); test="Test" - test="Test" - Then "test" occupies 100 bytes Then "test" occupies only 4+2=6 first four bytes with values and bytes. first four bytes for value and rest with blank data other two bytes for variable length information. 4.Difference between Sql Server 2005 and Sql Server 2008 S.No Sql Server 2005 Sql Server 2008 1 XML datatype is introduced. XML datatype is used. 2 Cannot encrypt the entire Can encrypt the entire database database. introduced in 2008. 3 Datetime is used for both date and Date and time are seperately used for time. date and time 4 No table datatype is included. Table datatype introduced. 5 SSIS is started using. SSIS avails in this version. 6 CMS is not available. Central Management Server(CMS) is Introduced. 7 PBM is not available Policy based management(PBM) server is Introduced.
  • 51. 1.Difference between Database Mail and SQL Mail S.No Database Mail SQL Mail 1 Based on SMTP (Simple Mail Based on MAPI (Messaging Transfer Protocol). Application Programming Interface). 2 Introduced in Sql Server 2005. Used prior versions of Sql Server 2005. 3 No need to install Outlook. Require Outlook to be installed. 4 More secure than Sql mail. Less secure than Database mail. 2.Difference between Azure Table storage and SQL Azure S.No Azure Table storage SQL Azure 1 It is built on top of the Azure It is an SQL Server that has been Storage platform. configured to be hosted on top of the Windows Azure in a high availability mode. 2 It comprises flexible or schema- It comprises standard SQL Tables with less entities. No referential indexes and referential integrity. integrity between the tables, and no custom indexes. 3 It can scale massive amounts of It may not scale as far as Azure Table data due to the partition key. storage. 4 Can be thought as single Look familiar to any .Net developer spreadsheet. who has used Sql server 2008 prior. 3.Difference between DBMS and RDBMS S.No DBMS RDBMS 1 Stands for DataBase Management Stands for Relational DataBase System Management System 2 In dbms no relationship concept It is used to establish the relationship concept between two database objects, i.e, tables 3 It supports Single User only It supports multiple users 4 It treats Data as Files internally It treats data as Tables internally 5 It supports 3 rules of E.F.CODD It supports minimum 6 rules of out off 12 rules E.F.CODD 6 It requires low Software and It requires High software and
  • 52. Hardware Requirements. hardware requirements. 7 DBMS is used for simpler RDBMS is used for more complex business applications applications. 8 DBMS does not impose any RDBMS defines the integrity constraints or security with regard constraint for the purpose of holding to data manipulation ACID PROPERTY 9 In DBMS Normalization process In RDBMS, normalization process will not be present will be present to check the database table consistency 10 There is no enforcement to use Although the foreign key concept is foreign key concept compulsorily supported by both DBMS and RDBMS in DBMS but its only RDBMS that enforces the rules 11 FoxPro, IMS are Examples SQL Server, Oracle are examples 4.Difference between SQL Server 2000 and SQL Server 2005 S.No SQL Server 2000 SQL Server 2005 1 Query Analyser and Enterprise Both are combined as SSMS(Sql manager are separate. Server management Studio). 2 No XML datatype is used. .XML datatype is introduced. 3 We can create maximum of We can create 2(pow(20))-1 databases. 65,535 databases. 4 Exception Handling mechanism is Exception Handling mechanism is not available available 5 There is no Varchar(Max) data Varchar(Max) data type is introduced. type is not available 6 DDL Triggers is not available DDL Triggers is introduced 7 DataBase Mirroring facility is not DataBase Mirroring facility is available introduced 8 RowNumber function for paging RowNumber function for paging is is not available introduced 9 Table fragmentation facility is not Table fragmentation facility is available introduced 10 Full Text Search facility is not Full Text Search facility is introduced available
  • 53. 11 Bulk Copy Update facility is not Bulk Copy Update facility is available introduced 12 Data Encryption concept is not .Cannot encrypt the entire database introduced 13 Cannot compress the tables and Can Compress tables and indexes. indexes. (Introduced in 2005 SP2) 14 No varchar(max) or Varchar(max) and varbinary(max) is varbinary(max) is available. used. 15 Data Transformation SQL Server Integration Services(SSIS) Services(DTS) is used as ETL tool is started using from this SQL Server version and which is used as ETL tool
  • 54. WCF Difference FAQs-1.pdf WCF Difference FAQs-2.pdf