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Transition to Low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan: experience and lessons learned Makazhanova AidaChief Expert of Kyoto protocol Department  The Ministry of Environmental protection The Republic of KazakhstanE-mail: makazhanova@eco.gov.kz
1995  - Law of Kazakhstan about ratification of UNFCCC 1999 – Law of Kazakhstan about signature of Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC  2009- Law of Kazakhstan about ratification of Kyoto Protocol Kazakhstan is a Party to Annex I of the UNFCCC for the purposes of the Kyoto Protocol
GHG emissions in Kazakhstan : 1990- 378 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent 2009 – 275 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent 15, 6 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita Carbon intensity of GDP: 1,838.2 tons equivalent CO2e/1000 $.High energy products Voluntary commitments to reduce GHG emissions relative to base year:-15% by 2020- 25% by 2050
Legal framework Law «About support for renewable energy» Draft law «About energy efficiency and energy safety» Draft law «About amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Environmental Affairs»
Program «Zhasyl damu» for 2010 – 2014» Aim: Creating the conditions for the conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems Task: Developing «green economy» Actions: ,[object Object]
Creating the system of recourse safety,[object Object]
The report of Nicholas Stern:
Long-term forecast of GHG emissions in Kazakhstan million tonnes of CO2 equivalent
Commitments 15-25%, as shown by the model, provided the implementation of measures aimed at improving energy efficiency and involvement of renewable energy resource in the energy balance of the country
Priority areas for the transition to a low carbon development: Increasing energy efficiency Development of renewable energy through the using of hydro and wind energy, biomass, solar and geothermal energy Regulation of national GHG emissions through a national trading market for GHG emissions; Informing the public
Mechanisms for implementation of Plan For supporting of renewable energy resource Subsidizing the development of renewable energy; Guaranteeing the tariff for the purchase of energy from renewable sources; Development of industry machinery; State support for research and development;
Creating of internal cap-and-trade system Aim -encouragement of business to reduce emissions and to cover a portion of their expenditures on environmental protection measuresExperience -Europe, U.S., Japan 2008-GHG inventory, base year for componies  2010 - all businesses pass certification These certification will form the basis of the initial distribution of quotas on GHG emissions.
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Transition to low carbon economy in kazakhstan

  • 1. Transition to Low-carbon economy in Kazakhstan: experience and lessons learned Makazhanova AidaChief Expert of Kyoto protocol Department The Ministry of Environmental protection The Republic of KazakhstanE-mail: makazhanova@eco.gov.kz
  • 2. 1995 - Law of Kazakhstan about ratification of UNFCCC 1999 – Law of Kazakhstan about signature of Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC 2009- Law of Kazakhstan about ratification of Kyoto Protocol Kazakhstan is a Party to Annex I of the UNFCCC for the purposes of the Kyoto Protocol
  • 3. GHG emissions in Kazakhstan : 1990- 378 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent 2009 – 275 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent 15, 6 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per capita Carbon intensity of GDP: 1,838.2 tons equivalent CO2e/1000 $.High energy products Voluntary commitments to reduce GHG emissions relative to base year:-15% by 2020- 25% by 2050
  • 4. Legal framework Law «About support for renewable energy» Draft law «About energy efficiency and energy safety» Draft law «About amendments and addenda to some legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Environmental Affairs»
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. The report of Nicholas Stern:
  • 8. Long-term forecast of GHG emissions in Kazakhstan million tonnes of CO2 equivalent
  • 9. Commitments 15-25%, as shown by the model, provided the implementation of measures aimed at improving energy efficiency and involvement of renewable energy resource in the energy balance of the country
  • 10. Priority areas for the transition to a low carbon development: Increasing energy efficiency Development of renewable energy through the using of hydro and wind energy, biomass, solar and geothermal energy Regulation of national GHG emissions through a national trading market for GHG emissions; Informing the public
  • 11. Mechanisms for implementation of Plan For supporting of renewable energy resource Subsidizing the development of renewable energy; Guaranteeing the tariff for the purchase of energy from renewable sources; Development of industry machinery; State support for research and development;
  • 12. Creating of internal cap-and-trade system Aim -encouragement of business to reduce emissions and to cover a portion of their expenditures on environmental protection measuresExperience -Europe, U.S., Japan 2008-GHG inventory, base year for componies 2010 - all businesses pass certification These certification will form the basis of the initial distribution of quotas on GHG emissions.
  • 13. Thank you for your attention!

Editor's Notes

  1. При росте среднемировой температуры на 2°С последствия глобального потепления станут необратимыми, например, такие как повышение уровня мирового океана и, как следствие, глобальные переселения, а также таяние ледников, увеличение числа наводнений, засух, сокращение водных ресурсов. Поэтому данную проблему признали первостепенной геополитической и экономической проблемой XXI века.Первым шагом в мировом противостоянии глобальному потеплению стало принятие Рамочной Конвенции ООН об Изменении Климата в 1992 году в городе Рио-де-Жанейро (РКИК ООН). В Казахстане Конвенция РКИК была ратифицирована 4 мая 1995 года Указом Президента РК. Для создания реального механизма для снижения выбросов парниковых газов в 1997 году в городе Киото (Япония) был принят Киотский протокол к данной Конвенции. 12 марта 1999 года был издан Указ Президента РК о подписании Киотского протокола к РКИК ООН. Фактически Конвенция является «родителем» Киотского протокола, который на настоящее время ратифицировали 190 стран.
  2. Выбросы парниковых газов в Республике Казахстан в 1992 году составили 310 млн. тонн, а в 2008 году – 240 млн. тонн СО2 эквивалента.Выполненная инвентаризация источников выбросов парниковых газов в стране, свидетельствуют, что по удельному показателю выбросов парниковых газов на единицу ВВП Казахстан занимает первое место.Большинство отраслей экономики Казахстана характеризуются высокой энергоемкостью, вследствие чего в стране существуют огромные технические резервы для выполнения мероприятий повышающих эффективность использования энергоресурсов. В настоящее время более 2/3 потребляемой энергии теряется в процессе ее использования, хотя современный уровень развития технологий позволяет иметь коэффициент полезного использования энергоресурсов не менее 50-60 %.Как страна, включенная в Приложение I к РКИК ООН, Республика Казахстан заявила о решении принять минимальные количественные обязательства по снижению выбросов ПГ (к 2020 г. на 15%, к 2050 г. – на 25% относительно базового уровня 1990 г.).
  3. Приняты и находятся в разработке ряд нормативно-правовых актов, стимулирующих переход к низкоуглеродному развитию.В Казахстане в 2009 году был принят Закон «О поддержке использования возобновляемых источников энергии», который был призван снять целый ряд организационных и финансовых барьеров, которые стояли на пути внедрения ВИЭ в Казахстане, помочь ВИЭ конкурировать с традиционными источниками энергии, что позволило бы сократить потери в региональных сетях и сократить издержки проектов.В данный момент в Казахстане разрабатывается проект Закона «Об энергосбережении» – предполагается, что закон будет стимулировать энергоэффективные технологии, позволит создать возможности для энергосбережения на предприятиях и жилищно-коммунальном секторе, увеличит эффективность производства и, в конечном счете, позволит сделать казахстанскую экономику более эффективной и приближенной к экологическим стандартам ведущих стран мира.В настоящее время, в Мажилисе Парламента находится проект Закона «О внесении дополнений и изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Казахстан по экологическим вопросам», который в числе общих, предусматривает изменения в Экологическом и Налоговом Кодексах, направленные на развитие экологических чистых производств, снижение объемов эмиссий и внедрение национального рынка торговли квотами парниковых газов и определение правовых механизмов передачи квот.
  4. В 2010 году была принята межотраслевая Программа «Жасыл Даму» на 2010-2014 годы, направленная на создание условий по сохранению и восстановлению природных экосистем.Одним из направлений реализации Программы, направленным на сокращение выбросов парниковых газов, сокращение энергопотерь, внедрение чистых технологий и создание системы ресурсосбережения, является Развитие «зеленой» экономики.Целевой показатель сокращения выбросов ПГ к 2014 году должен составить 1% от объема выбросов 1992 года.
  5. Многие развитые страны уже разработали национальные климатические доктрины и соответствующие программы перехода к низкоуглеродному развитию, объявили целевые показатели сокращения выбросов ПГ.Казахстан с высоким уровнем выбросов на душу населения будет испытывать возрастающее давление со стороны мирового сообщества, принуждающее к сокращению выбросов ПГ. В 2010 году Министерством совместно с Программой Развития ООН была разработана Концепция перехода к низкоуглеродному развитию Республики Казахстан до 2050 г., реализация которой позволит обеспечить выполнение взятых перед мировым сообществом количественных обязательств по снижению выбросов ПГ, повышение энергетической безопасности и уровня жизни
  6. Для прогнозирования выбросов ПГ до 2050 г. согласно различным сценариям развития была использована модельMARKAL-Kazakhstan Казахского НИИ экологии и климата Министерства охраны окружающей среды Республики Казахстан. Учитывая то, что наибольший вес в страновой объём выбросов ПГ вносит энергетическая отрасль, а рост ВВП продолжают обеспечивать энергоёмкие сектора экономики, особое внимание при моделировании сценариев было уделено вопросам обеспечения энергетической безопасности развития (точнее бесперебойного электроснабжения субъектов экономики) наряду с необходимостью выполнения взятых обязательств по снижению выбросов ПГ.Данный сценарий показывает, что при сохранении существующих политик и тенденций развития к 2030 г. Казахстан превысит уровень выбросов 1990 г. на 10,4%, к 2050 г. – на 33,1%.
  7. Но, при этом, как показывает модель, обязательства 15-25% представляются вполне выполнимыми при условии реализации комплекса мер, направленных на повышение энергоэффективности и широкое вовлечение ВИЭ в топливно-энергетической баланс страны.
  8. Концепция определяет следующие приоритетные направления перехода к низкоуглеродному развитию:Повышение энергоэффективности во всех секторах экономики для снижения ожидаемого уровня энергопотребления;Форсирование развития возобновляемой энергетики на основе использования гидро- и ветроэнергии, энергии биомассы, биологически разлагаемых и горючих отходов, солнечной и геотермальной энергии с целью замещения используемых высокоэмиссионных технологий и покрытия растущего спроса;Регулирование национальных выбросов ПГ посредством организации и функционирования национального рынка квот на выбросы ПГ;Информирование населения о методах смягчения антропогенного воздействия на изменение климат.
  9. И для поддержки развития ВИЭ в числе механизмов реализации Концепции были предложены:Субсидирование развития ВИЭ;Гарантирование тарифов на закупку энергии от возобновляемых источников;Развитие отраслевого машиностроения, то есть производство технологического и электротехнического оборудования для ВЭ;Государственная поддержка НИОКР в области эффективных и адаптированных для условий республики технологий ВЭ и содействие в коммерциализации отечественных разработок (в целях снижения инвестиционной составляющей себестоимости «чистой» энергии»);
  10. Механизм торговли квотами – предполагает возможность торговли квотами, образовавшимися в результате проектной деятельности. Создание такого рынка призвано стимулировать бизнес сокращать выбросы и покрывать часть своих расходов на природоохранные мероприятия. Система торговли квотами существует в Европе, США в более нетрадиционном плане существует она и в Японии, там компании имеют право продавать свои сокращения правительству Японии, которое записывает их на свой счет, чтобы выполнить свои обязательства. В рамках реализации механизмов Киотского протокола и дорожной карты МООС РК были проведены следующие работы по созданию внутренней системы торговли квотами на выбросы парниковых газов.С 2008 г. на территории республики проводится инвентаризация выбросов ПГ предприятий-эмитентов. С 2010 г. все предприятия согласно данным инвентаризации выбросов ПГ проходят паспортизацию. Данные паспортизации лягут в основу первоначального распределения квот на выбросы ПГ с 2011 г.
  11. Более того, развитие возобновляемой энергетики и организация деятельности, необходимой для перехода к НУР будет сопровождаться созданием «зелёных» рабочих мест и повышением уровня квалификации всех специалистов, которые будут вовлечены в процессы реализации данной политики. Формирование и развитие сектора возобновляемой энергетики, как высокотехнологичной отрасли, внесёт весомый вклад как в рост ВВП страны, так и в достижение целей устойчивого развития.