SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 34
Descargar para leer sin conexión
RibosomeRibosome
a presentation by Erin Hussona presentation by Erin Husson
Just a quick overview of what
we’re going to cover…
 What ribosome is and what its subunits are
 The purpose of ribosome
 The process of protein synthesis, including:
 DNA to mRNA (transcription)
 mRNA to protein (translation)
 Initiation
 Elongation
 End of translation
Just a quick overview of what
we’re going to cover…
 Structures of the two ribosome subunits
 The larger subunit
 The smaller subunit
 RNA’s relation to their structure
What is ribosome?
 Ribosome - protein
synthesizer consisting
of two subunits
 Larger one, “50S”, is
upper picture. Smaller
is “30S”
(They look the same size
here because of space
restrictions.)
50S and 30S???
 Related to their respective sizes. Numbers
actually measures of how quickly each
subunit sinks to the bottom of a container of
liquid when spun in a centrifuge
 One subunit smaller than other, but both are
larger than average protein
A couple more nifty pictures…
 50S (left) and 30S. This time you can see them
from different angles, through different style of
picture
So what’s the purpose of
ribosome?
 Ribosome basically a protein factory.
Subunits each have role in making of proteins
 To understand exactly what each subunit
does, it’s necessary to walk through protein
synthesis step by step
Protein synthesis
 Process starts from
DNA through
“transcription”
 “Translation” is where
ribosome comes in.
Translation occurs
when protein formed
from code on mRNA
 Ribosome carries out
the translation of the
nucleotide triplets
Protein synthesis
 Chart - visual image of
transcription and
translation in protein
synthesizing
 DNA and RNA have
nucleotides that
determine kind of
protein
 3 nucleotides = 1 amino
acid of a protein
Ribosome and RNA
 mRNA with code for proteins located at 30S
subunit
 tRNAs responsible for carrying amino acids
to mRNA. Each tRNA has own nucleotide
triplet which binds to matching triplet on
mRNA, ex., tRNA with code AAA (triple
adenine) would match up with mRNA that
has code UUU (triple uracil)
Initiation:
The first phase of translation
 Translation begins
when mRNA attaches
to the 30S
 tRNA comes and binds
to mRNA where
nucleotide code
matches
 This triggers 50S
binding to 30S. 50S is
where all tRNAs will
bind. Now we move on
to elongation
Elongation:
The second phase
 Two binding sites on
50S: A site and P site,
which aid in continuing
translation
 First tRNA connected at
A site. Now moves to P
site as another tRNA
approaches
 Second tRNA binds to
A site
Elongation (continued)
 Peptide bond forms
between amino acids of
tRNAs (methionine and
proline)
 First tRNA now
detached from its
amino acid, and it
leaves ribosome.
Second tRNA still has
proline and methionine
attached
Elongation (continued)
 The tRNA left now
moves to P site.
Ribosome ready to
accept another tRNA
and continue process
 Each tRNA adds
another amino acid to
growing peptide chain
(thus “elongation”)
 Eventually process has
to finish, however…
End of translation
 Ribosome was moving
along nucleotide triplets
one by one
 Ribosome reaches
“stop codon,” peptide
chain finished. Last
tRNA leaves ribosome,
leaving behind
completed peptide
chain
End of translation (continued)
 Ribosome separates
from mRNA
 Ribosome subunits
also separate, and will
remain this way until
another mRNA comes
along to restart the
process
Still awake?
It’s Pop Quiz Time!!!
 Here’s a little quiz on what we’ve covered so
far, just to keep your brain alert.
 First question…
 What are the two subunits of ribosome known
as, and which is which?
 Answer: 50S (the larger one) and 30S (the
smaller one)
Another question…
 (This one’s multiple choice!)
 The process of converting code on the mRNA
into a protein is called…?
 A. Transition
 B. Transduction
 C. Translation
 D. Transcription
And now…
 That’s the end of the quiz (whew)!
 Any questions so far?
 Okay, that’s taken care of. And now, without
further ado, we move on to…
Structures of the subunits
 50S and 30S besides difference in size, also
have somewhat different structures
 Both are rather complicated, since they’re
much larger than average protein
 We’ll cover structure of 50S first
The 50S subunit
 This part of ribosome contains
site where new peptide bonds
are formed when proteins are
synthesized
 mRNA would be located
horizontally in groove across
middle
 To help with protein synthesis,
subunit uses adenine RNA
nucleotide, shown by green dot
in center
The 50S subunit
 This part of ribosome contains
site where new peptide bonds
are formed when proteins are
synthesized
 mRNA would be located
horizontally in groove across
middle
 To help with protein synthesis,
subunit uses adenine RNA
nucleotide, shown by green dot
in center
The 50S subunit
 50S made of two RNA strands: a
long one, shown in an orangey
color, and shorter one, shown in
yellow
 Blue things in the picture are a
few of many proteins that have
bound to ribosome’s surface
 Many of proteins have long tails
that go inside ribosome and keep
the RNA strands in place
A bit more on 50S…
 50S is quite rigid,
folded and packed so
well that it’s virtually
immobile within its
structure
 Contrasts with structure
of 30S, which we’ll now
move to
The 30S subunit
 Unlike 50S, 30S is fairly flexible
 It needs to have movable regions because,
when it shifts from one mRNA nucleotide
triplet to another, movement is necessary to
aid this process
 30S controls flow of information during
protein synthesis
The 30S subunit
 30S finds an mRNA
and then makes sure
that each tRNA is
matched up correctly
on mRNA
 It’s been suggested that
mRNA enters through
small hole in 30S
(shown here in center
of left side)
The 30S subunit
 30S finds an mRNA
and then makes sure
that each tRNA is
matched up correctly
on mRNA
 It’s been suggested that
mRNA enters through
small hole in 30S
(shown here in center
of left side)
The 30S subunit
 mRNA then extends up
into the place where
translation occurs,
located in cleft between
top part, “head”, and
bottom part, “body”
Structure and RNA
 Recently discovered - about two-thirds of
ribosome’s mass made up of RNA
 Most important functions of ribosome
performed by RNA. This has been found
because of atomic knowledge of structures of
50S and 30S and their assemblage into 70S
(One might logically think it to be 80S, but it
really isn’t)
Concluding…
 Although a good amount of progress has
been made in figuring out structures of 50S
and 30S, there is probably still a lot that
hasn’t been deciphered yet
 It’s somewhat difficult to find out structures
because, as mentioned earlier, they’re
relatively large. Hopefully more will be
discovered about them in the future
Guess what…
It’s Quiz Time again!
 This is the last one, I promise. It’s a piece of
cake anyway…well, if you were paying
attention, that is.
 Ribosome is primarily made up of…?
 A. DNA
 B. RNA
 C. Proteins
 Glad that’s over, huh? Now to summarize
what we covered…
To summarize…
 Ribosome: protein synthesizer consisting of
two subunits, 50S and 30S
 Protein synthesis starts from DNA, which
carries the code for making the proteins. The
DNA is converted to mRNA by “transcription”,
and mRNA, in turn, is converted to protein by
“translation”
 Ribosome translates nucleotide triplets on
mRNA into proteins
To summarize…
 tRNAs carry amino acids to ribosome to be
linked together by the ribosome. One by one,
they bind to the ribosome, add their amino
acid to the chain, and then depart
 50S and 30S made primarily of RNA and are
both larger than the average protein. 50S
has rather rigid structure, while 30S has fairly
flexible one. Not all about them has been
discovered yet, but significant progress has
been made in that respect
The EndThe End
That’s a wrap!That’s a wrap!
Any questions?Any questions?

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Ribosomes - Basics
Ribosomes - BasicsRibosomes - Basics
Ribosomes - Basics
 
Nuclear transport
Nuclear transportNuclear transport
Nuclear transport
 
RIBOSOMES SMG
RIBOSOMES   SMGRIBOSOMES   SMG
RIBOSOMES SMG
 
Peroxisome
PeroxisomePeroxisome
Peroxisome
 
Ribosomes
RibosomesRibosomes
Ribosomes
 
Membrane proteins
Membrane proteinsMembrane proteins
Membrane proteins
 
Membrane proteins
Membrane proteinsMembrane proteins
Membrane proteins
 
Lysosome
Lysosome Lysosome
Lysosome
 
Types of rna
Types of rnaTypes of rna
Types of rna
 
RIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
 
Protein targetting
Protein targettingProtein targetting
Protein targetting
 
RNA SPLICING
RNA SPLICINGRNA SPLICING
RNA SPLICING
 
The Nucleus
The NucleusThe Nucleus
The Nucleus
 
Protein transport, targeting and sorting
Protein transport, targeting and sortingProtein transport, targeting and sorting
Protein transport, targeting and sorting
 
Structure of plasma membrane
Structure of plasma membraneStructure of plasma membrane
Structure of plasma membrane
 
Posttranslationmodification new new new new
Posttranslationmodification new new new newPosttranslationmodification new new new new
Posttranslationmodification new new new new
 
Microtubules and molecular motors
Microtubules and molecular motorsMicrotubules and molecular motors
Microtubules and molecular motors
 
Membrane Proteins & its types
Membrane Proteins & its typesMembrane Proteins & its types
Membrane Proteins & its types
 
Nuclear transport
Nuclear transport Nuclear transport
Nuclear transport
 
Protein sorting and targeting
Protein sorting and targetingProtein sorting and targeting
Protein sorting and targeting
 

Destacado

Destacado (20)

Ribosomes
RibosomesRibosomes
Ribosomes
 
Ribosome
RibosomeRibosome
Ribosome
 
Ribosomes: Unravelling the structure of Protein Factories
Ribosomes: Unravelling the structure of Protein FactoriesRibosomes: Unravelling the structure of Protein Factories
Ribosomes: Unravelling the structure of Protein Factories
 
Golgi complex structure and functions
Golgi complex structure and functionsGolgi complex structure and functions
Golgi complex structure and functions
 
tRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and functiontRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and function
 
Bacterial diseases 2011
Bacterial diseases 2011Bacterial diseases 2011
Bacterial diseases 2011
 
Presentation1
Presentation1Presentation1
Presentation1
 
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
 
Ribosome: the key to life at the molecular level
Ribosome: the key to life at the molecular levelRibosome: the key to life at the molecular level
Ribosome: the key to life at the molecular level
 
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology IChapter 11 Notes - Biology I
Chapter 11 Notes - Biology I
 
Vacuoles
VacuolesVacuoles
Vacuoles
 
tRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and functiontRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and function
 
Cell structure-function
Cell structure-functionCell structure-function
Cell structure-function
 
Vacuole
VacuoleVacuole
Vacuole
 
Vacuole
VacuoleVacuole
Vacuole
 
Describe - bacterial gene
Describe - bacterial geneDescribe - bacterial gene
Describe - bacterial gene
 
Translation and post translational modifications
Translation and post translational modificationsTranslation and post translational modifications
Translation and post translational modifications
 
Golgi apparatus and ribosome
Golgi apparatus and ribosomeGolgi apparatus and ribosome
Golgi apparatus and ribosome
 
Golgi apparatus ppt
Golgi apparatus pptGolgi apparatus ppt
Golgi apparatus ppt
 
Dna protein synthesis_ppt
Dna protein synthesis_pptDna protein synthesis_ppt
Dna protein synthesis_ppt
 

Similar a Ribosome

Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biologySadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biologySadeeq Sheshe
 
lec 4 bio اشعة.pptx
lec 4 bio اشعة.pptxlec 4 bio اشعة.pptx
lec 4 bio اشعة.pptxsaraso888
 
Sabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptx
Sabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptxSabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptx
Sabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptxmani309693
 
Molecular Genetics
Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics
Molecular GeneticsIrsa Malik
 
Translation in prokaryotes central dogma
Translation in prokaryotes central dogmaTranslation in prokaryotes central dogma
Translation in prokaryotes central dogmasahanacm355
 
CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132
CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132
CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132ClayVirtual
 
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?CharileneUgali
 
Transcription and Translation
Transcription and TranslationTranscription and Translation
Transcription and TranslationDrGCDMS
 
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesisRole of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesisSyed Khawar Abbas Asad
 

Similar a Ribosome (20)

Ribosomes.pptx
Ribosomes.pptxRibosomes.pptx
Ribosomes.pptx
 
Structure of Ribosomes.pdf
Structure of Ribosomes.pdfStructure of Ribosomes.pdf
Structure of Ribosomes.pdf
 
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biologySadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
Sadeeqsheshe the central dogma of molecular biology
 
Ultra-structure of Ribosomes and functions
Ultra-structure of Ribosomes and functionsUltra-structure of Ribosomes and functions
Ultra-structure of Ribosomes and functions
 
Ribosome.pptx
 Ribosome.pptx Ribosome.pptx
Ribosome.pptx
 
Ribosome - The Organelle acting as the Protein Synthesis site ..
Ribosome - The Organelle acting as the Protein Synthesis site ..Ribosome - The Organelle acting as the Protein Synthesis site ..
Ribosome - The Organelle acting as the Protein Synthesis site ..
 
lec 4 bio اشعة.pptx
lec 4 bio اشعة.pptxlec 4 bio اشعة.pptx
lec 4 bio اشعة.pptx
 
Sabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptx
Sabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptxSabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptx
Sabana karim PG-III Translation Machinery.pptx
 
Molecular Genetics
Molecular GeneticsMolecular Genetics
Molecular Genetics
 
Translation in prokaryotes central dogma
Translation in prokaryotes central dogmaTranslation in prokaryotes central dogma
Translation in prokaryotes central dogma
 
CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132
CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132
CVA Biology I - B10vrv4132
 
B10vrv4132
B10vrv4132B10vrv4132
B10vrv4132
 
Introduction
IntroductionIntroduction
Introduction
 
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
 
Transcription and Translation
Transcription and TranslationTranscription and Translation
Transcription and Translation
 
Translation
TranslationTranslation
Translation
 
R rna
R rnaR rna
R rna
 
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesisRole of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
 
Gene to protein ss
Gene to protein ssGene to protein ss
Gene to protein ss
 
Lesson 13.2
Lesson 13.2Lesson 13.2
Lesson 13.2
 

Más de uploadlessons (20)

The washwoman
The washwomanThe washwoman
The washwoman
 
Single room, earth view p. 466 475
Single room, earth view p. 466 475Single room, earth view p. 466 475
Single room, earth view p. 466 475
 
On summer p. 454 461
On summer p. 454 461On summer p. 454 461
On summer p. 454 461
 
Single room earth_view
Single room earth_viewSingle room earth_view
Single room earth_view
 
Art history1
Art history1Art history1
Art history1
 
Ceramics wiley
Ceramics wileyCeramics wiley
Ceramics wiley
 
3d art
3d art3d art
3d art
 
Printing Ink
Printing InkPrinting Ink
Printing Ink
 
Painting1
Painting1Painting1
Painting1
 
Painting
PaintingPainting
Painting
 
Basic color theory
Basic color theoryBasic color theory
Basic color theory
 
ColorsTheory
ColorsTheoryColorsTheory
ColorsTheory
 
Figure
FigureFigure
Figure
 
Chap21
Chap21Chap21
Chap21
 
Chapter 12
Chapter 12Chapter 12
Chapter 12
 
sensation and perception - notes
sensation and perception - notessensation and perception - notes
sensation and perception - notes
 
America claims an empire
America claims an empireAmerica claims an empire
America claims an empire
 
America claims an empire
America claims an empireAmerica claims an empire
America claims an empire
 
Life at the turn of the 20th century
Life at the turn of the 20th centuryLife at the turn of the 20th century
Life at the turn of the 20th century
 
Chap10
Chap10Chap10
Chap10
 

Último

AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemAsko Soukka
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UbiTrack UK
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioChristian Posta
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureEric D. Schabell
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPathCommunity
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsSeth Reyes
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...DianaGray10
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfDianaGray10
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 

Último (20)

AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystemBird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
Bird eye's view on Camunda open source ecosystem
 
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
UWB Technology for Enhanced Indoor and Outdoor Positioning in Physiological M...
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and IstioComparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
Comparing Sidecar-less Service Mesh from Cilium and Istio
 
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability AdventureOpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
OpenShift Commons Paris - Choose Your Own Observability Adventure
 
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation DevelopersUiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
UiPath Community: AI for UiPath Automation Developers
 
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and HazardsComputer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
Computer 10: Lesson 10 - Online Crimes and Hazards
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
Connector Corner: Extending LLM automation use cases with UiPath GenAI connec...
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdfUiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
UiPath Solutions Management Preview - Northern CA Chapter - March 22.pdf
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 

Ribosome

  • 1. RibosomeRibosome a presentation by Erin Hussona presentation by Erin Husson
  • 2. Just a quick overview of what we’re going to cover…  What ribosome is and what its subunits are  The purpose of ribosome  The process of protein synthesis, including:  DNA to mRNA (transcription)  mRNA to protein (translation)  Initiation  Elongation  End of translation
  • 3. Just a quick overview of what we’re going to cover…  Structures of the two ribosome subunits  The larger subunit  The smaller subunit  RNA’s relation to their structure
  • 4. What is ribosome?  Ribosome - protein synthesizer consisting of two subunits  Larger one, “50S”, is upper picture. Smaller is “30S” (They look the same size here because of space restrictions.)
  • 5. 50S and 30S???  Related to their respective sizes. Numbers actually measures of how quickly each subunit sinks to the bottom of a container of liquid when spun in a centrifuge  One subunit smaller than other, but both are larger than average protein
  • 6. A couple more nifty pictures…  50S (left) and 30S. This time you can see them from different angles, through different style of picture
  • 7. So what’s the purpose of ribosome?  Ribosome basically a protein factory. Subunits each have role in making of proteins  To understand exactly what each subunit does, it’s necessary to walk through protein synthesis step by step
  • 8. Protein synthesis  Process starts from DNA through “transcription”  “Translation” is where ribosome comes in. Translation occurs when protein formed from code on mRNA  Ribosome carries out the translation of the nucleotide triplets
  • 9. Protein synthesis  Chart - visual image of transcription and translation in protein synthesizing  DNA and RNA have nucleotides that determine kind of protein  3 nucleotides = 1 amino acid of a protein
  • 10. Ribosome and RNA  mRNA with code for proteins located at 30S subunit  tRNAs responsible for carrying amino acids to mRNA. Each tRNA has own nucleotide triplet which binds to matching triplet on mRNA, ex., tRNA with code AAA (triple adenine) would match up with mRNA that has code UUU (triple uracil)
  • 11. Initiation: The first phase of translation  Translation begins when mRNA attaches to the 30S  tRNA comes and binds to mRNA where nucleotide code matches  This triggers 50S binding to 30S. 50S is where all tRNAs will bind. Now we move on to elongation
  • 12. Elongation: The second phase  Two binding sites on 50S: A site and P site, which aid in continuing translation  First tRNA connected at A site. Now moves to P site as another tRNA approaches  Second tRNA binds to A site
  • 13. Elongation (continued)  Peptide bond forms between amino acids of tRNAs (methionine and proline)  First tRNA now detached from its amino acid, and it leaves ribosome. Second tRNA still has proline and methionine attached
  • 14. Elongation (continued)  The tRNA left now moves to P site. Ribosome ready to accept another tRNA and continue process  Each tRNA adds another amino acid to growing peptide chain (thus “elongation”)  Eventually process has to finish, however…
  • 15. End of translation  Ribosome was moving along nucleotide triplets one by one  Ribosome reaches “stop codon,” peptide chain finished. Last tRNA leaves ribosome, leaving behind completed peptide chain
  • 16. End of translation (continued)  Ribosome separates from mRNA  Ribosome subunits also separate, and will remain this way until another mRNA comes along to restart the process
  • 17. Still awake? It’s Pop Quiz Time!!!  Here’s a little quiz on what we’ve covered so far, just to keep your brain alert.  First question…  What are the two subunits of ribosome known as, and which is which?  Answer: 50S (the larger one) and 30S (the smaller one)
  • 18. Another question…  (This one’s multiple choice!)  The process of converting code on the mRNA into a protein is called…?  A. Transition  B. Transduction  C. Translation  D. Transcription
  • 19. And now…  That’s the end of the quiz (whew)!  Any questions so far?  Okay, that’s taken care of. And now, without further ado, we move on to…
  • 20. Structures of the subunits  50S and 30S besides difference in size, also have somewhat different structures  Both are rather complicated, since they’re much larger than average protein  We’ll cover structure of 50S first
  • 21. The 50S subunit  This part of ribosome contains site where new peptide bonds are formed when proteins are synthesized  mRNA would be located horizontally in groove across middle  To help with protein synthesis, subunit uses adenine RNA nucleotide, shown by green dot in center
  • 22. The 50S subunit  This part of ribosome contains site where new peptide bonds are formed when proteins are synthesized  mRNA would be located horizontally in groove across middle  To help with protein synthesis, subunit uses adenine RNA nucleotide, shown by green dot in center
  • 23. The 50S subunit  50S made of two RNA strands: a long one, shown in an orangey color, and shorter one, shown in yellow  Blue things in the picture are a few of many proteins that have bound to ribosome’s surface  Many of proteins have long tails that go inside ribosome and keep the RNA strands in place
  • 24. A bit more on 50S…  50S is quite rigid, folded and packed so well that it’s virtually immobile within its structure  Contrasts with structure of 30S, which we’ll now move to
  • 25. The 30S subunit  Unlike 50S, 30S is fairly flexible  It needs to have movable regions because, when it shifts from one mRNA nucleotide triplet to another, movement is necessary to aid this process  30S controls flow of information during protein synthesis
  • 26. The 30S subunit  30S finds an mRNA and then makes sure that each tRNA is matched up correctly on mRNA  It’s been suggested that mRNA enters through small hole in 30S (shown here in center of left side)
  • 27. The 30S subunit  30S finds an mRNA and then makes sure that each tRNA is matched up correctly on mRNA  It’s been suggested that mRNA enters through small hole in 30S (shown here in center of left side)
  • 28. The 30S subunit  mRNA then extends up into the place where translation occurs, located in cleft between top part, “head”, and bottom part, “body”
  • 29. Structure and RNA  Recently discovered - about two-thirds of ribosome’s mass made up of RNA  Most important functions of ribosome performed by RNA. This has been found because of atomic knowledge of structures of 50S and 30S and their assemblage into 70S (One might logically think it to be 80S, but it really isn’t)
  • 30. Concluding…  Although a good amount of progress has been made in figuring out structures of 50S and 30S, there is probably still a lot that hasn’t been deciphered yet  It’s somewhat difficult to find out structures because, as mentioned earlier, they’re relatively large. Hopefully more will be discovered about them in the future
  • 31. Guess what… It’s Quiz Time again!  This is the last one, I promise. It’s a piece of cake anyway…well, if you were paying attention, that is.  Ribosome is primarily made up of…?  A. DNA  B. RNA  C. Proteins  Glad that’s over, huh? Now to summarize what we covered…
  • 32. To summarize…  Ribosome: protein synthesizer consisting of two subunits, 50S and 30S  Protein synthesis starts from DNA, which carries the code for making the proteins. The DNA is converted to mRNA by “transcription”, and mRNA, in turn, is converted to protein by “translation”  Ribosome translates nucleotide triplets on mRNA into proteins
  • 33. To summarize…  tRNAs carry amino acids to ribosome to be linked together by the ribosome. One by one, they bind to the ribosome, add their amino acid to the chain, and then depart  50S and 30S made primarily of RNA and are both larger than the average protein. 50S has rather rigid structure, while 30S has fairly flexible one. Not all about them has been discovered yet, but significant progress has been made in that respect
  • 34. The EndThe End That’s a wrap!That’s a wrap! Any questions?Any questions?