Ortographic projection

DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)

The Fact about:
If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication
not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.

Drawings
(Some Types)

Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Zoological Drawings
Drawings Engineering Drawings,
(creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.) (projections.)

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections

PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane
(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

Øº
A.I
A.V.P. .P.
⊥t
oV
⊥ to Hp & ∠ to Vp p
∠ &
to
Hp
θº

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-
TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
X B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

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VP PP
Y
FV LSV

X Y
X TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90 0 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method
Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1 Angle method
st

& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections

FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV .
.V FO
S R
X Y R F.V
FO .
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS

THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT
AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF . FO
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
S.V R
F.V
FOR .

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.

FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )
TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1 ST AND 3 RD ANGLE
PROJECTION METHODS

ND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULL
RY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
ERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS

FOR T.V.
1


FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
FO
R
. F.
V.
S.V
R
FO

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

FOR T.V.
2



X Y
FO
. R
S .V F.V
R .
FO

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FOR T.V.
3


FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
. R
S.V
FOR
F.
V. X Y

TOP VIEW


4
FOR T.V.



X Y
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R
FO .

TOP VIEW


FOR T.V.
5


.
S.V
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.

TOP VIEW

6
FOR T.V.



. FO X Y
S .V R
R F.V
FO .

TOP VIEW


7
FOR T.V.



FO
R
F.V
. .
S .V
R X Y
FO



STUDY 8
FOR T.V.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

50

X Y

20

25
FO
R
F.V
.
25 20

TOP VIEW


9
FOR T.V.


X Y

FO
. R
F.V
S.V .
R
FO

TOP VIEW

10
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS


X Y

.
R S.V
FO
FO
R
F.
V.



FOR T.V. 11


FO
R
F.V X Y
.

.
S .V
R
FO

TOP VIEW


12
FOR T.V.



X Y

. FO
S.V R
F.V
R .
FO



STUDY 13
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS FOR T.V.

35
FV

35

10
x y

10 20 30

FO
R 40
F.V
. 70

TV
O
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT

STUDY 14
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

. FO
S.V R
R F.V
FO .

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
TV

STUDY 15
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y

10
40 60

. FO
S.V R
F.V
OR
40
. TV
60

FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y
10

. FO
S .V R
R F.V
FO .
40 60

40
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60

17


30 SQUARE
40 20

50

FO
. R 20
S.V F.V X 10
Y
R .
FO 30
O 60
F.V.
S.V.
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT

FOR T.V.

FV
40

X 10 Y
O
30 D 45

FO
R
F.V
.
O
10
50
80

TV

19
FOR T.V.


FV 40

X O 10 Y
100
10
25 FO
R
TV
10 30 10
F.V
25 .
30 R O
20 D

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 20
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT

10 50
35

10
X Y

20 D

FO
R TV
F.V
.

60 D
30 D

TOP VIEW

O

21

10

25 15

25
40 10

25

FO
. R
S.V F.V 25
R .
FO O O
80 25

F.V. S.V.


FOR T.V.
22

450

30
FV

40

X Y

30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
40 TV

O
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40

23


FO HEX PART
R
F.V 20
30
.
20
.
S.V
40
20
R
FO
O 50
20
15

O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT

FOR T.V.

20 40

FRONT VIEW

F.V.
30

10
X Y
O

10

30
FO
R
F.V 10
.
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW

25


10 10 15

25

25
X Y
O 50 10
.
FV LSV S .V FO
R R
FO F.V
.

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT

26

FO
R
F.V
.
30 20 10 20

15
10

15
.
S .V
R O
FO 30
15

15
X Y
50
F.V. LEFT S.V.

Ortographic projection

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Ortographic projection