Cdp imphal

City Development Plan: Imphal

C h ap t e r 1
I nt r o duc t i o n t o C i t y D e ve l o pme nt
P l an & A p p r o ac h
1.1 Introduction

Manipur one of the seven sisters of the North East is located in the slopes of the Sub-Himalayan
Ranges in the North East of India at latitude 23.80º N to 25.68º N and longitude 93.03º E to
94.78º E. Manipur has been the home of rich culture and heritage and is often described as the
Jewel of India. The region is bound by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south and Cachar
district of Assam in the west. In the east it shares an international border with Upper Burma
(presently, Myanmaar).
.

Map 1.1: Location of Manipur

Imphal Municipal Council 1 Government of Manipur


Described by Lord Irwin as the 'Switzerland of India', Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with
gently undulating hills, emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests. Manipur, literally
meaning the land of jewel, is a paradise on earth where Mother Nature has been extra generous
in her beauty. And from the very inception, this princely state of Manipur has always been a
shining outpost of the country.

Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the
centre of all cultural, commercial and political activities in the State. It is a small and picturesque
city and is a attractive tourist attraction. Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur River and is
surrounded by the North-Eastern hills. Imphal is the only Class I City in the State and is the
centre for cultural traditions, festivals, as well as commerce.

Map 1.2: Location of Imphal



Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of
2,21,292 spread over East and West Imphal Districts. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration also
takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 2,50,234.

The break up of the population under Imphal Urban Agglomeration covered by the City
Development Plan in line with the applicability of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission is as follows:

Area Population
Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) 150595
Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) 70897
Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District 11711
Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District 17031
Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration) 250234
Table 1.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration

With growth in urban population, growing population density and scaling up of activities, there has
been substantial stress on the available infrastructure. The stress in the Infrastructure is reflected
by the state of the basic infrastructure such as road, water, sanitation and drainage, which are
grossly inadequate, and requires substantial development and investment. The ability of the State
to provide basic services to the urban population requires substantial institution building and
investments.

1.2 Overall Urbanisation in India and Trends
According to the 2001 census, India has a population of 1027 million with approximately 28% or
285 million people living in urban areas. As a result of the liberalization policies adopted by the
Government of India, the share of the urban population may increase to about 40 per cent of total
population by the year 2021. It is estimated that by the year 2011, urban areas would contribute
about 65 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).



900 820
800 700

Population (Millions)
700 583
600
473
500
372
400 285
300 217
159
200 109
62.4 78.9
100
0
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

Table 1.2: Projected Urbanisation

However, this higher productivity is contingent upon the availability and quality of infrastructure
services. Urban economic activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as power, telecom,
roads, water supply and mass transportation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such as sanitation
and solid waste management.

Cities and towns in India constitute the second largest urban system in the world, and contribute
over 50 per cent of the country’s GDP. They are central to economic growth. For the cities to
realise their full potential and become effective engines of growth, it is necessary that focused
attention be given to the improvement of infrastructure. This requires a Mission led initiative to be
implemented on a time bound basis. In view of this the Government of India has launched the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in FY 2005-06; with an aim to
create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities,

The mission rest on the postulate that in order to make cities work and meaningfully
contribute to the country’s economic growth and poverty reduction objective, it is
essential to create incentive and urban reforms both at state and city level, appropriate
enabling framework enhance the credit worthiness of the Municipal governance and
integrate the poor with service delivery system.

The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector:

(a) Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered
under the Mission;
(b) Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew
of reforms for long-term project sustainability;
(c) Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;



(d) Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and
urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation;
(e) Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal
access to the urban poor;
(f) Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion;
(g) Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable
prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other
existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.

The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following strategy:

(1) Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to formulate a City
Development Plan (CDP) indicating policies, programmes and strategies, and
financing plans.

(2) Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs) / parastatal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed
Project Reports (DPRs) for undertaking projects in the identified spheres. It is
essential that projects are planned in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost
of projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the
attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A
revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets
created, over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance,
projects would need to be developed in a manner that would ensure and
demonstrate optimisation of the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon of the
project.

(4) Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM assistance
would serve to catalyse the flow of investment into the urban infrastructure sector
across the country. Funds from the Central and State Government will flow
directly to the nodal agency designated by the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds
for identified projects across cities would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal
agency through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or
grant-cum-loan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional
resources from other sources.

(5) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimise the life-cycle costs
over the planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can be inducted in
development, management, implementation and financing of projects, through
Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements.



It is thus recognized that Urban Social and Economic Growth is largely dependent on
development of infrastructure, such as transportation, water supply, sanitation and solid waste
management. For the cities to reach its potential and to develop truly as Growth Centers, a long-
term vision, an assessment of the present status of the region, focused strategies and action plan
needs to be developed. At the same time, Urban Local Bodies needs to be strengthened in order
to make them independent and self-sustaining so that they are capable of developing and
implementing sustainable projects on their own. ULBs also need to develop systems to ensure
that they remain transparent and accountable.

The North Eastern States are largely characterized by medium to low level of developments,
which are reflected in low per capita income, poor economic base, limited industrial development.
The States however are endowed with rich natural resources. Side by side the region is also
endowed with rich cultural and heritage background.

1.3 City Development Plan

The preparation of City Development Plan (CDP) is a pre-requisite for accessing funds under JNNURM.
The CDP is both a perspective and a vision for the future development of a city it indicates:
• Where a city is now?
• Where it wants to go? – Vision, goals
• What are its priorities?
• How can it reach there?
• What interventions are required?

The CDP would provide a framework and vision within which projects can be identified and
implemented. The goal of CDP is to create an economically productive, efficient, equitable, and
responsive cities.

1.4 City Development Plan for Imphal

Imphal is the only Class I City in the state of Manipur and is the centre of economic and social
activity. The city is also the Gateway of North East India. Given the criticality of the region, there
is strong requirement to develop physical infrastructure in order to drive the development process
forward. At the same time, the growth in population places severe strain on urban amenities and
infrastructure such as housing stock, public transport system, water supply, rubbish collection
(solid waste), sanitation and sewerage systems. Also, unplanned development leads to



unplanned growth and clustered settlements. A large number of their citizens are deprived of the
basic urban services. Urban environment also gets severely affected. .

Imphal City reaffirms its commitment to develop and implement strategies and programs with an
aim to bring about focused development in infrastructure and provide its citizens a high quality of
life and universal access to basic urban amenities while maintaining the rich cultural and heritage
base of the city.

As a first step to this end, a City Development Plan (CDP) has been prepared, which is both a
vision document as well as a Perspective Plan. The City Development Plan is anchored on the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission goal on economically productive and efficient
cities. The Plan has been developed with the assistance of IL&FS Infrastructure Development
Corporation Limited. The CDP focuses on development of the infrastructure and builds up
strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor, strengthening of municipal
governments, their financial accounting, budgeting systems and procedures, creation of
structures for bringing in accountability and transparency, and elimination of legal and other
bottlenecks that have stifled the land and housing markets. It provides a basis for cities to
undertake urban sector reforms that help direct investment into city-based infrastructure.

The principles of sustainability are fundamental to this approach and it is recognized that Assets
created out of this Plan needs to be maintained in order to contribute to its potential. The
objectives of the CDP shall be accomplished by a series of programs and schemes, which has
been identified and included in the Plan.

It is recognized that the CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be
responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be
continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing
aspirations of its people.



1.5 Process Followed for CDP Preparation

APPROACH TO FORMULATION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT

Review of available data, reports and surveys on the city
and initial consultations with the stakeholders.
1
F
I
Discussion with Government Officials, Identified N
Stakeholders to Understand the Opportunities, Strength, A
2 Risk and Weaknesses of Imphal L

C
I
T
Y
Data collection conducted on different parameters
3 followed by reconnaissance surveys, field visits like
Demography, economy, Land use, environment, basic D
infrastructure facilities and Institutional framework E
V
E
L
st
O
1 Consultative Workshop to identify demand/gaps in
infrastructure and felt needs of the people as well as
P
4 aspirations. M
E
N
T

Preparation of Draft City Development Plan taking in to P
account the above 1,2,3,4 points and peoples perception L
5 in line with the Mission Objective.
A
N

nd I
2 Consultative Workshop; Finalisation of Vision and
Strategies and Options based on vision and M
P
6 Prioratisation.
H
A
L

7 rd
3 Consultative Workshop; Discussion with different
Stakeholders, concerned line departments, selected
eminent citizens for finalization of the CDP taking in to
consideration of the above points



1.6 Stakeholders Views and Concerns

The CDP is an output of a wide-ranging consultation with key stakeholders. At the first stage, a
vision for the future development of the city was developed which was a shared development in
the medium perspective.

There was almost unanimity of the concerns of the people. The stakeholders particularly
representing the civil society were severely concerned at the lack of basic amenities and
“disamenities” (negative amenities). There was a strong plea for planned development,
decentralization, decongestion and/or expansion in a planned manner. There was also concerns
of hazards such as “uncollected garbage/solid waste; heavily polluted Nambul River, choked
drains, lack of sewerage; scanty drinking water; water logging/floods during monsoon; off season
droughts.

It was clear from the workshops and also substantiated by analysis, that there was a severe lack
of basic services to the citizens. In terms of priority, Sewerage and drainage, decongestion and
transportation, Water and Environment Protection were given high priority. The requirement was
listed a safe and adequate 24x7 water and power supply, effective sewerage and drainage
covering each zone, most accessible and systematically arrayed roads with outer/inner roads,
mixed land use with adequate open space as to minimize traffic congestion, optimize
accessibility, provide greener/sunnier living; well planned schools, systematic parking and
shopping complexes for each zone. The services need to be delivered on a time bound basis to
fulfill the strong aspirations of the people.

There was a complete unanimity on the importance of maintaining the culture and heritage of the
City. The city needed to be well developed and organized but also retain its spiritual culture and
heritage culture.

There was also a plea to develop Greater Imphal on an integrated manner so as to reduce the
pressure on Imphal City.

One of the critical issues raised by the Stakeholders was empowerment and capacity building of
the Municipal Council. There was an acceptance that the municipal council needs to carry out a
reform process so as to make it more responsive and accountable to the general people.



JNNURM
JNNURM
1sssttt Consullttattiive Workshop
1 Consu a ve Workshop
IMPHAL
IMPHAL



JNNURM
JNNURM
2nndd Consullttattiive Workshop
nd
IMPHAL
IMPHAL



JNNURM
JNNURM
3rrdd Consullttattiive Workshop
rd
IMPHAL
IMPHAL



Some of the Speakers of the Workshops



1.7 Objectives and Overall Goals

The overall goals of the Plan shall form the strategic priorities of the region and is aimed at
achieving its vision.

The overall vision of the region based on the discussions with the Stakeholders Meet is –

Making Imphal City a vibrant, w ell administered and developed city while maintaining
and further developing its transcending character as a ceremonial and spiritual city,
rich in culture and heritage and providing its Citizens a comfortable and secured life
by

Developing and making available basic infrastructure services and efficient
delivery framew orks to all its citizens so as to ensure that they are able to live a
comfortable and quality life;

Development of fringe areas and improve the regional linkages in the context of
India’s Look East Policy;

Endeavour to further develop the rich cultural heritage of the city

Developed strong framew ork for Urban Governance and Institutional
Development;

Addressing Vital Issues of Urban Sociology in a multi-ethnic city.

Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme

The overall goals and visions are in turn integrated into strategic aims of what the Region seeks
to achieve in the lifespan of the Mission. These form the basis for the various identified schemes
and programs as well and formulation of policies to be taken up over the Mission Period.

Strategic aims for each of the sectors have been provided in this City Development Plan (CDP).
In order to achieve these aims a series of interventions in the form of schemes and programme
have been identified. These schemes and programs have also been included under the various
sections of the plan.



Imphal has a very strong heritage and cultural background. It is recognized that preservation of the
unique culture and heritage of the city is important and all projects and action plans need to take
into account this background.

It may be recognized that CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be
responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be
continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing
aspirations of its people.

1.8 City Investment Plan (CIP)

Based on the overall vision of the region, sectoral vision and present status, the CIP identifies
specific interventions in the form of projects that can be implemented over the JNNURM period of
seven years. These comprise a mix of short, medium and long-term projects. The CIP also
include a block estimate of the said projects and the institutional and financial mechanism for
implementation of the respective projects. The identification of the projects shall be an ongoing
process and shall be in line with aspirations and needs of the people.

1.9 Adoption of CDP

The Final City Development Plan was prepared after taking into account the various views and
was adopted by Imphal Municipal Council.



C h ap t e r 2
I nt r o duc t i o n t o t he R e gi o n
Chapter 2: Introduction to the Region

2.1 Introduction to Imphal Urban Agglomeration

Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, is situated at the centre of the valley of Manipur state. Imphal
is the biggest urban settlement and the only class I city in the region. Primarily an administrative
city, Imphal is of prime importance to almost all the urban centres and settlements surrounding it.
NH 39 connects the city with Myanmar in the east and Nagaland in the North. Though the city has
air connectivity with important cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Guwahati, it does not have any
railway connectivity. The nearest railway head is at Dimapur in Nagaland.

Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of
2,21,292 comprising municipal area in East and West Imphal. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration
also takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 250234.

The break up of the population of the Area covered by the City Development Plan and in line with
the applicability of the Mission is as follows:

Area Population
Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) 150595
Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) 70897
Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District 11711
Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District 17031
Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration) 250234

Table 2.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration



Map: 2.1: Imphal City Map

2.2 Population

Imphal Urban Area recorded a population of 2,50,234 as per the Census of 2001 registering a
decadal growth rate of 26.04% and comprising nearly 10% of the entire state's population.

Population

State/District/Town Civic Status Male Female Total
Manipur State 1095634 1071154 2166788
Imphal West District 221781 222601 444382
Imphal East District 198371 196505 394876
Urban
Imphal 123859 126375 250234
Agglomeration
Table 2.1: Break-up of Population Source: Census 2001



2.3 Location
The city of Imphal is located at the longitude 93.57o E and latitude 24.50o N. Located nearly at the
centre of the Manipur valley, Imphal is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards the south.
Surrounded by hillocks (about 1500-2000 mt high), Imphal is at an average elevation of 790 m
above mean sea level. Imphal River, Nambul River and Kongba River is running in the north-
south direction and are having numerous tributaries through the town. The town is below the high
flood level of Imphal River. The physiographic character has significant influence on the
population growth pattern in the Imphal city. Major growth has taken place towards the south
along the highways. The growth along the north, east and northwest has been restricted by hills.

2.4 Climate of the Region
Imphal enjoys salubrious climate. The valley usually experiences a cool and pleasant climate.
January is the coldest months while April-May is the hot season for Imphal. The prevailing wind
direction during summer is from south and southeast to northwest.

The Range of temperature and rainfall is as below:

Maximum Temperature during summer: 36 Degree Centigrade
Minimum Temperature during the winter: 0 Degree Centigrade

Average temperature 20.4 Degree Centigrade
Average Rainfall in the area: 1413mm.

Source: www.imphalwest.nic.in

2.5 Soil Profile of the Region

The soil in Imphal region is fertile land and is mainly made up of alluvial soil of recent origin. The
soil is mainly made up of shallow black, brown and alluvial soils which have been technically
classified as Udalfs-Ochrepts and Orchrepts-Aquepts-Fluvents.

2.6 Industries

There are no large or medium scale industries in Imphal. Handloom weaving is the traditional
household industry. Female work participation rate in the sector in over 60%. Skilled artisans in
trades of imitation jewellery and silver works are also found in certain pockets in the region.



General trade establishment comprises more than 90% of trade and commerce activity in the
region. In Imphal, there were more than 3389 registered commercial establishments, out of which
80% are located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road,
Bir Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the
municipal area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and
Tera bazaar. There are ‘Nuphi Keithal’ (Women’s Market) in the core area and the periphery of
the city.

Factories
and
Industrial Total Units % to total state
Units in the state units
Agartala 36 2884 1.2
Aizawl 1439 4668 30.8
Gangtok 115 385 29.8
Guwahati 507 45193 1.1
Imphal 177 5779 3.1
Itanagar 27 4750 0.6
Kohima 80 1119 7.1
Shillong 321 4599 7

Table 2.2: Manipur Physical Map



ject report

Map 2.2. Physical Map

Map 2.3: Forest Map of Manipur



C h ap t e r 3
S o c i o an d D e m o gr ap h i c P r o f i l e

3.1 Background

This section analyses and presents the social and demographical profile of the city of Imphal.
Data has been obtained from Census data; various surveys conducted by IMC, ADB (NERUDP)
as well as published data. The data has been computed based on available census data for the
Municipal Council Area. In areas where trends for population of fringe areas are not available,
trends for the Municipal Region has been followed.

3.2 Overall Population & Growth Rate

Imphal with a total population of 2,50,234 (Census 2001) is spread over 27 wards in two districts,
namely Imphal East and Imphal West. It contributes to more than 29.81 % of population of these
two districts and 11.54 % of the entire state’s population (21, 66,788).

Growth
Population rate
(1991-2001)
State/District/Town Civic
Male Female Total
Status
Manipur State 1095634 1071154 2166788 17.94
Imphal West District 221781 222601 444382 16.69
Imphal East District 198371 196505 394876 19.49
Imphal MC 123859 126375 250234 11.56

Table 3.1: Total Population

Source: Census 2001



3.3 Decadal Growth Rate

The State of Manipur had experienced decadal population growth rate of around 17.94% during
1991-2001, which is though lower than the national average of 22.66 %. The decadal population
growth rate in the two districts, namely Imphal West and Imphal East, among which IMC is
spread was 16.69 % and 19.49 % respectively during 1991-2001. In this backdrop, Imphal
Municipal Corporation has recorded a decadal population growth rate of 11.56 % during 1991-
2001 preceded by a significantly higher decadal growth of 26.76% during 1981-91.

Decadal Grow th Rate-Im phal

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00 gr owt h r at e

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Ye a r

Table : 3.2 Decadal Growth



Decadal growth of the various districts is presented in the graph below.

Decadal Growth Rate (2001-1991)

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

66.41
30.00
29.36
29.24

28.83
20.00

26.04
23.87

19.49
17.94

15.26

16.69
10.00

0
0.00

Ukhrul
Imphal West

Chandel
Churachandpur

Imphal East *
Manipur

Bishnupur
Tamenglong

Thoubal

Senapati (Excluding 3 Sub-Divisions)
Imphal Munipal Corporation

Sources: Census 2001 and Individual district website

Figure 3.1: Decadal Growth 1991-2001

3.4 Population Density

The population density in Imphal recorded at 7,202 persons per sq. km as compared to the
state’s density of 97 persons per sq.km of area. With only 0.13% of the total area, Imphal
Municipal Corporation area contributes to more than 10% of the state’s population. The density
has been significantly and sharply growing over the last few decades as shown in the figure
below.

Population Density

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000 density
7203
6456
3000
5093
2000 3924

2689
1000

0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Year

Table 3.3 Trend of Decadal Growth



Density 2001
Region
(Persons per Sqkm)
India 324
West Bengal 904
Manipur District 97
Imphal Municipal Corporation
7202
Area

Table 3.4: Population Density – Comparative Scenario

Source: Census 2001

The population density in the Imphal city has already crossed 7202, comparable with much larger
municipal area. In addition, the density is likely to cross 9500 persons per sq.km of area if the
population grows as estimated. The forecasted population density in Imphal is given below (Fig
3.4.1)

12000

10000 9587
8716
7923
8000
7203

6456
Density
6000
Predicted Density

4000

2000

0

1991 2001 2011 2021 2031

Figure 3.5: Predicted Population Density

Source: Based on forecasted population

3.5 Population Projections

In the last five decade, the North Eastern Region has witnessed drastic demographic change due
to several historic and economic reasons. On one hand, certain states have witnessed decline in
population growth rate whereas on the other hand, for certain states urban population growth rate
has gone up drastically. This clearly indicates that the growth trend has not stabilized over the
years.



1951-61 1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01
State U R T U R T U R T U R T U R T
Arunachal NA NA NA 0 3 3.3 9.1 2.7 3.1 10.3 2.5 3.2 7.2 1.4 2.4
Pradesh
Assam 8.5 2.7 3.0 5.1 2.9 3 3.3 2 2.1 3.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 1.6 1.7
Manipur 37.2 2.2 3.0 7.6 2.7 3.2 10.3 1.2 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.6 1.2 3.2 2.7
Meghalaya 7.2 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.8 5.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.7
Mizoram 7.4 2.9 3.1 10.2 1.6 2.3 12.4 2.4 4.0 10.1 0.0 3.4 3.3 1.9 2.6
Nagaland 16.6 5.3 5.7 10.4 2.9 3.4 8.9 3.5 4.1 5.6 4.3 4.6 5.4 5.0 5.1
Sikkim 9.6 1.4 1.6 11.1 2.0 2.6 10.0 3.4 4.2 -3.2 3.4 2.5 5.0 2.7 2.9
Tripura 9.2 5.7 6.0 4.7 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.8 6.5 2.5 3.0 2.6 1.3 1.5
Table 3.6: Population Density – Comparative Scenario

Source: NERUSP Project report

In a similar fashion, Imphal, the capital city of Manipur has also experienced growth in population
due to a mix of factors including annexation, natural growth and migration but the change in the
growth rate has been declining significantly. The decadal growth rate has declined during 1991-
2001 from 45.94% during 1961-71.

In the meantime, the density in the Imphal city had already crossed 7202 persons per sq.km of
area in 2001. Considering relevant factors including Imphal remaining the only major urban centre
in Manipur, high population density, urban migration, amongst others, it has been estimated that
the population will continue to grow in the Municipal corporation area with the decadal growth rate
stabilizing at around 10% for the next few decades. Based on the estimation, the projected
population is given below.

Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
79510 116034 156622 198535 250234 275257 302783 333061
Table 3.7. Population Trends for Imphal Municipal Corporation Area

Source: Prediction based on Census Data

The population in the Municipal Corporation area is estimated to cross 3.33 lakh within 2031.
Though the figure is not extremely high but considering the area under the corporation and
expected growth in business development, it would create huge pressure on the city.



Actual & Predicted Population

350000

300000

250000

200000

333061.454
Population

302783.14
Predicted Population

275257.4
150000

250234
198535
100000
156622
116034

50000
79510

0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031
Year

Fig 3.8: Projected Population
Source: Census 2001

3.6 Population Distribution

The growth pattern of Imphal city is highly influenced by its physiographic character. The major
growth of the city has taken place towards the South, particularly along the highways. The growth
in North, East and North West is restricted by hills. Low-lying areas restrict the growth on the
east. The existing population density of Imphal is pyramidal. The density is higher in the central
area, especially on South, and hence major population density is in the southern part.

3.7 Migration

The North East Urban cities have been experiencing significant in-migrant population. The table
below shows that cities like Guwahati; Agartala has witnessed huge in-migrant population in
1991. In Imphal, the in-migrant population figure was 1,98,535 accounting for 8.05% of the total
population in 1991.

Agartala Aizawl Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong

In Migrants 47042 26568 1104 140885 15991 4745 9576 26172
Total Pop
(1991) 157358 155240 25024 584342 198535 16545 51418 131719
% of migrants
to total pop 29.89 17.11 4.41 24.11 8.05 28.68 18.62 19.87

Table 3.8: In-Migrant Population in 1991




3.8 Urbanization

Urbanisation in Manipur district has been skewed. In several districts including Senapati
(excluding 3 sub divisions), Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul, the entire population
resides in rural areas. Meanwhile, share of urban population in the Manipur state in 2001 was
around 26.58%, clearly indicating that the urban population was concentrated in the remaining
districts. Out of the two districts among which the Imphal Municipal Corporation area is divided,
share of urban population in Imphal West was highest at 55.51% whereas the corresponding
figure for Imphal East was relatively higher at 27.43%.

% o f Urba n P o pula t io n

60.00

50.00

40.00

55.51
30.00
35.87

36.05

20.00

27.43
26.58

10.00

12.64
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

Figure 3.9: Urban Population Share

Source: Census 2001

Data further shows, the level of urbanisation in Imphal West is much higher as compared to
Imphal East. Urban/Rural ratio in Imphal West stood at 1.24:1 against Imphal East’s comparable
figure of 0.37:1.



Urbanisation Scenario

2500000

2166788

2000000

1590820

1500000

Population

1000000

575968
444382
500000 394876
246683 286566 250234
197699
108310

0
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Urban

Manipur Imphal West Imphal East Imphal Muni.
Corp

Figure 3.10: Urban Population Scenario – Manipur

The level of urbanisation in the Imphal city has been significantly and steadily growing over the
past few decades.



3.9 Sex Ratio
The following figure provides details of the Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) of Manipur State
and the districts since 1971. The Sex Ratio for Imphal district (i.e. Imphal East and Imphal West)
stood at 998, higher than the state corresponding figure of 978. The Sex Ratio in the district has
recorded significant growth over the previous decade, 973 (1991). The Sex Ratio of the Imphal
Municipal Corporation area is significantly higher than the district and state average at 1017.

Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)

1050

1017
998

998
993

1000

981
978

951

944

950 2001
922

1991

916
1981
900 1971

850

800
Churachandpur
Tamenglong

Corporation
Chandel
Thoubal

Imphal
Bishnupur

Ukhrul
Sub-Divisions)
MANIPUR (Excl.
3 Sub-divisions)

(Excluding 3

Municipal
Imphal
Senapati

Figure 3.11: Sex ratio
Source: SRS Website and Census 2001 data

29


3.10 Literacy Rate

The following table represents a brief picture of the general educational standards of people in
the Imphal Municipal Council area. Over 78% of the population in the Imphal Municipal Area is
literate which is significantly higher than the state average of 60%. Following similar trend, 83% of
the male population and 73% of female population are literate in the Imphal Municipal Council
area as compared to state average figure of 68% and 52% respectively.

Total Total Male Male Female Female
Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate Literate Illiterate
Imphal Municipal
Council (%) 78.43 21.56 83.94 16.05 73.02 26.97
Manipur (%) 60.48 39.51 68.76 31.23 52.00 47.99

Table 3.10: Literacy Scenario in Manipur and Imphal
Source: Census 2001

3.11 Workforce Variance

Census 2001 shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3 for
the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around
1:1.97.

Work force distribution

1000000

900000

800000

700000

600000
TOT_WORK_P
945213

500000 MAINWORK_P
MARGWORK_P
400000
659364

300000
285849

200000
74370

64807

9563

100000

0
Manipur Total Imphal M Corp. Urban

Fig : 3.12
Source: Census 2001

30


The following figure further shows, that only 1% of the main working population are involved in
casual and agricultural sectors whereas 8% is involved in household sector.

Main Workers Profile-Imphal

1% 1% 8%

MAIN_CL_P
MAIN_AL_P
MAIN_HH_P
MAIN_OT_P

90%

.

Figure 3.12: Distribution of Main Work Force

Source: Census 2001

3.11 Expenditure Variance

The following tables show the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) for urban and rural areas
of Manipur. MPCE provides a signal of the purchasing capacity of the population residing in
Manipur state.

Urban Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure
MPCE (Rs) 261-451 451-521 521-601 601-682 682-751 751-942 >942
Group
ST 16.82 11.21 14.02 13.08 9.35 14.95 20.56
SC 23.08 7.69 7.69 15.38 15.38 7.69 23.08
OBC 9.56 12.97 13.31 20.14 20.14 16.72 7.17
OTHERS 19.05 20.24 15.48 10.71 12.7 14.68 7.14

Rural Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure
MPCE (Rs) <352 352-412 412-471 471-521 521-591 591-702 >702
Group
ST 27.78 13.33 12.73 14.72 9.72 12.5 4.17
SC 0 19.44 27.78 19.44 22.22 8.33 2.78
OBC 4.73 11.49 11.49 19.59 24.32 14.19 14.19
OTHERS 4.64 15.46 13.92 9.28 18.04 20.1 18.56

Source: NSS Data & State Government Website

31


Chapter 4
Economic & Industrial Base
4.1 Background

The North Eastern Region is characterized by low level of economic and industrial activities.
Majority of the urban population in the region is engaged in service, both Government and Private
(as depicted in the following table); Imphal does not produce any significant consumer goods.
Most of the items are imported from other states by roadways.

City Service Shop Labour & Business Others
Owners Daily Wage
Earners
Agartala 58.5 25.2 0.6 5.9 9.9
Aizawl 51.9 11.5 16.7 10.4 9.6
Gangtok 68.6 8.6 7.1 4.3 11.4
Guwahati 72.2 9.7 3.7 6.2 8.3
Imphal 56.9 13.7 15.4 9.5 4.6
Itanagar 65.5 10.7 1.7 3.7 18.5
Kohima 66.2 6.6 2.4 9.7 15.2
Shillong 54.5 14 4.7 3.9 23.0
Total 64.3 11.5 5.8 6.8 11.6

Table 4.1: Distribution of Employees by Category in major urban cities

4.2 Industry

The industries are not a major economic driver of any of the major urban centres in the
region, with Imphal not being an exception

32


Factories
and
Industrial Total Units % to total state
Units in the state units
Agartala 36 2884 1.2
Aizawl 1439 4668 30.8
Gangtok 115 385 29.8
Guwahati 507 45193 1.1
Imphal 177 5779 3.1
Itanagar 27 4750 0.6
Kohima 80 1119 7.1
Shillong 321 4599 7

Figure 4.2 Registered Factories and Industrial Units in NE urban cities

Handloom weaving is a traditional household industry with female work participation rate of over
65%. Traditional skilled artisans, especially in silk spinning and weaving are mainly concentrated
in Chingmeirong, Singjamei and Chingamakha area. Skilled artisans in trades of imitation
jewellery and silver works are concentrated around Keisampat, Kwakeithel and Singjamei Bazar
area. The area has one industrial estate set up at Takyelpat. The industries in the region are
mainly producing plastic items, paper and surgical equipment.

In order to facilitate rapid and substantial industrial development in the State through enhanced
investment, an investor-friendly environment, provision for infrastructure and institutional support,
attractive incentive package and optimum utilisation of existing resources amongst others, the
state government formulated the New Industrial Policy of Manipur in 2002.

The aim is to achieve the desired goal by providing industry access to high quality infrastructure,
extending institutional support for technology up-gradation, deregulating the business
environment for an efficient, proactive and transparent administrative frame-work and catalyzing
the entrepreneurial as well as creative capabilities of the human resources. Some of the major
goals are to create gainful employment for local population, promote export-oriented industries,
encourage large and medium industries in public, private, joint and assisted sectors, develop food
processing industry by facilitating forward and backward linkages.

33


4.3 Trade & Commerce

General trade establishments comprise over 90% of trade and commerce activity in the region. In
Imphal, there are more than 3389 Registered Commercial Establishment, out of which 80% are
located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road, Bir
Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the municipal
area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and Tera bazaar.
There are ‘Nuphi Keithals’ (Women’s Markets) in the core area and the periphery of the city.

Hotel/Restaurant/
Confectionery
General shop/ tea
Trade % share shop % share
Agartala 2768 94.6 159 5.4
Aizwal 3475 91.2 335 8.8
Gangtok 1056 96.8 35 3.2
Guwahati 55000 96.5 2000 3.5
Imphal 3212 94.8 177 5.2
Itanagar 1362 96.9 44 3.1
Kohima 2384 94.6 135 5.4
Shillong 2489 94.5 144 5.5
Table 4.3. Registered Trade Establishments in 2001-01

34


4.4 Agriculture

Manipur state is predominantly an agricultural economy.
As per data available with State Government, the share of
agriculture in the state income has declined from 45.6% in
1980-81 to 24.7% in 2003-04 and is a serious concern.

Over 57% of the state’s working population is comprised of
cultivators and agricultural labourers.

Meanwhile, the four valley districts, which cover 10.02% of total geographical area,
include 73.18% of total agricultural land. But due to swelling population, it is
becoming more and more difficult to expand agricultural area. Paddy is by far the
most important crop in the region followed by maize and different type of millets,
pulses and beans, mustard and seasum, sugarcane, cotton, yams and sweet
potatoes, pineapples and many other kinds of fruits and vegetables.

4.5 Tourism

Tourism is one of the most important sectors in this region with immense potential. Table
4.7.1 shows that Imphal city received a significant number of tourists during 2001-02.
Data further showed that there were 49 hotels in Imphal with average rent ranging
between Rs 150-300 per day. The hotels experienced average occupancy between 65%
and 70%.

35


A comparative table of occupancy of major hotels in the major northeast cities are given
below:
Domestic International
Agartala 156475 1280
Aizwal 25000 -
Gangtok 146923 7757
Guwahati 1000000 6000
Imphal 73482 131
Itanagar 8452 106
Kohima 29952 920
Shillong 178697 2390
Table 4.4 : Tourist inflow in the major cities in the NE Region in 2001-02

At present the places open to foreign tourists are: Loktak Lake, Moirang; INA Memorial, Moirang;
Keibul Lamjao Wildlife Sanctuary, Waithou Lake, Thoubal; and the Khongjom War Memorial,
Thoubal. The places open to foreign tourists in groups are: (a) Imphal-Bishnupur-Phubala-
Moirang-Sendra-Keibullamjao-Imphal. (b) Imphal-Moirang-Loktak Lake-Keibullamjao-
Churachandpur-Khuga Imphal, (c) Imphal-Ukhrul-Siroi-Sangsak-Imphal, (d) Imphal-Thoubal-
Waithou Lake-Khongjom-Kakching- Thonjao-Waikhong-Sugnu-Imphal, (e) Imphal-Khonghampat-
Kanglatombi-Kangpokpi-Senapati-Karong-Mao Gate-Imphal, and (f) Imphal- Noney-
Khongshang- Nungba- Jiribam- Imphal

4.6 Workforce

Majority of the population in Imphal city is engaged in administrative and other related services.
Census 2001 data shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3
for the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around
1:1.97.

Data further reveals that 87% of the working population in Imphal city area belongs to the
category of main workers whereas the remaining are marginal workers. Share of main worker’s
category in the city is higher than state corresponding figure of around 70%.

Table 4.6.1: Working Population Details
Total Working Female Working
Population Pop Male Working Pop Pop
Imphal 250234 84785 52116 32669
Table 4.5 Workforce Source: Census 2001

36


Chapter 5
Environment & Disaster
Recovery Plan

5.1 Background

Rapid urbanization can create enormous stresses on the natural environment. These stresses
extend far beyond the land that urban areas actually occupy to affect the land that provides the
resources to sustain urban life. Urban areas claim the ecological output and life support functions
of both nearby areas and distant regions.

The growing rate of population in the townships of the Planning Area is a prime example of the
effect of urbanization. Environmental impact of urban areas is often invisible to urban residents
themselves because the ecosystems that support them are far away. Thus as urban areas
expand, so does their environmental impact.

The number of urban households is growing at a faster rate than the population on account of the
trend for having nuclear families with a decline in the average number of people per household.
More households increase the amount of land and materials needed for housing construction.

Economic growth is accompanied by the commensurate increase in amount of waste generated
per person. In many cases, the waste is dumped in open sites, including wetlands that are not
able to contain seepage into local waters.

With the growing population density in urban areas and steep growth in the population trends, the
ULBs are likely to face major challenges in maintaining the ecological balance and sustaining the
development processes at the same time. The effect of this would lead to impacting of:

• Public Health: Unclean water, poor sanitation, air pollution, heavy metals and other
contaminants will cause widespread health problems;
• Food Supply: Population pressures degrade considerable areas of arable land;
• Freshwater: The supply of freshwater deteriorates with population growth;
• Biodiversity: Economic growth affects biodiversity and pushes animal and plant species
towards extinction;
• Global Climate change: Global warming has become a serious problem

37


5.2 Situation Appraisal and Action Taken

As there are no major industrial activities in Imphal, the level of pollution is lower than that
of other centers. However, it has been noted that urban planning and land use regulation
are not followed in several cases and this has an adverse affect on the environment.
There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the
environment of the city.

The specific objectives of the study are:

Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and
identification of environmental pollution and hot spots.

Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and
mitigation measures; and

Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.

The ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY WING came into exist during 1997 under the
Environment and Forests Department of the Govt. of Manipur. The wing acts as a nodal
agency in the state for planning, co-ordination and promotion of environmental
sustainable development & its ecology in the state. Simply, the office deals with all the
matter pertaining to environment & ecology of the state.

The wing also acts as the state nodal agency for National Bio-diversity Strategy and
Action Plan, preparation of State of Environment (SoE) report of Manipur, preparation of
Health & Environment Mapping of Manipur, regional resource agency of Manipur for
National Environmental Awareness Campaign, etc. The wing has also been successfully
enforcing / implementing the various Acts and Rules laid down by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests, Govt of India.

38


Policy Planning:

To evolve a State Environment Policy Resolution for adoption by the Government and its
periodic views thereafter

To promote and catalyze other Ministries / Departments to incorporate environmental
concerns in their spectral policies

Review of existing sectoral policies with a view to synthesize environmental component
with them

To ensure incorporation of environmental dimensions in future legislative enactment

Conservation:

To conserve the genetic diversity of different biogeographically provinces of the State

To conserve the natural resources specially water bodies, flora & fauna, etc.

To establish and manage State Botanical Garden and Environmental/Ecological Parks

To conserve Biological diversity, identify endangered species and to undertake effective
conservation measures for their protection and habitat restoration

To promote and expand community based biodiversity conservation network in the State

To protect and conserve sacred Groves/places/ sites/zones

To carry out mapping of strategic and ecologically fragile areas with a view in involving
rational land use plan to manage the natural resources

To carry out eco-development work and restoration of fragile ecosystem

Regulatory:
To ensure the effective implementation of the following legislation :

The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Rules 1978
The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 and Rules 1978
The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Rules 1982
The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Rules 1998

Co-ordination:

Co-ordinate various activities of the State Government in the areas of Environmental
management
Co-ordinate programmes of different agencies on Environmental Education, Training and

39


Conservation of Eco-system

Co-ordinate the work of various agencies other than Pollution Control Board relating to
pollution monitoring and control

Co-ordinate relevant activities of Non-Governmental Organisations/Institutions in
Environmental protection

Promotion:

To promote all activities necessary to execute the nodal co-ordination work, regulatory
and other conservation functions of different Departments

To promote environmental awareness at all levels

To promote environmental information dissemination network

To promote multidisciplinary environmental and ecological research and studies

To promote the aspect of human ecology for sustainable development

To promote a State of experts on ecology and environment concerned, where
services could be freely available to all State Government Departments and
NGOs/Institutions

Some of the ongoing approved schemes (as on 2006 – 07):

Scheme Objective
Eco Development Programme • This scheme seeks to prevent
damage of the ecosystem in the state
Environmental Information & Dissemination • This aims to build up public
awareness about environmental
issues and concerns
Environment Education / Awareness • This imparts specific environment
programme training to individuals and other
stakeholders
Environment Monitoring, Research & • Monitoring the quality of soil, air,
Development water & human including lakes, rivers,
community ponds, etc
Study of catchment areas of major basins • Improvement of major river basins
and the catchment areas
Prevention and Control of pollution • Prevention of pollution by monitoring
activities of small industries and motor
vehicles
Waste Management • Scientific management of wastes
Table 5.1 Ongoing approved Schemes

40


Some of the key targets during the 10th Five Year Plan period include:

Improvement of State Environment monitoring, Research & Development Plan
Augmentation of existing Environment Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the office
Nambul river Pollution abatement project
Studies on Jhum cultivation
Project on wasteland management, wetland management and conservation
Implementation of Bio-diversity conservation programme including afforestation
activities
Expansion of Environment Information activities
Setting up of Eco Clubs
Ecological impact assessment programme
Formulation of Environmental Action Plan for the state of Manipur
Expansion of Community Biodiversity Conservation network

5.3 Status of Environment of Manipur
A ‘soft-state’ on the North-Eastern border between India and Myanmar, Manipur has a
total geographical area of 22,327 Sq. Km. of which 61.54% of the total
population(2001) is in the valley while 38.46% in the hill districts. The state shares with
a length of international border of 352 kms with Myanmar (Burma), accounting for
41.21% of the total length of the border. It is noted that Manipur is lies in one of the
most severe seismic vulnerable zones in India. Other natural hazards such as
land slides and floods are also common in most parts of the region.
Recognising the peculiarities of the region, a Natural Disaster Management
Program is being worked out covering the entire North-East. The entire state of
Manipur falls in Seismic Zone – V.

41


Fig 5.1: Seismic Zone
Natural Resources:

a) WATER Resources:
The water resources in Manipur are from both the surface water (like Lake, River,
Ponds, etc) & sub – surface (underground) water. As per land use data, total water
bodies of the state is about 1.65% of the total land coverage.

9.45 % Submerged Cropped Land
others
1.280%

Land with or without 23.34 % Biomass
scrub
38.725%

Water Bodies 31.30 % Waterlogged / Marshy / Swampy land
1.649%
Forests
49.249%

Settlement
2.442% 35.90 % Lake / Reservoir / Tank / Canal
Agricultureal Land
6.654%

Fig : 5.2 : Land Cover

Land Use Pattern

SURFACE WATER of the region includes all the water resources from wetland, lakes, ponds &
rivers. Wetland is one of the major characters of the State. However, the nature and
demographic pattern over the last 1 or 2 centuries showed spectacular change and numerous

42


wetlands had been lost. They are having wide variation in water spread during pre monsoons and
post monsoons showing distinct hydro periods (exception for Loktak Lake in which water level is
kept constant to run the existing hydro-electric project).

Drainage & River System : Manipur lies in the catchment area of two river system, namely
Ganga - Brahamaputra and Chindwin – Irrawaddi river system.. The main rivers including Barak,
the biggest river of the state drain into Ganga – Brahamaputra river system. Imphal River,
Nambul River, Iril River, Thoubal River, etc are some of the major rivers in the state.

Profile of Basins

Wetlands & Lakes :
No. Wetland Water Spread ( in Ha )
Aquatic Vegetation ( in
Area Ha )
( in Ha ) Post- Pre-monsoon Post- Pre-monsoon
monsoon monsoon
A: Natural :
Lake : 21* 43,358 14,548 105,84 295,32 33,708
Ox-bow Lake : 2 35 35 20 35 35
Waterlogged : 130 9,466 8,563 - 8,726 9,466
B: Man - Made:
Reservoirs : 2 100 100 57 - 43
Total 155 52,959 Ha 23,246 Ha 10,661 Ha 38,293 Ha 43,252 Ha
2 2 2 2
529.6 km 232.5 km 106.6 km 382.9 km 432.5 km2
Source : Wetlands of Manipur (1997) : Space application Centre (ISRO) & Manipur Repote Sensing Application Centre
2
Ha = Hacter (100 Ha = 1 k m )
Table 5.2: Wetlands and Lake

Out of these identified natural fresh water lakes, only the Loktak Lake (24,672 Ha) has been
identified for taking up conservation urgently so far & also being one of the Ramsar Site for
International Importance since 1996. Further, 12 Lakes more are also proposed for further
identification under NLCP, as described below.

Sl. No. Name of the propose District Area
Lakes
01. Pumlen / Khoidum Pat Thoubal 8,022 Ha
02. Ikop /Kharung Pat Thoubal 6,520 Ha
03. Loushi Pat Thoubal 1,064 Ha
04. Waithou / PunnemPat Thoubal 455 Ha
05. Aongbikhong Pat Thoubal 225 Ha

43


06. Ushoipokpi Pat Thoubal 65 Ha
07. Sanapat Bishnupur 282 Ha
08. Utrapat Bishnupur 185 Ha
09. Tankha Pat Imphal West 65 Ha
10. Karam Pat Imphal West 185 Ha
11. Lamphel Pat Imphal West 5 Ha

GROUND WATER table data of Manipur varies as per its geological formation i.e. for the plan areas
(Central Valley districts) the ground water table is reported at 2 – 4 meter bgl (below ground
level), whereas, for the hill & foothill areas (Hill districts) reported as 4 – 5 meter bgl (below
ground level). Groundwater is mostly exploited through open wells, occurs under sub-artesian
and artesian conditions in the deeper aquifers. Through tube-wells, the underground water are
targeted to exploit the valley areas with the yields ranging from 0.6 to 4 cu.m./hr and an estimated
annual recharge of 44 M cum has been estimated. Considering the clayey nature of formation in
the top acuifer, development of this resource is not considered promising on a large scale either
in irrigation of water supply. However, it can be exploited for local water supplied through open
wells dug-cum-bore wells and tube wells. Recently, the North Eastern Regional Institute of Water
and Land Management (NERIWALAM) and the Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi have
reported the presence of arsenic in some of the existing underground water (Tube Well) in
Kakching, Thoubal districts of the state.

44


Fig 5.3: Profile of Ground Basins

Water Quality Problems :
Water quality for both the surface & sub surface has been monitoring by the Environment
Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the Environment & Ecology Office, Govt. of Manipur regularly.

Environmental Pollution Status of Manipur
Pollution Pollution Status Problems & Pollution Sources
Level
Surface Water - Lake : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage & Agriculture
runoff
Surface Water - River : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage & Agriculture
runoff
Surface Water - Pond : Moderate Eutrophic Domestic Sewage
Underground Water : Low, but Contamination Host Rock, Solid Wastes Disposal
considerable
Air Pollution : Medium Ambient Air Smoke from Vehicles / Transport
Soil Pollution : Low, but Contamination Solid Wastes Disposal
considerable
Wastes Disposal : High Non Segregation Urban, Domestic & Hospital
Noise Pollution : Low --

45


Some of the hot spots for water quality resources & its problems have been identified as below:

1. Nambul River, in the urban area of Imphal City;
2. Loktak Lake and its periphery lakes;
3. Underground water at Kakching Town;
4. Community ponds namely Ningthem Pukhri, Thangmeiband Pukhri, Bijoy Govinda
Moat, Kangla Moat, etc. at Imphal City;

b) Forest Resources :
District wise forests coverage of Manipur (2003)
(area in Sq. km)

Table 5.5 : Forest Resources

c) Biodiversity:
Manipur, physically adorned with microclimatic & monsoonic climate. The elevation of the state
varies from 400 msl (Jiribam) to 2,994.36 msl (Tenipu Hill at western region of the state). Adapted
to these, there are different types of forest ranging, say from tropical to sub-alpine. Hence, the
state has a large number of flora and fauna considerably. Moreover, the north-eastern Himalyan
region including Manipur happens to be one of the two mega biodiversity ‘hotspots’ in India. The
state has a number of proposed biosphere reserves, like Yangoupokpi, Siroi, Kailam. Khongho-
tenepu-Dzuko, Jial lake & Keibul Lamjao National Park where there are a number of wild palnts
and animals (resident – migrant), including the much talked brow antlered deer, locally called
SANGAI (cervus eldi eldi). However, a major threat for rapid great losing / diminishing of
biological diversity has been facing by the state.
Some of the major Biodiversity statistics may be highlighted as

46

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