1. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION:
DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION
Christopher OF THE NEW WORLD
Columbus landing
on an island in the
Caribbean Sea in Map showing the
1492. original 13 English
Colonies in North
America.
Map Insert: Shows what
Europeans thought the world
looked like in 1492.
Main Map: Shows route of
Columbus on his first voyage in
1492.

2. Europe in the year 1000: Europe was dominated by England and France with Spain as a
growing power.
ENGLAND
Atlantic
Ocean
ASIA
FRANCE
SPAIN
● Rome
Med. Sea
AFRICA
-ISRAEL
-PALESTINE
-HOLY LAND

3. THE CRUSADES:
1. In the year 1095, people were
shocked in Western Europe by the
words of Pope Urban II, "The
Muslims have conquered
Jerusalem." The Muslims forbade
Christians to come to Jerusalem to
pray and visit the holy sites. Pope
Pope Urban II
Urban wanted the Christians to
retake Jerusalem from the Muslims.
People shouted "God wills it.” All
over Europe these were the words of
the Christians.
2. Christians from all over Europe
went on the Crusades. The word
Battle between a Crusader Knight
and Muslim warrior Crusade meant "a war of the cross.”
3. When the Crusaders came home,
they brought goods and luxuries
home from the Middle East (spices,
silks, foods). Europeans liked these
and wanted more.
Crusader uniforms

4. 4. Europeans wanted these goods from the
Middle East. Merchants in the Middle
East (Muslim merchants) charged too
much for these goods. European
kings/queens wanted to find faster and
cheaper ways to get to India/China where Oranges
they could trade for these goods. Lemons
-European kings and queens began
sending explorers to search for a water
route to India and China.
Nutmeg
Silk
Limes
Allspice
Pepper
Ginger
Cotton
Saffron Cinnamon

5. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS:
NEW WORLD OLD WORLD
He believed that the world
was round so his voyage was
possible. He was off in his
calculations by about 10,000
or more miles…
-In 1492, the search for this all water route to Asia would lead Christopher Columbus to
make a discovery that would change not only the old world of Europe but also the unknown
new world which would become known as the Americas. He would never really understand
what he had done. He called the people from this new world Indians because he thought he
was in the Indies. His name was Columbus.
-He believed that he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean.

6. Maps of the World: Before
1492

8. Columbus
Leaving Spain
Landing in New World

9. -His search for gold
and glory led him to
-Columbus was a brave and skillful sailor and his voyage brought
enslave the people he
two very different worlds in contact with each other .
met in this new world.
COLUMBUS
-Columbus did not discover
America nor did he prove that
-Wherever Columbus landed he claimed the world is round. He thought
the land for the King of Spain. This was that he was near Asia. He was
the beginning of the Spanish colonization the 1st of many European explorers
of America. who would come to the Americas.

10. AGE OF EXPLORATION OF THE AMERICAS:
ENGLAND
FRANCE
SPAIN
HOLLAND
-Columbus did not find a new route to Asia, but word of his
discovery spread and soon all the major countries of Europe
were sending explorers to the New World. They came for God,
Gold, Glory, and a new all water route to Asia.

11. SPANISH EXPLORERS:
The Spanish explorers used the
island of Cuba as their starting point.
From there the Conquistadors
explored and claimed land in
southern and southwestern US,
Mexico, Central and South America.
CONQUISTADORS: Spanish
explorer and conqueror who came
for gold and glory.
1. 1519: Hernando de Cortez used
courage and treachery to conquer
the Aztecs.
2. 1532: Juan Pizarro conquered a
very civilized and very wealthy
Indian tribe known as the Incas,
thereby giving Spain lots of gold and
silver and the land known as Peru.
All of the land from Florida to
California, including Mexico,
Central America and most of South
America would become known as
NEW SPAIN.

12. THE COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE:
-After Columbus
discovers the New
World, Europeans will
begin exploring and
creating colonies in the
America’s. This will
lead to contact between
the Europeans and
Native Americans. This
contact will cause Native
Americans and
Europeans to learn about
new animals, plants, and
products from each
other. Europeans will
take these back to
Europe and they will
spread to other parts of
the world. Things from
around the world will
begin to arrive in the
America’s.

13. EUROPEAN NATIONS:
*Before Columbus, the land that
would be known as America was
populated by groups of Native
Americans or Indians. They had no
way of knowing how contact with
the Europeans would forever alter
or change their way of life.
*With each new explorer came a
new land claim. The Europeans
viewed America as blank or
empty land just waiting for them
to claim and settle it.
1. The Spanish found their gold and conquered parts of Central and
South America and the Caribbean Islands.
2. The French found a land that was rich in furs and soon sought the
help of Indian tribes in creating a profitable fur trade.
3. The Dutch developed the land along the Hudson River and created
a profitable trading relationship with local Indian tribes.
4. But it was the English who would make the biggest impact on America.
France
England would send thousands of English men and women to a land called
North America that was rich in natural resources and land. To the English England
people who came to live in the 13 colonies, America would become their
home.
Spain

14. British Flag: Union Jack
England
New 3000 miles France
Spain
World
Atlantic Ocean
They came from the island nation of England and made the
dangerous voyage across the Atlantic Ocean for the promise of a
better life in the wilderness known as America. They would be at
the mercy of the weather and the strange people who already lived
there. Many of them would die during the first year of settlement,
but the survivors would build homes and towns. More would come
from England and America would grow and prosper.

15. THE ENGLISH COLONIES:
1. The first English colony in the New
World was Roanoke and was created by
Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585.
-Sent 7 ships and 600 soldiers to establish
settlement.
-Created colony on Roanoke Island (N.C.)
-Named territory Virginia after the
“Virgin Queen”, Elizabeth I.
-Abandoned and returned to England due
to food shortages and trouble with Indians.
Roanoke
Island

16. 2. The second English colony in the
New World was created by John
White in 1587.
-Called Roanoke and built on
same site as original.
-Took 120 men, women, and
children.
-White returned to England
when supplies ran low.
-When he returned, colony
abandoned and colonists not found.
*Both colonies at Roanoke
failed!!!!!
COLONY: A settlement ruled
by a distant parent country.

17. Even though colonies failed, merchants were interested in creating colonies in America for
economic reasons.
-Continue to search for gold/silver -Fish, whale oil
-Trade with Native Americans -Animal furs
-Soil for crops - Lumber and sap from trees
English Parliament did not want to give money to merchants to start colonies.
PARLIAMENT: England’s law-making body.
Merchants joined together to form joint-stock companies to send colonists to New World to
create colonies.
JOINT-STOCK COMPANY: Company owned by several investors through
stock.
STOCK: Ownership in a company.
The English Crown (King/Queen) gave charters to the companies or nobles who started
colonies in the New World.
-The charter made the colony legal and gave it rights under the English government.
CHARTER: A paper giving certain rights to a person or group.

19. JAMESTOWN COLONY: London Company
(Virginia Company): Given charter by King
James I to create colony in New World.
-Company sent 144 men to create colony.
-Company sent 3 ships to create colony. Colony
created along James River in Virginia in 1607. Jamestown
Called Jamestown. Colony
King James I
-Men more interested in looking for gold/silver
than working. Food supplies ran low, no houses,
no defenses, problems with Native Americans. Captain John Smith
-Captain John Smith arrives in 1608 and forces
men to work for food.
-1612: John Rolfe develops new type of tobacco
that can survive shipment. Tobacco becomes
popular in Europe and Jamestown colonists sell
entire crop. Begin growing more. Tobacco
becomes CASH CROP and helps colony succeed.
CASH CROP: Crop grown in order to be sold
for money. Tobacco
Plant

22. Many English people were attracted to the colonies and wanted to move there. However,
they could not afford to pay for their passage.
-London Company used ads to create interest. Attracted settlers by saying how great the
New World was.
-Merchants and nobles created system called Indentured Servitude.
INDENTURED SERVANTS: Workers who sold their labor for a period of time in
exchange for passage to the colonies in America.
-They were not slaves. Once their contract was over, they were free to do whatever they
wanted.

23. Indentured Servants: Came to New World by having someone pay for their passage. They
agreed to work for them for an agreed upon number of years. After term of service, they
were free to start their own farm.
-Contract stated conditions of agreement such as food, drink, clothing, housing,
and what they would get after length of service was over.
-Farmers in Jamestown colony needed workers to farm the land due to success of
tobacco. At first, they used indentured servants from England.
Advertisement in London
newspaper.

24. Tobacco was so successful, colonists increased farm land in order to grow tobacco.
Tobacco farming required more workers.
-At first, they were white indentured servants from England.
-1619: Dutch merchant ship arrives in Jamestown with about 20 Africans.
-Sold to tobacco farmers as indentured servants, not slaves.
-More Africans brought to colony due to demand for tobacco. By 1662, Africans
brought over as slaves.
SLAVE: Person forced to work against their will for no pay and no freedom.
Africans
Tobacco
leaves
drying in
shed.

25. GOVERNMENT: When the colony was first created, it was run by officials from the
London Company.
-1619: Company allowed colonists to create Representative Gov’t and elect representatives.
-Representatives met together in House of Burgesses in colony.
-Made daily decisions for colony.
-To far away from England for English gov’t to control them or make quick decisions.
-Beginning of Representative Government in the English colonies.
REPRESENTATIVE: Person elected by
citizens to run government.
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT: Gov’t in
which people elect those who make
laws and decisions.

27. 1. The Jamestown Colony was
the first successful English
colony in the New World.
-This would lead to other
colonies being created by the
English.
2. The English Colonies would
become known as the
THIRTEEN COLONIES and
were settled by people who
brought with them the beliefs,
NEW FRANCE laws, and customs of England.
13 ENGLISH
COLONIES

28. PLYMOUTH COLONY: 2ND successful English colony in New World.
-1620: 40 Pilgrims (Saints) and 62 other English (Strangers) colonists sailed to the New World on the Mayflower.
-Headed for Virginia: Winter storm blew them off course and landed far to the north. Landed out of the land
controlled by the Virginia Company so they created a plan for running their colony.
Mayflower
Virginia:

29. MAYFLOWER COMPACT: Document created and signed by the Pilgrims and other colonists aboard
the Mayflower used to make laws for the benefit of the whole colony.
-This document represents self-government. The Pilgrims were to far away to depend on the gov’t
back in England. They had to handle their own affairs.
The Mayflower Compact
1620
“In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are
underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread
Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of
England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the
Faith, e&.
Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and
Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour
of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first
colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these
presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of
God and one of another, covenant and combine
ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our
better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of
the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact,
constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws,
Ordinances and Offices, from time to time, as shall be
thought most meet and convenient for the General
good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due
submission and obedience.
In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed
our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in
the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of
England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of
Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620.”

31. 1. Pilgrims named the new colony Plymouth, after the town in England from which they
sailed.
-Arrived in December, 1620 -1st winter; ½ died
2. In the spring, local Wampanoag Indians, Samoset and Squanto, helped the Pilgrims to
plant crops and trap animals.
3. After the 1st harvest, the Pilgrims celebrated their survival by holding Thanksgiving feast
with Native Americans.

32. The Pilgrims were Separatists (Christians) from England.
-Separatists did not like the way the Church of England was being run and wanted to be able to worship freely.
-They came to the New World in order to worship God the way they wanted to without being told how to worship
by the English government. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.

34. NEW FRANCE
4
1
2 3
NEW FRANCE
4 Northern (New England) Colonies:
1. Massachusetts (Plymouth & Mass.
Bay Colony)
2. Connecticut
3. Rhode Island
4. New Hampshire

35. Massachusetts Bay Colony: Colonies in New England were created for religious freedom.
-Massachusetts was created in 1630 by Puritans from England who came to the New World for religious freedom.
-Puritans led by John Winthrop.
-By the end of 1631, over 1,000 Puritans living in colony.
-Colony became successful by creating trade relationships with local Indian tribes, fishing, whaling, and creating
industries to produce needed goods such as shipbuilding.
-By 1640, more than 20,000 colonists lived in colony. Larger and wealthier than Plymouth Colony. In 1691,
English gov’t joined Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth together to create Massachusetts Colony.
-Puritans religious beliefs dominated colony: gov’t controlled by Puritans, non-Puritans had to pay higher taxes,
non-Puritans could not practice their own religions.
-Many Puritans did not like the way the colony was being run and decided to leave to create their own
colonies.
-1636: Roger Williams leaves Mass. and creates Rhode Island Colony. Colony was created to give people
absolute religious freedom.
-Anne Hutchinson followed Williams and created 2nd settlement in Rhode Island Colony.
-1636: Thomas Hooker leaves Mass. and creates Connecticut Colony.
-1639: Connecticut settlers wrote Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
-Example of representative gov’t.
-All adult men could vote.
-1679: Colony of New Hampshire created by joining small settlements together that were north of Mass.

40. New England Colonies: Agricultural life was
difficult due to rocky soil, short growing season,
and harsh winters.
Farms tended to be small, family farms that grew
mainly corn.
Many New Englanders made their living by
fishing, whaling, merchant sailing, and
manufacturing.
***Most colonists made a living by farming.

41. 1
2
3
NEW FRANCE 4
4 Middle Colonies:
1. New York
2. Pennsylvania
3. New Jersey
4. Delaware

42. The Middle Colonies were settled mainly for economic
reasons. The land was very fertile, so farming was very
FORT
ORANGE
important. Called the “Bread Basket of the Colonies”
because of the huge amount of wheat and corn grown in
NEW AMSTERDAM
the area.
New York: Originally settled by the Dutch and called
New Netherlands. In 1664, the English took it over and
renamed it New York. King of England gave colony to
his brother, the Duke of York. New Amsterdam renamed
New York City.
New Jersey: Duke of York gave land to other nobles
south of New York. They created colony and called it
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania: William Penn given charter by King of
England to create colony for Quakers. Quakers were
Christians who wanted to leave England and come to the
New World for religious freedom.
Delaware: Created from piece of Penn.

47. NEW
FRANCE 5 Southern Colonies:
2
1 1. Virginia
2. Maryland
3
3. North Carolina
4
5 4. South Carolina
5. Georgia

48. The Southern Colonies were created for religious freedom and economic reasons. These colonies had very
fertile soil that allowed them to grow crops almost year round. This resulted in the growing of a variety of
crops. The most important crops were cash crops such as tobacco. Later on, cotton, rice, and indigo will be
grown. These crops required large numbers of farm workers. Southern plantation owners had started using
slaves in the mid-1600’s to work the fields. Slaves were a cheap source of labor.
Virginia: The Virginia colony started with Jamestown in
1607. Became successful due to tobacco as a cash crop.
Maryland: Created as a place for Roman Catholics to go to
practice religious freedom.
North and South Carolinas: Created by English nobles
for the purpose of growing tobacco, indigo, and rice.
Georgia: Created by James Oglethorpe as a place for
debtors to go and start a new life.
Most colonists living in the American Colonies were
English. They came to the colonies in search of a better life.
They wanted to own their own land, practice their religion
freely, and create a better life. When they came to the
colonies, they brought the English culture with them. This
include the English language, English customs and
traditions, English laws, and ideas about government.
In all of the colonies, most colonists made a living by
farming.

49. By the 1700’s, the American colonies were
becoming very wealthy due to the natural
resources found here and the manufactured
goods being produced.
England wanted to take advantage of the
natural resources. They began treating the
colonies, not as equals, but as a source of
materials.
England began to follow a policy of
Mercantilism.
MERCANTILISM: System of trade based
on colonies and desire for wealth.
-Colonies supplied home country with
natural resources.
-Colonies bought finished goods from
home country.
England passed laws to control colonial
trade.
Navigation Acts: 1660’s
-Laws passed by Parliament to control
trade with the colonies.
-Colonists angry with laws. Allowed
England to control colonies.