1. Computer Basics
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Chapter One
Computer Basics

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Computers systems come in many different sizes
and shapes, according to the user’s wants and
the manufacture’s style.

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A notebook computer, sometimes called a
“laptop” is gaining popularity due to low
power processor chips.

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But they all have commonalties.

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They all have monitors, as an output device, this
one is a CRT (cathode ray tube).

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Flat screen LCD (liquid crystal display) type monitor.
The same type is used in laptops

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A laptop monitor is
built into the top
cover, LCD type.

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A keyboard as an input device.

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An ergomatic keyboard.

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A laptop’s
keyboard is
built into the
bottom
section.

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A mouse, as an input device.

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Some keyboards have a trackball (an upside-
down mouse) built into them.

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Laptops have a type
of mouse built in.
Touchpad
Touchpoint

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A system unit.

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The system unit houses an array of storage and file
transfer devices, located in the front panel for easy access.

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The Main component of a
System Unit is the
motherboard, or system
board.

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• Most of the electronic components inside a
computer are integrated circuits (ICs).

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A DIP (dual in-line pins) is the most
common. DIPs contain specialized support
circuitry.

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Other ICs are DIMM (dual in-line Memory
Modules), Used in RAM (Random Access
Memory).

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• RAM (Random Access Memory)
–volatile memory
–holds ops for more than one cycle
–allows CPU to become a tool

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Some are used for ROM (read-only memory)
BIOS (basic input/output system).

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• ROM (read-only memory) is
nonvolatile memory
–Holds program instructions after
power off
–Instruction set for startup
–BIOS (basic input/output system)

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• CMOS (complementary metal
oxide semiconductor)
–permanent as long as battery voltage
is applied
–Holds PC setup
–User intervention

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Still other ICs are PGA (pin-grid array) a
square chip package used for the main
processing circuitry.

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The largest processor package is the SEC
(single edge contact) cartridge of the
Pentium III.

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The largest feature of an IC is the lead
frame package. The chip of the biggest
IC is the size of your fingernail.

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Contained in this chip can be millions of
transistors, resistors, and other electronic
components.

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•ISA (industry standard architecture).
– ISA slots are an older technology, used
today for some modems and other relatively
slow devices. Many new computers have few
or no ISA slots

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•PCI (peripheral component interconnect).
– PCI slots offer fast transfer speeds and a 64-bit
data bus. These slots typically house a graphics
card, sound card, video capture card, modem, or
network interface card (NIC).

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•AGP (accelerated graphics port).
– Primarily used for graphics cards, and faster
than a PCI slot, an AGP slot provides a high-
speed data pathway that is particularly handy
for 3-D graphics.

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Expansion cards simply slide into an
expansion slot.
Video card

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Sound card

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A NIC (network interface card)

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Installation of an expansion card
is easy, just plug it in.

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Expansion cards are added to a laptop by
means of a PCMCIA ( Personal Computer
Memory Card International Association) slot.

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An external NIC (network interface card), a hard
disk, or a modem (modulation-demodulation)
card can be added to a laptop.

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To connect a
peripheral device
to an expansion
card, you plug a
cable from that
peripheral device
into an expansion
port.

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CONNECTORS
Connects to
the Video port
Monitor
15 pins

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CONNECTORS
Connects to parallel port,
which sends data
simultaneously over
eight data lines at
speeds of 12,000 Kbps
(kilobits per seconds)
LPT
Printer,
external
CD-ROM
drive,
external
Zip,
external
hard drive.
25 pins

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CONNECTORS
COM
Connects to serial port, which sends data
over a single data line one bit at a time at
speeds of 56 Kbps.
Mouse
or
Modem
9 pins

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CONNECTORS
Connects to the
“FireWire” port,
which sends
data at 400,000
Kbps
Video camera, and external DVD drive

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CONNECTORS
Scuzzy
Connects to SCSI port, which sends
data simultaneously over 8 or 16 data
lines at speeds between 5 Mbps and
80 Mbps (Mega bits per second).
Can support
up to 16
devices in a
“Daisy
Chain”. Hard
drives,
scanner, CD-
ROM, tape
backup.
50 pins

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CONNECTORS
Universal Serial
Bus
Modem, keyboard, joystick, scanner, and mouse.
Connects to USB port, which sends data over a
single data line at speeds of 12,000 Kbps.
Supports up to 127 devices.

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CONNECTORS
Connects to networking port, which sends
data over two pairs of data lines at speeds
of 10 to 100 Mbps.
Intranet
RJ-45

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• Magnetic media
–Floppy disks
• 3.5”
• 5.25”
–Hard disk
–Zip Disk
–Tape
– used for backup
Memory storage at present fall into three basic
categories.

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• Optical storage media
–CD-ROM
• compact disk - read only memory
–DVD
• digital video disc or digital versatile disc
Memory storage at present fall into three basic
categories.

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Magnetic Media Devices

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CD-ROM (Compact disk - read only memory)
File transfer devices

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File transfer devices

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Floppy and Zip disk capacities
File transfer devices

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File transfer devices

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A hard disk is located inside the system unit.
File storage devices

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Hard disk platters store
data in the same manner
as floppy disk
File storage devices

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Power on

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A 5volt and 12volt power supply furnishes
power to the system.

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POST (power-on self-test)

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If you enter
advanced BIOS
the boot-up can
be changed to
“C”

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Using Windows as
an OS (operating
System)

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Computer Properties
• Electronic machine
• Speed
• Accuracy and Reliability
• Memory
• Storage
• Communication

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Software
• Operating System
• Application Software