2. Ehrman & Oxford 1989 ; Green && OOxxffoorrdd 11999955;; PPoolliittzzeerr 11998833
Female learners are more likely and often use Language
Learning Strategies compared to male learners.
Osanai (2000)
Female learners are use strategies like memory, cognitive,
metacognitive,social and affective more compared to male
learners.
Politzer (1983)
Female learners use more social learning strategies compared to
male learners.
3. Ehrman & Oxford (1995)
Young learners (children) use simple and easy strategies
Adult learners are more likely flexible using common and
more advanced strategies
Scarcella & Oxford (1992)
Learners whom are adults have more advantages in terms of
acquisition of syntactic and morphological aspects
4. Parents academic backgrounds and total family income are the 2
main important elements on how to decide the socioeconomic
status
Ballantine 1993; Musgrave 1974; Trusty 1998
Parents play important role in the learning proses of their children
The National Child Development Study (1972)
Parents socioeconomic status can influence the reading ability of
children because those who come from a higher level of
socioeconomic level are more likely to be intelligent compared to
those coming from lower socioeconomic level
5. ELLIS (1994a)
• Effort done by students in leaerning the second language from
their need and desire to learn the language
GARDNER & LAMBERT (1972)
• Divided motivation to two types
: integrative : instrumental
6. SURTRIDGE (1997)
Differences in cultural backgrounds and education system
produce different strengths and weaknesses in students
OXFORD (1994)
Most Asian students prefer memorizing strategy and other ways
OSANAI (2000)
There is no much differences between Asian students and Latin
students in language learning strategies.
Overall, Latin students use more language learning strategies
compared to Asian students
Latin students mostly uses metacognitive strategy and social
strategy
