history of orthodontics

1104900189865 CSI COLLEGE OF DENTAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH-MADURAI00 CSI COLLEGE OF DENTAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH-MADURAI -171450243205HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS00HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS 1104900188595 By VESTA ENID LYDIA-R2010-201100 By VESTA ENID LYDIA-R2010-2011 Submitted to DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS CSI CDSR-MADURAI s.no CONTENTSPAGE.NO1.INTRODUCTION12.REVIEW OF LITERATURE63.EARLIEST MATERIALS DOCUMENTED74.BEFORE CHRIST95.AFTER CHRIST146.14-17 TH CENTURY157.18 TH CENTURY208.1800-1840319.1840-18753810.1875-19006311.1900-19106912.1910-19206913.1931-19407214.1941-19507315.DEVELOPMENT OF REMOVABLE APPLIANCE7916.EVOLUTION OF FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCE8317.DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVATORS8518.FIXED APPLIANCE9319.BRITISH ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY10620.EUROPEAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY10721.INDIAN HISTORY10722.RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN MATERIALS10823.TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN PRACTICE10924.DISCUSSION11425.CONCLUSION11626.BIBILOGRAPHY117 INTRODUCTION “The heritages of the past are the seeds that bring forth the harvest of the future” Awareness of our historical antecedents has acquired more importance today, since changes are occurring so rapidly, that only by keeping our eyes steady on what went before can we progress with intelligence & confidence. Not to know what has been transacted in former times is to continue always as a child. If no use is made of the labors of the past ages, the world must remain in the infancy of knowledge”.- Cicero, the great Roman If we were to live a day in a world where the science of orthodontics was never invented, we would undoubtedly be surprised by the amount of people with malocclusions (or improper bites) that we thought had naturally perfect teeth.With the publication of Angle's ground breaking work, orthodontics as a field of specialty dentistry, began to take shape. It was still a far cry from the specialized orthodontistry we know of today, but the focus had begun to shift from mere straightening of the teeth to boost one's appearance, to actually looking into the types of malocclusion, and the right ways to correct these.As the century progressed, interest grew in the part that extracting teeth could play in orthodontics. In the thirties, dentists began to experiment with improving the proportions of the face by tooth extraction, making for a more stable alignment of the teeth.A decade later, dentists began to develop radiographs that enabled them to see how the development of bone in the jaw, and other areas of the mouth could affect alignment. This led to the knowledge that by redirecting the growth of bone, one could make changes to the alignment to prevent malocclusion.In the sixties, research in orthodontia began to chart uncovered territory, as it explored the role of surgery in correcting occlusion in people whose bone wasn't able to develop any further. Modern day orthodontics has progressed considerably since those early days. It now includes not just correcting the alignment of the teeth for a more cosmetically pleasing experience, but also creating a firm occlusal relationship. HISTORY OF DENTISTRY Dentistry has a long and fascinating history. From the earliest of times, humans have been plagued by dental disease.Many of the remarkable techniques in modern dentistry can be traced to the very earliest of times in every culture. Hesi-Re was the earlies eygyptian dentist whose name is known. He practiced in 3000 BC and was called “Chief of the Toothers.”Egyptian pharaohs were known to have suffered from periodontal (gum) disease. Radiographs of mummies confirm this fact.. Several Roman physicians wrote extensively about dentistry. Many people still believed in the theory of the toothworm being responsible for toothaches. What is a toothworm? (People of ancient times believed that a toothworm caused toothaches. They thought the worm just appeared, or drilled its way into a tooth. If the tooth pain was severe, it meant that the worm was moving around. If the aching stopped, then the worm was resting. People smeared their aching teeth with honey and waited all night with tweezers in hand, ready to pull out the toothworm.) Romans were skilled in restoring decayed teeth with gold crowns. They had a high regard for oral hygiene. First dental healers were physicians.Middle ages – Barber-surgeons of Europe.they Learned by trial & error & observation. Pierre Fauchard was the founder of modern dentistry. He developed dentistry as an independent profession from medicine. ,[object Object],In 1728, Pierre Fauchard published a book called the quot;
The Surgeon Dentistquot;
with an entire chapter on ways to straighten teeth. In 1957, the French dentist Bourdet wrote a book called quot;
The Dentist's Artquot;
. It also had a chapter on tooth alignment and using appliances in the mouth. These books were the first important references to the new dental science of orthodontics. Baltimore College of Dental Surgery was the first dental college in the world which opened its doors to aclass of five students on November 3rd, 1840. Review of literature EARLY HISTORY Even ancient people wanted straight teeth! According to the AAO (American Association of Orthodontists), archaeologists have discovered mummified ancients with crude metal bands wrapped around individual teeth. To close gaps, it has been surmised that catgut did the work now done by today's orthodontic wire! While Greece was in its Golden Age, the Etruscans (the precursors of the Romans) were burying their dead with appliances that were used to maintain space and prevent collapse of the dentition during life. Then in a Roman tomb in Egypt, a researcher found a number of teeth bound with a gold wire -- the first documented ligature wire! EARLIEST ORTHODONTIC MATERIALS DOCUMENTED ,[object Object]

Delabarre (1819) – Wire crib

Kingsley – Elastic straps, forged Stubb’s steel, swaged silver.Angle era – Gold, platinum, silver, steel, gum rubber; wood, ivory, zinc, copper, brass. Wrought alloys – Springiness, fewer cracks at tension points. ‘Stainless’ quality first reported by Monnartz in Germany, 1900-1910. Dumas, Guillet & Portevin developed stainless steel in France. ,[object Object],British - Martensitic Americans - Ferritic ,[object Object]

‘Edgewater’ tradition – Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago.

1940s – Begg & Wilcox – Australian Stainless Steel.

1960s – Gold abandoned, steel adopted.

1962 – Buelher – NITINOL.Nickel-Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory. ,[object Object]

1986 – Japanese NiTi-Fujio Miura.

Ni-free, Titanium-Niobium wires for finishing.Acrylic-1937. Vulcanite, Cellulose, Phenolformaldehyde, Vinyl polymers, Styrene, Alkyl resins. Plastic brackets – Aromatic polymer / polycarbonate, single-crystal sapphire, polycrystalline alumina / zirconia. BEFORE CHRIST The Greek physician Hippocrates (460 to 377 BC) is revered as a pioneer in medical science, chiefly because of his medical authorship. He was the first to separate medicine from fancy or religion, and with his reports of critical observation and experience, heestablished a medical tradition based on facts. This collected information was gathered into a text known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, the medical testament of the preChristian era. This treatise does not discuss the dental art independently but contains many references to the teeth and the tissues of the jaws as part of the medical text. An example: ...the first teeth are formed by the nourishment of the fetus in the womb ... the shedding of the first teeth generally takes place about seven years of age. Children who cut their teeth in winter time get over the teeth period best. Among those individuals whose heads are long-shaped,some have thick necks, strong members and bones; others have strongly arched palates; thus teeth are disposed to irregularity, crowding one on the other and they are molested by headaches and otorrhea. (Epidemics, chapter: de carnibus.) Aristotle (384 to 322 BC), the Greek philosopher, had equal stature in the fields of statesmanship, art, and biology. His interest in biology gave to medical science the first system of comparative anatomy and the studies of zoology and physiology. He was the first writer who studied the teeth in a broad manner, having examined them in relation to the dentitions of various types of animals. He may be regarded as the first comparative dental anatomist because, in his famous work entitled De Partibus Animalium (On the Parts of Animals), he compared the various dentitions of the known species of animals of that time. He noted that there were marked differences between human teeth and those of animals and, in fact, differences between the different species of animals. He described the dental apparatus of the viviparous animal, distinguishing between teeth, tusks, and horns. Aulius Cornelius Celsus (25 BC to AD 50) one of the prominent Roman medical authors of the first centuryCelsus’ advise mentioned in ‘Artzney Buchlein’ – the oldest dental text book (1530)., wrote in De Re Medicina (On Medicine): When in a child a permanent tooth appears before the fall of the milk tooth, it is necessary to dissect the gum all around the latter and extract it. The other tooth must then be pushed with the finger, day by day, toward the place that was occupied by the one extracted; and this is tobe continued until it reaches its proper position.The medical art of the Romans reached its zenith under Claudius Galenus, commonly known as Galen (AD 130 to 200?). For 15 centuries he dominated medical thought, and it was not until the Renaissance that the infallibility of his medical expertise was questioned. In his medical writings, he described dental anatomy and embryology by specifically identifying the origin, growth, and development of the teeth and enumerating the functions of each. He believed the teeth to be true bones. Because dissection was performed on animals rather than on human beings, he erroneously applied some of his findings to human beings (e.g., the presence of an intermaxillary bone and the insensibility of teeth). Specimens dating back to VIII century B.C. indicate Etruscans may have been the first people to employ orthodontic bands to improve tooth alignment. AFTER CHRIST 476-1450 An Arabic physician, Paulus Aegineta (Paul of Aegina) 625 to 690), wrote: When supernumerary teeth cause an irregularity of dental arches, they may be corrected by resection of such teeth or by extraction. In case one projects above the level of others, the part protruding should be removed by means of a file (epitome). He also stated that irregular teeth were “displeasing in women.” 14-17 CENTURY e Leonardo da vinci (1452 to1519), is remembered because he painted a smile on the lips of Mona Lisa. Her smile remains most provocative; yet the brush was only one of the many tools he mastered. He was the first artist to dissect the human body for the acquisition of anatomic knowledge and the first to draw accurate pictures of these dissections. Leonardo was the first to recognize tooth form and the first to realize that each tooth was related to another tooth and to the opposing jaw as well, thus perceiving the articulation of the teeth. He described the maxillary and frontal sinuses and established their relationship to facial height. He determined and made drawings of the number of teeth and their root formations. He noted that “those teeth that are the farthest away from the line of the temporomandibular articulation are at a mechanical disadvantage as compared with those that are nearer.” Those (teeth) that act most powerfully, the mascellari (molars) have broad flattened crowns suitable for grinding the food, but not for tearing or cutting it; those that act less powerfully, the incisors, are suitable for cutting the food but not for grinding it; while the maestre (canines) are intermediate between these two sets, their function being presumably that of tearing the food. Andreas Vesalius (1514 to 1564), a Belgian physician and anatomist, set a precedent in the study of human anatomy when he personally performed a dissection. It had been the custom for students to do the dissections while the lecturer described the procedure and specimen. He proved Galen wrong in many areas of anatomic knowledge. His classic work, On the Fubric of the Human Body, became the foundation that reconstructed our knowledge of human anatomy and thereby laid the basis for the practice of medicine and surgery. In this book, he described the minute anatomy of the teeth, particularly the dental follicle and subsequent pattern of tooth eruption: We believe that only the teeth among the bones are given the perceptible faculty of sensation by certain small soft nerves, propagated by the third pair of cranial nerves and implanted at their roots ... the Almighty Artificer of things deservedly is to be praised Who, we believe, liberally bestowed the noteworthy faculty of sensation on the teeth alone among the rest of the bones. For He knew that they will frequently encounter objects which might cut, break, or scratch them, unduly heat or chill them, or affect them in some other way... . Consequently, had they no power of sensation, Man would not be warned by pain and would not protect the tooth by avoiding the injurious agent before the threatened teeth are damaged. There are usually thirty-two teeth in all, a single series of sixteen in each jaw, most fittingly placed in the form of a semi-circle. The first four front teeth, because they cut, are called incisors; next come the canines placed singly at each side, to have torn apart that not done by the incisors. They receive their name because of their resemblance to the outthrust of dogs. After them are the maxillares, or molars, five on each side, rough, broad, hard and large by means of which food cut by the incisors and broken up by the canines can be ground to perfect smoothness. Ambrose Paré (1517? to 1590), a French surgeon, paid specific attention to dentofacial deformities, especially to the cleft palate. He was the first surgeon to devise an obturator for treatment. Crude as these appliances may seem, there was no appreciable advance for more than 3 centuries. Gabriele Fallopio (1523 to 1562), commonly known as Fallopius, an Italian anatomist, wrote in his Observationes Anatomica (Anatomic Observations) a detailed description of the dental follicle. He also gave us the terms hard and soft palate. A membranous follicle is formed inside the bone furnished with two apices, one posterior (that is to say, deeper down, more distant from the gums), to which is joined a small nerve, a small artery and a small vein; the other anterior (that is, more superficial) which terminates in a filament ... inside the follicle is formed special white and tenacious substance, and from this the tooth itself, which at first is osseous only in the part nearest the surface, whilst the lower part is still soft, that is, formed of the above mentioned substance. Each tooth comes out traversing and widening a narrow aperture ... bare and hard; and in process of time the formation of its deeper part is completed. The first book in the German language to have reference to the teeth was entitled Arzei Buchlein (A Book of the Surgical Art) and was published in 1530 (author unknown). It contains the following comment: When teeth begin to drop out ... push the new one every day toward the place where the first one was until it sits there and fits among the others, for if you neglect to attend to this, the old teeth (deciduous) will remain and the young ones (permanent) will be impeded from growing straight. 18 CENTURY France became the leader in dentistry throughout the world in the eighteenth century. This was primarily attributed to one man, Pierre Fauchard. No one person exerted a stronger influence on the development of the profession than he did. In fact, he is referred to as the “Founder of Modern Dentistry.” He created order out of chaos, developed a profession out of a craft, and gave to this new branch of medicine a scientific and sound basis for the future. The results of his labors are reflected in the publication of his two-volume book entitled Le Chirurgien Dentiste, ou Traite Des Dents (The Surgeon Dentist, A Treatise on the Teeth) completed in 1723 and published in 1728. It was the work that heralded the advent of the dental art based on fundamental knowledge. Three editions appeared in France, but it was not until The first attempts to correct malocclusions used simple large arch wires ligated to the malposed teeth. He developed the precursor of the modern appliance – expansion arch FAUCHARDS EXPANSION ARCH This arrangement gave only tipping control, in one dimension, and soon proved inadequate for controlling rotations. 1946 that an English-language edition was printed. With reference to orthodontics, as early as 1723, he developed what is probably the firstorthodontic appliance. It was called a bandolet. It was designed to expand the arch, particularly the anterior teeth and was the forerunner of the expansion arch of modern times. If the teeth are much out of line and cannot be corrected by means of threads, it is necessary to use a band of silver or gold. The width of the band should be less than the height of the teeth to which it is applied. The band must neither be too stiff nor too flexible. Two holes are made at each end, a thread passing partially through forms a loop in the middle of each thread ... by the pressure and support given the band the inclined teeth will be made upright for a short time. Fauchard described 12 cases of orthodontic treatment in patients whose ages ranged from 12 to 22 years, with apparently good results. Other treatment procedures included the filing of teeth, especially for crowded anterior teeth, and the use of a special forceps called the pelican, named for its resemblance to the beak of that bird. Making use of the file, I began by separating the tooth from the neighboring ones which pressed upon it, slightly diminishing the space it ought to have occupied. This done, I straightened the tooth with the pelican, placing it in its natural position ... no sooner had I reduced the tooth to its normal position I fixed it to those next to it by means of a common thread, which I left there for eight days. He seldom had recourse to extraction and urged attention to the deciduous teeth Another important French dental surgeon was Robert Bunon (1702 to 1788), who wrote in his book entitled Essay on the Teeth: I claim that a good formation of the teeth can be procured if care is given them from the earliest age. I even go further and I say that the tooth germs and the tooth materials are favourably disposed by the regimen of the prospective mother... . One child, by the state of his teeth, appears too young at fifteen or sixteen years of age for certain operations, which for him may be premature, and another child of eleven or twelve years old, may sometimes have waited so long for a remedy that, in this case, it is already too late. In 1757 Etienne Bourdet (1722 to 1789), the dentist to the King of France, advocated the Fauchard method but went a step further by recommending only gold strips on the labial surface for the upper arch and on the lingual surface for the lower arch. He wrote in his Recherches et Observationes sur Toutes les Parties de L'art du Dentiste (Researches and Observations on Every Branch oftheArt ofthe Dentist): The strings should be removed and retightened twice a week, until the teeth have resumed their proper position—that is to say, until the teeth of the upper jaw are drawn forward so that no part of them is hidden behind those of the lower jaw. Bourdet differed with Fauchard in that he recommended the extraction of the first premolars to preserve symmetry of the jaws. In children who had protruding chins, Bourdet corrected this by extracting the mandibular first molars shortly after eruption. In England, John Hunter (1728 to 1793), a great teacher of anatomy, is numbered as one of the foremost surgeons of his day. Hunter left a valuable array of publications, one of which, TheNatural History of the Human Teeth: Explaining Their Structure, Use, Formation, Growth and Diseases is of particular interest. It was published in 1771 and initiated a new era in dentistry by placing dentistry on the basis of scientific observation at a time when empiricism was rampant. Hunter's descriptions of the formation and the growth of the teeth and jaws excelledanything previously published. He demonstrated the growth, development, and articulation of the maxilla and mandible with the attached musculature and outlined the internal structure of the teeth (enamel) and bone (dentin) and their separate functions. His innumerable experiments and observations of case histories established the difference between bone and teeth for the first time. Because he improperly prepared the specimens, in that he had failed to inject disclosing material in teeth during a series of experiments, he erroneously concluded that teeth were “nonvascular.” For the nomenclature of dentistry, he labeled incisors, bicuspids, and molars. Robert Blake, a disciple of Hunter, followed in his footsteps of scientific inquiry, as demonstrated by his thesis presented to the University of Edinburgh entitled “On the Structure and Formation of the Teeth in Man and Various Animals.” It was published in 1798. Thefollowing is an excerpt from the text:I feel myself justified that the alveolar arches continue to increase during the entire progress of the formation of the teeth. It is, however, sufficiently evident that the greatest increase of thejaws is backward ... we frequently meet with disproportions between the jaws and teeth, and in such that the permanent teeth never would become regular without the assistance of the art. In Germany during the eighteenth century, little attention was paid to the dental art. However, we should note that Gottfried Janke attributed the shedding of deciduous teeth to the obliteration of their vessels by the compression of the erupting permanent teeth. Adam A.Brunner (1737 to 1810) advised that “milk teeth should never be extracted unless there be manifest signs of the presence of the corresponding permanent teeth, or when it is painful or decayed.” OIn Colonial America, primitive conditions for dental care existed for almost a century until European-trained “operators for the teeth” came to this country seeking fresh opportunities. The art of dentistry in America can be said to have had its origin with the importation of these practitioners to the colonies. One of the most important native practitioners was John Greenwood (1760 to 1819). His skills were first learned from his father, who was an instrument maker. He was apprenticed to Dr.Gamage, who taught him the rudiments of the dental art. Through experience, he became proficient in the practice. He was a strong advocate of the care of children's teeth. He published the following advertisement in 1797 Parents and Guardians. As the attention that is necessary to be paid to children's teeth at the time of shedding and after being of so great importance to their regularity, evenness and future preservation, needs no observations. Mr. Greenwood is induced by the patronage of many families, to reduce his prices for taking the sole care of children's teeth by the year, to give everyone an opportunity to be benefitted by him. For four children and upwards, in one, family per year, one guinea. For one child per year, ten shillings to be paid when the year is out from the time of entering. Other practitioners include Josiah Flagg (1763 to 1816) of Boston, who advertised that he “regulates teeth from their first teeth, to prevent pain and fevers in children, assists nature in the extension of the jaw, for a beautiful arrangement of a second set of teeth.” In 1798 C. W.Whitlock of Philadelphia stated that he “supplies the deficiences of nature ... files, regulates, extracts ... teeth.” John Le Tellier, also of Philadelphia, “regulates teeth from their first cutting in children.” (1804). B. Fendall of Baltimore advertised that he “regulates the teeth of children”(1784). Leonard Koecker (1728 to 1850), practicing in Philadelphia, advertised that he “supplies ligatures to teeth of an irregular position.” He stated in his published articles in the medicalpress (1826) Irregularities of the teeth is one of the chief predisposing causes of disease, and never fails even in the most healthy conditions to destroy, sooner or later, the strongest and best set of teeth unless properly attended to. It is not only a most powerful cause of destruction of the health and beauty of the teeth but also to the regularity of the features of the face, always producing, though slowly, some irregularity, but frequently the most surprising an disgusting Vappearance. It is, however, a great pleasure to know that dental surgery is abundantly provided with a remedy, and in most delicate subjects if placed under proper care at an early age, the greater portion of the teeth of the permanent set may invariably be preserved to perfect health and regularity. A note about his recommendation for extraction. He advocated the extraction of first molars quot;
since they are generally predisposed to disease ... and if these teeth be extracted at any period before the age of twelve years, all the anterior teeth will grow more or less backwards and the second and third molars so move toward the anterior part of the mouth ... to fill up the vacant space.rthodon 1800-1840 Irregularity of the teeth had been recognized by dental surgeons early in the nineteenth century.Benjamin James (1814) noted that he was “often called upon to cure irregularity, than to prevent it.. Levi S. Parmly (1819) stated that “where irregularities are allowed to proceed and become fixed, it is often a matter of difficulty, and sometimes of impossibility to rectify them.”Samuel S . Fitch, MD, whose book entitled A System of Dental Surgery, published in 1829, is considered the first definitive work on dentistry in this country, devoted a significant amount of information to irregularities of the teeth. He was the first to classify malocclusion: There are four states of this kind of irregularity. The first when one central incisor is turned in, and the under teeth come before it, whilst the other central incisor keeps its proper place, standing before the under teeth. The second is, when both the central incisors are turned in, and go behind the under teeth; but the lateral incisors are placed properly and stand out before the under teeth. The third variety is when the central incisors are placed properly but the lateral incisors stand very much in; and when the mouth is shut, the under teeth project before them and keep them backward. The fourth is, when all incisors of the upper are turned in, and those of the under jaw shut before them. His treatment consisted of applying “a force which shall act constantly upon the irregular teeth and bring them forward; the other force to remove that obstruction which the under teeth by coming before the upper, always occasion.” This is done by “application of an instrument adapted to the arch of the mouth ... fastening a ligature on the irregular tooth and ... removing the resistance of the under teeth by placing some intervening substances between the teeth of the upper and under jaw, so as to prevent them from completely closing.” Other practitioners found various forms of treatment, such as the use of gold or silver plates “to exert a gentle but continued pressure.” Shearjashub Spooner (1809 to 1859) wrote in his Guide to Sound Teeth (1838): ...we have to consider, first, their general appearance as to regularity to the central circle; and, second, the state of preservation of each individual tooth ... in cases where there is a predisposition to a projecting chin... . M. Bourand from Paris observed that the parents should be alerted to the shedding of the deciduous teeth and any possible deformity. He stated: Defects, sometimes, which are of such magnitude, that I have known, in my long practice in both hemispheres, some young ladies of respectable families and of elegant features who could not observe their smiling countenances in a looking glass without blushing at the irregularities of their teeth; when comparing their mouths with some of their young friends toward whom their parents had bestowed all the necessary care to regulate their growth from childhood U Norman Williams Kingsley (1829-1913) . Born on 2nd Oct 1829. Joined Dr. A.W. Orthodontia’s greatest genius’ –by E.H. Angle Kingsley, Pennsylvania.1852– first office in Oswego, New York.1859 – made his first obturator Prosthetic restorations for cleft patients - restored normal speech, improved facial appearance1861 – Kingsley introduced the headgear to apply extraoral force & provide occipital anchorage (Robert Augustine, 1854) sThe correction of irregularities, however, easy in theory, will be found most difficult and delicate in practice; not only will much skill be found requisite, but, in equal degree, patience Thus, by the mid-nineteenth century basic concepts of diagnosis and treatment had begun. It was a time when each practitioner attempted treatment by devising his own method based on purely mechanical principles. Orthodontics was part of prosthetic dentistry, and the literature on the subject described orthodontics in the area of partial and total replacement of missing teeth. Chapin A. Harris (1806 to 1860), one of the most influential dental surgeons during this period, published the first modern classic book on dentistry, The Dental Art, in 1840. In it he gives much attention to various orthodontic treatment procedures that were adapted from French and English practitioners; his personal technique included the use of gold caps on molars to open the bite and knobs soldered to a band for tooth rotations. Materials generally used were cotton or silk ligatures, metallic wedged arches, and wooden wedges, but the discovery of vulcanite—a material used for artificial dentures—permitted the construction of bite plates and other forms of removable appliances. In addition, springs that were to be attached to the metal frames for use in individual tooth movement were introduced. As early as 1841, William Lintott introduced the use of screws. They were described in On the Teeth, in the chapter entitled “Irregularities of the Teeth”: When any one or more teeth project beyond the right line, and it is desired to move them inwards, a small hole must be drilled through the bar, over against the most prominent point of each; a screw-thread is then to be cut and a short screw introduced, which working through the bar, will, by a turn or two each day, keep up such a continued pressure against each tooth as will quickly force it back as desired. He described the premature loss of deciduous teeth as a cause of malocclusion, explained that crowding was due to faulty growth and development, recommended that treatment begin at the age of 14 or 15 years and also described a bite-opening appliance, which consisted of a labial arch of a light bar of gold or silver passed around the front surfaces of the teeth by means of ligatures (known as Indian twist), and the necks of the irregular teeth with pressure applied for movement. In this manner, any required movement of the teeth, inwards or outwards may be affected with great ease, and in very little time causing no serious annoyance to the patient, the whole apparatus being removed and cleansed every two or three days. A modification of the screw, called the crib, was introduced by the Frenchman J. M. A. strange in 1841. Strange also introduced the use of the clamp band and for retention advised: “I use a rubber band attached to some hooks on the appliance surrounding the molars for retention.” The chin strap as occipital anchorage for the treatment of mandibular protrusion was introduced by J. S. Gunnell in 1840, and the principle of this may be seen today. 1840-1875 1841- Schange a Frenchman invented the adjustable clamp band with introduction of a lingual screw 1846 – Tucker described the use of rubber elastics though no importance given until Case & Baker used it to provide intermaxillary force & intermaxillary anchorage in 1893. ANGLE’S ERA Edward H. Angle1855-1930 dominated orthodontic armamentarium, diagnosis and treatment planning for almost a half century until Charles Tweed successfully challenged his mentor’s nonextraction mantra. The ensuing diagnostic regimen used by Tweed, however, proved to have serious limitations and clearly resulted in the extraction of too many teeth. This caused a subsequent deterioration of soft tissue appearances of patients that neither they nor their doctors liked. This article will describe and illustrate how new expansion techniques differ qualitatively from those of Angle, and how these techniques offer patients and doctors less invasive and more comfortable therapies which do not jeopardize facial appearances. For the first third of this past century, orthodontics found itself dominated by one man, Edward H. Angle, with the resultant intellectual stagnation that arises from such monomaniacal control. This recognition in no way detracts from Angle’s contributions – notably his clear and simple classification system along with the edgewise bracket. Both of these inventions have endured for a century, and that is no mean achievement in any scientific discipline. Nevertheless, orthodontists’ unquestioning acceptance of his limited diagnostic and treatment planning regimens hindered the advancement of this discipline more than it helped, and the last half of this past century was spent trying to overcome the stupor of the first half. 1887 – introduced the Angle System. 1887 – Appointed to chair of orthodontia in dental department of University of Minnesota. 1887 – Ohio Journal of Dental Science. 1888 – Lecture to Iowa State Dental Society – demonstrated expansion arch & its auxiliaries.1894 – Professor of Orthodontia at Marian Sims College, receiving MD degree the following year. Concepts of Prosthetic occlusion developed in the late 1800s. “Angle developed classification of malocclusion based on this principle – ‘Dental Cosmos’ in 1899. 1888 – Lecture to Iowa State Dental Society – demonstrated expansion arch & its auxiliaries. 1894 – Professor of Orthodontia at Marian Sims College, receiving MD degree the following year. Angle developed classification of malocclusion based on this principle – ‘Dental Cosmos’ in 1899. Angle had commenced informal instructions in orthodontia in his office in 1900. Among his early students were Dewey, Pullen, Mershon, McCoy, Oppenheim, Weinberger & Fred Noyes. In May 1900 at a banquet in Dr. Angle’s office, the students & teachers decided that “the time was ripe” for an Orthodontic Society. Thus was born ‘The American Society of Orthodontists’. On June 11, 1901, 10 charter members elected Angle as president. Later became Anna Hopkins Angle – “Mother Angle”. Cecil Steiner said “She was a suitable counterfoil for Edward H. & also she was the power behind the throne”. 1907 – moved his school to New York. 1908 – moved his school to New London, Conn., - 6 week sessions at 200$ till 1911.Decided to give up practice of orthodontia & devote himself to study, teaching & development of better appliances.1916 – made Pasadena, California their permanent home to avoid the hardships of Eastern winters. James Angle – first student of Edward H. Angle College of Orthodontia in California.1922 – Graduates of Pasadena, St. Louis & New London formed the Edward H. Angle Society.No officers, no bylaws, society run by Angle.Angle attended the last society meeting on June 1928 in New London, Conn.The society ceased to exist after his passing away in 1930.Nov 17, 1930 – society reorganized & restarted from former members.At this meeting ‘The Angle Orthodontist’ was born.Mrs. Angle – Editor-in-chief. 1887 – introduced the Angle System. Angle’s postulates ,[object Object]

Most remarkably stable landmark in craniofacial anatomy – upper first molars.

Upper & lower molars should be related so that the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper molar occludes in the buccal groove of the lower molar.

Line of occlusion – The line with which, in form & position according to type, the teeth must be in harmony if in normal occlusion.Angle’s classification has 4 classes On being asked about his ‘discovery’ of the constancy of the upper first molar Angle said – “I though about it & I thought about it & all at once it came to me. Anybody who disagrees with me must be a fool”. Angle was influenced by Rousseau & the German physiologist Wolff. Rousseau emphasized the perfectability of man.This led Angle to believe that every person has the potential for an ideal relationship of all 32 natural teeth. ,[object Object],German physiologist Wolff discovered in early 1900s that the internal architecture of bone responds to stresses placed on that part of the skeleton.So Angle reasoned that if the teeth were placed in proper occlusion, forces transmitted to the teeth would cause bone to grow around them & stabilize them even if a great deal of arch expansion had occurred. Angle consulted the famous artist of the day Professor Wuerpel for the ideal facial form.Wuerpel ridiculed that it is impossible to specify any one facial form as ideal.Hence Angle concluded that the ideal facial esthetics for a person would result when the teeth were placed in ideal occlusion for that person INSTRUMENTATION OF ANGLE 1880 – “First real appliance” – The Jack & Traction Screw With Pushing Action. Combination of adjustable clamp band of Schange & regulating screw of Dwinelle. In 1887 Edward H. Angle introduced the E arch, i.e. expansion arch that used a labial wire supported by clamp bands on the molar teeth which ligated to the other teet 1907 ANGLE’S E ARC Metallurgical developments by the early 20th Century allowed clinicians to encase all of the teeth with bands and solder attachments that could control the horizontal rotations. Angle developed a popular attachment known as the pin and tube attachment in 1911 (and it satisfied many of the requirements of clinicians; but this demanded unusual dexterity, patience and skill, so dental clinicians evolved to a ribbon arch bracket , which Angle introduced in 1916. It provided good control in two dimensions and became popular quickly. The ribbon arch attachment also marked the first time orthodontic attachments gained the name bracket 1912 PIN AND TUBE APPLIANCE It Moves the teeth bodilyand a‘Bone growing appliance which is Capable of great precision in tooth movement. Incredible degree of craftsmanship. Main disadvantages of pin and tube appliance it Lacks of mesiodistal control Archwire placement Impractical in clinical use Poor spring qualities. 1915 RIBBON ARCH First bracket. Vertically positioned rectangular slot with ribbon arch of 10 x 20 gold wire. Good spring qualities. Allowed versatile movements. Unable to achieve mesiodistal tipping movements. Not possible to provide stabilization or anchorage of posterior teeth. Did not allow to torque roots to a new position. When Angle launched the ribbon arch bracket, he had already started work on the edgewise bracket primarily as a supplement to his ribbon arch appliance. Nevertheless, the edgewise bracket did not suddenly spring full-grown from Angle’s fertile mind, but slowly evolved with several iterations. When Angle realized that this bracket could deliver three-dimensional control of the teeth with horizontal, one directional placement and simultaneous engagement of all the teeth, he changed the bracket several times until he achieved the #447 in 1928. It received early and enthusiastic endorsement from dental clinicians throughout the United States and eventually eclipsed other useful orthodontic appliances such as the McCoy open tube appliance, the Atkinson universal appliance and the Johnson twin wire attachment. 1928- angle’s 447 edgewise bracket, “the latest and best in orthodontic mechanisms”. Latest and the best’.Rectangular wire of 0.022 x 0.028 inch inserted in a horizontal slot.Excellent control of crown & root position in all three planes of space.Mastered complex metallurgy & had immense knowledge of noble metals. The universal application and durability of the edgewise bracket confirmed Angle’s immodest claim that it offered the “latest and best in orthodontic mechanisms”9. Innovators have added minor but practical trimmings such as rotating wings, twin brackets, different dimensions, preadjusted appliances, lingual applications, etc., but the essence has remained edgewise. For any instrument, particularly in the health sciences, to remain virtually unchanged (and almost as useful for close to a century) approaches unbelievability. In the automobile industry, this would be equivalent to the Model T Ford remaining as the epitome of motoring sophistication.Other than adding wings and doubling the bracket to make the popular twin edgewise bracket, Angle’s invention has remained basically unchanged . Dr. Calvin Case-(1847-1923): Dr.Clavin Case was a contemporary of Angle. Case was a pioneer in orthodontic mechanotherapy. He was one of the first to stress on root movement (1892). Use rubber elastics in treatment (1892) and to use small gauge, light, resilient wires for tooth alignment (1919). He pioneered the use of retainers to stabilize orthodontic results Occipital anchorage was obtained by the use of headgear devised by F. Christopher Kneisel. In 1852 the American Society of Dental Surgeons, the first national dental association established in this country (1840), committed to a great interest in this phase of dentistry, formed a committee on dental irregularities. The first report was given by E. J. Tucker, a respected dental surgeon of Boston, in 1853. He condemned the practice of early extraction of deciduous teeth and advocated the use of rubber bands, or tubes, for tooth movement. He said, “The exact position of the teeth, the lines of force to be observed and the tenacity of the power exerted, are all considerations requiring study and a careful judgment.” This same Societysponsored the publication of the first book on orthodontics, Essay on Regulating the Teeth (1841). It was written by Solymon Brown (1790 to 1876) of New York and was intended to inform parents by stressing the importance of preventing irregularities. Albert H. Ketcham – (1870-1935) Albert.H.ketcham worked diligently in the American Society of Orthodontics and served as its President in 1929. In recognition of his services to orthodontics and in his honor the ABO established what is now considered as the specialty‟s most coveted prize – the Albert H. Ketcham Memorial. Other developments taking place around the world that influenced American orthodontic history are recounted in the following pages. Martin Dewey (1881-1933): Martin Dewey published his textbook on orthodontic philosophy and mechanical procedures in 1914 - „Practical orthodontics‟ . In 1915 with the help of Dr. C. V. Mosby, Dewey founded and became editor of the International Journal of Orthodontia (now AJO-DO). He was the editor for 17 years and also the President of ADA in 1931. Hugo Jackson (1850-1929) was the chief proponent and pioneer of removable appliances in US. He devised a specially designed appliance known as the Jackson's crib. Charles Hawley introduced the Hawley‟s retainer in 1908. John Farrar could be referred to as the Father of American Orthodontics. It was he who gave impetus to the scientific investigations that permitted the understanding of the theory and practice of orthodontics. He began his studies in 1875, during which time he investigated the physiologic and pathologic changes occurring in animals as the result of orthodontically induced tooth movement. As a result of his studies, he published a series of articles between 1881 and 1887 in the Dental Cosmos, one of the leading dental journals, enunciating the principle that “in regulating teeth, the traction must be intermittent and must not exceed certain fixed limits.” He also published Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Correction, Vol. 1 in 1888 and Vol. 2 in 1889, in which he demonstrated the many uses of the screw as the motivating attachment and the basis of what he referred to as a system of orthodontia. (Copies of these books are in the American Association of Orthodontists library in St. Louis, Mo.) (The jackscrew was originally introduced in 1849 by D. William Dwinelle.) He stressed the “importance of the observance of the physiologic law which governs tissues, during movement of the teeth, the subject being to prevent pain.” Farrar was the originator of the theory of intermittent force, and the first person to recommend root or bodily movement of the teeth. Norman W. Kingsley was a prominent dentist, artist, and orthodontist. As early as 1866, he experimented with appliances for the correction of cleft palate and is associated with a technique known as jumping the bite with the use of a bite plate. It was the treatment for protrusion of the maxilla, not necessarily with extractions, shaping the dental arches to be in harmony with each other. He used vulcanite in conjunction with ligatures, elastic bands made of rubber, jackscrews, and the chincap. In 1880 he published A Treatise on Oral Deformities, which remained a textbook for many years. He, too, emphasized the importance of the relationship between mechanics and biology as the principle on which orthodontics should be based. His book was the first to recommend that etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning were the acceptable bases of practice. “Much success in treating irregularities will depend upon a correct diagnosis and prognosis Alton H. Thompson was one of those forgotten dentists who made a valuable contribution to the specialty. He was recongized as an authority on comparative dental anatomy -certainly a basic consideration for orthodontists. (He was a founder of the American Anthropological Society.) He devoted himself to research into the dynamics of occlusion. This led him to the following analysis: a. the construction of the temporomaxillary articulation allows for lateral anteroposterior, vertical, and oblique movements; b. the extent of maxillary development is reflected for the necessary support of the extensive masticating mechanism; c. there is a suppression of density and diameter of the maxillary bones; d. there is a predominance of the rotatory over the elevating muscles of mastication; and e. the special construction of the masticatory armature—this is the teeth, their vertices, parallel arrangement of the dental tissues, and the apposition of the crushing teeth. In 1854 Thomas W. Evans (1823 to 1897), an American dentist practicing in Paris, France, published the requirements for an appliance in the Dental Newsletter 1st: a film support which shall not loosen or in any way injure the teeth to which it is attached; 2nd: a steady and sufficient pressure; 3rd: great delicacy of construction that the apparatus may be a light as possible; 4th: as a mechanism as simple as the case will admit. In 1860 Emerson C. Angell (1823 to 1903) was probably the first person to advocate the opening of the median suture to provide space in the maxillary arch, since he took a strong stand against extraction. James D. White also perfected a removable vulcanite appliance with a hinge in a split palate (1860). O. A. Marvin (1828 to 1907), in 1866, outlined the objectives of orthodontic treatment: 1st: the preservation of correct facial expression; 2nd: the restoration of such expression; 3rd: the proper articulation of the teeth for better mastication; 4th: their orderly arrangement, with a view to preventing decay. As early as 1871 William E. Magill (1825 to 1896) had cemented bands on the teeth. It may be of interest to know that in 1864 George J. Underwood of New York presented his graduation thesis at the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery (Philadelphia) entitled“Orthodontia.” Milo Hellman (1873-1947) Angle’s student. 1912-Research in Anthropology & its relation to the growth & development of human dentofacial complex 1875-1900 Isaac B. Davenport, as early as 1881, had created an interest in the study of occlusion. He developed a theory that the masticatory apparatus was subject to the laws of nature, that imperfect occlusion was deleterious to the dentition, that extraction of teeth in treatment could affect the efficiency of the masticatory apparatus. He lectured before the New York Academy of Medicine in 1887. His lecture entitled “The Significance of the Natural Form and Arrangement of the Dental Arches, With a Consideration of the Changes Which Occur as a Result of Their Artificial Derangement by Filing or by the Extraction of Teeth” was a tremendous influence on the orthodontists. To provide a normal occlusion the practice of extraction of teeth was almost abandoned, being replaced by the expansion of the arch and the realignment of the teeth. While admitting the value of extraction as a means of correction of certain irregularities of the teeth, I am forced to believe that far more irregularities have been caused by extractions than could ever have been corrected by extraction. nIt was not until the latter part of the nineteenth century when a few dedicated dentists gave special attention and importance to this phase of dentistry, that our specialty began to emerge. Known in that time as orthodontia, it required special mechanical skills and knowledge in such basic sciences as anatomy, physiology, and pathology. The period of the last three decades of the nineteenth century is studied in the framework of individual dentists and their contributions. Each practitioner developed his own theory and practice, some to a greater degree of excellence than others. Those to be discussed briefly include John H. Farrar (1839 to 1913); Norman W. Kingsley (1829 to 1913); Alton H. Thompson (1849 to 1914); Issac B. Davenport (1854 to 1922); Henry A. Baker (1848 to 1934); Eugene S. Talbot (1847 to 1925); simeon H. Guilford (1841 to 1919); and W. G. A. Bonwill (1833 to 1899). Henry A. Baker is remembered because in 1893 he introduced the so-called Baker anchorage, or the use of intermaxillary elastics with rubber bands. The introduction of intermaxillary elastics was interpreted by some practitioners to mean the elimination of the need for extraction. Clark Goddard was an early advocate of the study and research into comparative odontology, the study of skulls and teeth. This led to the acceptance of an expansion screw for the forcible separation of the maxilla. He also attempted to classify malocclusion, which included 15 separate types of irregularities. Eugene S. Talbot was equally proficient in periodontics and orthodontics. He stressed the study of the causes of malocclusion to be the key to treatment. He stated that “without the etiology of irregularities no one can successfully correct deformities, as is evident in the many failures by men who profess to make this a specialty.” He added, “Eighteen years of experience in the correction of irregularities of the teeth and a practical knowledge of the laws of mechanics have taught me not to rely on any particular appliance. Frequently, though a certain appliance has worked well in one case it may not have been efficient in another case of similar nature...” He advised close attention to disproportion in the size of the maxilla and mandible, “general contour and profile of the face,” and “the family history including hereditary factors.” He was one of the first to recommend the surgical exposure of impacted canines. In a paper presented to the Mississippi Valley Association of Dental Surgeons in March, 1891, entitled “Scientific Investigation of the Cranium and Jaws,” he demonstrated intraoral measurements on casts with such instruments as the registering calipers and the T-square with graduated sliding indicator. This was one of the earliest attempts applying specific analysis of casts that reflected measurements of the jaws. Simeon H. Guilford, dean of the Philadelphia Dental College, was regarded as one of the finest practitioners of that period. At the request of the National Association of Dental Faculties, he wrote the first textbook for students, Orthodontia: Malposition of Human Teeth, Its Prevention and Remedy, published in 1889. In it he attempted to offer a classification of malocclusion (p. 142): There are two divisions -simple irregularities or the malposition of few teeth with no important facial disharmony and complex irregularities, that is, malposition of many teeth having corresponding facial deformity. (These divisions contain eleven classes of malposition.) He commented on extraction in treatments: Probably no operation in the practice of orthodontia is more important, or has associated with it greater possibilities for good or evil to the patient than that of extraction. 1900-1910: The first decade of 21st century was an era of manufacture of standardized appliances. Dental supply companies sold appliances made as sets of various kinds mounted on cards. By the use of a few simple soldering techniques, dentists could make a required „fitting‟ as it was called. Victor 1910-1920 1911 - Albin Oppenheim - Serious study of tissue changes during orthodontic tooth movement. John. V. Mershon (1867-1953) introduced removable lingual arch based on the principle that teeth must be free & unrestricted for adaptation to normal growth. 1911- 1930: Serious study of tissue changes during orthodontic tooth movement was carried out by Albin Oppenheim in 1911. George Crozat2 in 1928 developed the Crozatappliance – a removable appliance fabricated entirely of precious metal with effective clasps for I molars modified from Jackson‟s designs from which Class II elastics wereemployed to treat Class II malocclusions. Spencer Atkinson introduced the Universal appliance which was acombination of ribbon arch appliance & edgewise appliance, using a flat wire & round wire in combination. 1922 - James. D. Mc Coy introduced open tube appliance. 1928- George Crozat - developed Crozat appliance - precious metal, Class II elastics employed with Crozat appliance to treat Class II malocclusions Spencer Atkinson introduced Universal appliance – a combination of ribbon arch appliance & edgewise appliance using a flat wire & round wire in combination 1924 - Paul Simons studies of facial bones, introduced orbital-canine rule, Gnathostatics. 1929 - American board of Orthodontics was created, incorporated in the state of Illinois in 1930. American Board of Orthodontics established specialty's most coveted prize- ‘The Albert. H. Ketcham memorial. 1931-1940: In 1931, Holly Broadbent published in the first issue of Angle Orthodontist – „A New X-ray Technique & Its Application to Orthodontia‟. It was the introduction of cephalometric roentgenography, cephalometric tracing & evaluation, to the specialty and dentistry. Joseph Johnson introduced the twin arch appliance in 1938 in which the resiliency of the double wires provided the gentle force for tooth movement. In 1940, Oren A. Oliver introduced the labiolingualappliance. 1941-1950: Charles Tweed (1895-1970) 1941 – introduced edgewise appliance based on basal bone concept. Graduated from improvised Angle course by George Hahn in 1928. Worked with Angle for 7 weeks to write an article in Dental Cosmos. Returned to Arizona – First pure edgewise specialty practice in U.S. + Non-extraction. Discouraging results in patients during retention. Dedicated 3 yrs in study of results. Tweed’s contributions – ,[object Object]

Upright mandibular incisors over basal bone.

Acceptance of judicious extraction of teeth.

Clinical application of cephalometrics.

Tweed’s diagnostic facial triangle.

Introduced anchorage preparation.Serial extraction of primary & permanent teeth. In 1941 Charles Tweed introduced an „edgewise‟ appliance. Tweed‟s list of contribution to the field is quitelong. Few among them are, He emphasized the 4 objectivesof orthodontic treatment with emphasis and concern for facial esthetics, serial extraction, uprighting teeth over basal bone, extractions made more acceptable. He developed the diagnostic facial triangle. In 1948 William Downs 4 introduced his cephalometric analysis. It presented an objective method of portraying many factors underlying any malocclusion and that there could be a variety of causes of malocclusion exclusive of the teeth. Other analyses were presented by -C.C. Steiner (1953), C.H. Tweed (1953), S.E. Coben (1955), R.M. Ricketts (1966), V.Sassouni (1969), H.D. Enlow (1969), J.R. Jarabak (1970), A. Jacobson (1975) ,[object Object],1945 – H.D. Kesling, used a rubber tooth – positioning device. 1947 – Danish orthodontist, Arne Bjork published ‘The Face in Profile’ – anthropologic & radiographic study of effects of variations in jaw growth using facial diagnosis. J.A. Salzmann – classification of malocclusion for handicapping problems 1948 – Cephalometric Analysis by William Downs Significance – ,[object Object]

Causes of malocclusion exclusive of teeth.

A. Jacobson (1975)Rolf Frankel believed that active perioral muscles and tissue mass have potential restraining effect on the outward development of dental arches particularly mduring the transitional period of development. Therefore Frankel conceived his Frankel Function Regulator in 1950s as an „ought to be matrix‟ that allowed the muscles to exercise and adapt. Egil Harvold – faculty at University of Toronto, introduced ‘Norwegian system’ in U.S. Frantisek Kraus of Prague – introduced ‘Double oral screen’. Combination of oral & vestibular screen. Vestibular screen not allowed to touch teeth, extended to the mucosal transitional folds DEVELOPMENT OF REMOVABLE APPLIANCES: In 1881, Coffin plate was introduced by Coffin with the spring that is still part of present appliances, but was then made of piano wire . In 1902 Pierre Robin introduced the „Monobloc‟ named so since it was made of a single block of vulcanite. Though it repositioned the mandible forward it was originally designed to prevent glossoptosis in micromandible & cleft lip & palate patients (later known as Pierre-Robin Syndrome), and not as a functional appliance to stimulate mandibular growth., CharlesHawley introduced the Hawley‟s retainer appliance in 1908. But in the next 3 decades these plates were eclipsed by Angle‟s fixed appliances which dominated the orthodontic world. Only the Hawley retainer came to stay. 1911 – J.H. Badcock - expansion plate with screw. Next 3 decades eclipsed by Angle’s fixed appliances. Only Hawley retainer stayed Two years later A.M. Schwarz published a textbook entirely devoted to treatment with plates, where designs of different split plates with various screws wereshown. It was „Lehrgang der Gebissregulung‟ whichbecame the Orthodontic bible in Europe. It was translated as the immensely successful „Removable Orthodontic Appliances‟ by Graber and Neumann in 1966. Schwarz also introduced the „Schwarz double plate‟ which attempted to combine the advantages of activator & active plate for treatment of class II div 1. Philip Adams in Belfast modified the arrowhead clasp favored by Schwarz into Adams crib, which became the basis for Englishremovable appliances and is still the most effective claspfor orthodontic purposes . Thus there was predominance ofsimple removable plates in Britain and of functionalappliances in Central Europe. EVOLUTION OF FUNCTIONAL APPLIANCES: Andresen 6 developed a mobile, loose-fitting appliance modification that transferred functioning muscle stimuli to the jaws, teeth and supporting tissues. Haupl collaborated with Andresen and together wrote about their appliance & the interpretations of its actions. They named the technique as „Functional Jaw Orthopedics‟5,6 and Haupl gave the name „activator‟, to the „apparatus‟ introduced by Andresen, based on its ability to activate muscle forces. The Bionator developed by Balters is the most frequently used activator modification today.The development of the unique and complex myodynamic appliance was due to the ingenuity of H.P. Bimler Stockfish originally a disciple of Bimler modified the appliance and produced the Kinetor 5. The 50s and 60s were the decades when cross-continental barriers began dissolving and the dichotomy between European and American orthodontics started disappearing. In Europe fixed appliances started replacing removable appliances for comprehensive treatment. This was accelerated by the replacement of orthodontic bands with bonded attachment which made placement of fixed appliances easier for both the dentist and the patient. European criticism of British orthodontics – 1. Overemphasis of simple treatment. 2. Undergraduate orthodontics. 3. Disunity among British orthodontists. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ‘ACTIVATORS’ Simple appliances using muscle forces - Group I – forces transmitted directly to teeth. – Ex: Inclined planes, Oral screens ,Lip bumpers Group II – Activate muscles attached to the mandible.Ex: – Andersen – Häupl activator. – Herbst appliance. – Bionator. – Bimler appliance. GROUP I APPLIANCES INCLINED PLANE Catalan, more than 200 yrs ago. Developed into – Oppenheim splint. - Hawley type retainer with splint. VESTIBULAR SCREEN Newell in 1912.Advocated by Nord, Hotz, Kraus & Fingeroth. GROUP II APPLIANCES Norman Kingsley in 1879 – bite plate to ‘jump the bite’. Modified by Ottolengui. Combined with fixed appliances – Herbert A. Pullen, J.Lowe Young & Oren A. Oliver. Plane & Spur’ retention – Angle’s sliding device fitted to upper & lower first molars.‘Vorbisskronen’ – crowns on upper & lower second deciduous molars by A.M. Schwarz. Pin & tube sliding device of Herbst ,[object Object],The Andresen – Haupl Activator Unaware of Pierre Robin’s Monobloc. Correcting sagittal malrelationships in the growing child by changing the functional pattern of stomatognathic system. Modified retainer after correction of distocclusion for his daughter. 1908 - Introduced Activator. ,[object Object],1909 – Herbst presented ‘Scharnier’ or joint - fixed bite-jumping device at International Dental Congress in Berlin. 1934 – Herbst & Schwarz - series of articles Uses – ,[object Object]

Facilitate healing after mandibular ramus fractures.

T.M.D. – clicking & bruxism.After 1934 - appliance forgotten. Most frequently used activator modification – Bionator by Balters. Tongue as the essential factor for development of dentition. H.P. Bimler – myodynamic appliance.Expanding the maxillary arch by cross wise transmission of transverse mandibular movements. ‘elastischer Gebissformer’ – ‘Oral adaptor’. Combined active & passive components. STOCKFISH KINETOR Early 1950s – Reitan’s research on actual effect of functional appliances. Schwarz’s division of forces too theoretical. Force effect related to anatomical environment & time factor. . In 1934 Herbst & Schwarz presented a series of articles on their experiences with the appliance. In 1977 Hans Pancherz resurrected the Herbst appliance, introduced by Emil Herbst. In 1977, Clark developed the twin-block appliance as a two-piece appliance. This appliance achieved rapid functional correction of malocclusion by transmitting favorable occlusal forces to the occlusal inclined planes covering the posterior teeth. FIXED APPLIANCES At this point in time the world received another landmark contribution in the field of fixed appliance. It was the introduction of multiple-loop, lightforce wire appliance by P. R. Begg of Australia. In 1956 Begg introduced the concept of Differential force. As of now, the Begg technique has undergone many modifications from the way it was practiced by Begg originally. It is known and practiced in its various forms as conventional / traditional begg, modified begg, refined begg. Peter Kesling modified the edgewise bracket to create Tip-Edge bracket in 1988 Advantages of Begg technique- ,[object Object]

Rapid alignment, leveling & rotation of anterior teeth.

Simultaneous crown tipping retraction of all anterior teeth.

No extraoral force necessary.Advantages of Straight Wire Appliance – Precise control of premolar & molar torque. Bilateral symmetry. Straight wires. Precise control of finishing in both arches in all 3 planes. Stabilization of teeth during final detailing Begg principles applied through – ,[object Object]

Combination of Begg & Edgewise bracket.

Alternative use of Begg & Edgwise bracketUnmodified edgewise brackets – Ackerman et al 1969, 1975 . 2.De Angelis 1976. Modified edgewise brackets – ,[object Object]

Kesling – Tipedge 1988. Modified edgewise brackets – Perlow 1967. Hocevar ‘Bedditiot’ 1985. Kesling – Tipedge 1988. Combination of Begg & Edgewise bracket – ,[object Object]

Levern Merrifield Tweed course in 1953. 1970 – Course director. Reliable, precise, efficient & practical protocol of diagnosis & treatment. Sequential Directional Force Technology.7th objective of Tweed-Merrifield philosophy – clinical objectives pursued in ethical, moral & compassionate manner with concern for public’s welfare. T.M. Graber : (1917-2007) Dr. Thomas Graber was born in St. Louis on May 17th 1917. He graduated from the Washington University in St. Louis. His ability to express complex concepts in an easy-to-read style has resulted in over 20 textbooks, 22 chapters in other textbooks, 180 publications in journals & 930 book & journal abstract reviews. 10 Graber founded the Kenilworth Dental Research Foundation in 1964.. He was the Editor-in-chief of AJO for 15 years and was responsible for changing its name to AJO-DO in 1985. He started the World Federation of Orthodontics in May 15, 1995 and the World Journal of Orthodontics in 2000. Lawrence f. Andrews : In 1972, Dr. Lawrence F. Andrews ushered in the preadjusted era with the introduction of the Straight Wire Appliance (SWA) which was hailed as a revolutionary development with the dual advantage of less wire bending and improved quality of finished cases. Another landmark contribution of Andrew‟s is the 6 keys of occlusion which he gave in 1972. Joseph r. Jarabak One of the earliest authors to describe the mechanics of treatment. Introduced Jarabak cephalometric analysis. Jarabak Ratio First to introduce combination of tip & torque in edgewise bracket. Combination of loops in edgewise treatment – 0.016 Elgiloy round wire. Jarabak Light-wire Edgewise Technique ‘Light-wire’ – Small cross-section geometrics – Dewey, Atkinson & Johnson.Light forces. Vertical loop appliance by Storey & Smith in 1952. - Begg in 1956. Precursor to pre-adjusted edgewise appliance. Robert m. Ricketts Dr. Robert Murray Ricketts developed the bioprogressive therapy. He introduced utility arch, Rickett‟s Quad Helix made of 0.40 blue elgiloy wire and the use of preformed bands in orthodontics. Ricketts developed his cephalometric analysis & cephalometric growth prediction technique in 1960s . He popularizedcomputerized cephalometrics for VTOs & STOs. He rightly stressed the importance of soft-tissues while treating a patient and introduced his E-line for evaluating the positionof lips in relation to the profile. ‘Vick’ Alexander : In 1978 Alexander introduced his Vari-Simplex Discipline to get high quality results in a large practice using a relatively simple appliance technique. charles burstone : Charles Burstone is credited with introducing newer materials in orthodontics like - TMA, Chinese NiTi and Fibre reinforced composite and introducing newer approaches like Holography & use of Occlusograms. Burstone also developed the surgical planning analysis – COGS i. e. Cephalometrics for Orthognathic Surgery. He also devised the segmented arch technique Ronald H. Roth :(1933-2004) In 1976 –Ronald Roth published a report entitled “Five year clinical evaluation of the Andrews Straight Wire Appliance. To avoid the difficulties of a multiple bracket system, Roth recommended the 2nd generation of preadjusted brackets (roth prescription) which consisted of minimum extraction series brackets and could be used in both non-extraction and extraction cases. He came out with innovation self-ligating brackets. Bennett, McLaughlin and Trevisi They have modified Andrews‟s standard SWA bracket system to MBT bracket system. These third generation brackets retained the best in original design but introduced range of improvements and specifications to overcome the clinical shortcomings. W. G. A. Bonwill said, “in vying with nature in matching the teeth, there must be more than mere mechanics, more than being capable of filling a tooth or treating an abscess—we must be dental artists.” He developed what is known as the Bonwill equilateral triangle. It is based on the mandibular analysis of a tripod arrangement extending from the center of the condyloid process to the median line at the point where the mandibular central incisors touch at the cutting edge. His measurements of more than 2000 cases showed that from the center of one condyloid process to the center of the other was 4 inches and that from the center to the incisor was also 4 inches. He used this theory in his orthodontic treatment. He advocated a specialty of orthodontics many years before Angle:Really, in every city someone should make of this a special practice, and the profession should encourage such by sending cases for inspection and consultation. And such a specialist shoulddo all he can in return to teach by example and demonstrations by clinics, to enlighten those who are placed so far from large cities that they are compelled to take such cases. When we can have that understanding between us, then we may feel as banded brothers more fullyequipped for those hitherto difficult and thankless operations. The principles of resorption and deposition of alveolar bone during tooth movement were discussed by L. E. Custer (Ohio) in March, 1888, at a meeting of the Mississippi Valley Dental Association in a paper entitled “Intermittent Pressure: Its Relation to Orthodontia.” In 1899 the Items of Interest was the first dental journal to devote a section of each issue to orthodontia because of the recommendation of its editor, R. Ottolengui (1861 to 1937). BRITISH ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY Disunity among British organizations – ,[object Object]

Consultant Orthodontists Group (1964).

British Association of Orthodontists (1965).

Community Orthodontists Section (1978)

July 1st 1994 – British Orthodontic Society.EUROPEAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY ,[object Object]

First meeting – 27th Sept. 1907.

Dr. E.H. Angle elected honorary member.

Meetings discontinued between 1914-1919 & 1939-1946.INDIAN HISTORY ,[object Object]

M.D.S. – 1959 Nair Dental College & Govt. Dental College, Bombay.

Study group in Bombay in 1963. INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY – OCT. 5TH 1965. ,[object Object]

First annual conference – 1967 in New Delhi.

P.G. convention every year since 1996.Library & first Dental Museum in India, 1998. Free Dental Specialty Centre, Vellore – Aug. 1999. Indian Board of Orthodontists – 1998. Member of World Federation of Orthodontics (San Francisco, U.S.A. 1995). RECENT ADVANCES IN MATERIALS - ,[object Object]

Composite – ceramic+polymer advantages.

Bonding – adhesive pre-coated brackets.

Curing – Light emitting diodes, Plasma arc lights (Xenon), Laser lights (Argon laser).TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN PRACTICE TODAY ,[object Object]

Simulation of treatment results.

Computerized bracket position.

Custom made trays for tooth movement (INVISALIGN). INVISIBLE BRACES As far back as 1945, orthodontists realized that a sequence of removable plastic appliances could move teeth toward a predetermined result. Some orthodontists even made simple plastic quot;
aligner traysquot;
in their offices for minor adjustments. But it took an adult who'd just had braces to take the concept a step further. Invisalign was the brainchild of Zia Chishti and Kelsey Wirth, graduate students in Stanford University's MBA program. Wirth had traditional braces in high school (she reportedly hated them). Chishti had finished adult treatment with traditional braces and now wore a clear plastic retainer. He noticed that if he didn't wear his retainer for a few days, his teeth shifted slightly -- but the plastic retainer soon moved his teeth back the desired position. In 1997, he and Wirth applied 3-D computer imaging graphics to the field of orthodontics and created Align Technologies and the Invisalign method. With a boost from ample Silicon Valley venture funding, Align soon took the orthodontic industry by storm. Dentists and other dental companies were skeptical at first, because neither Chishti nor Wirth had any professional dental training. Invisalign braces were first made available to the public in May, 2000 and proved extremely popular with patients. Soon similar products began appearing on the market, made by GAC, 3-M Unitek, Ormco, OrthoClear, and others. THE FUTURE: TECHNOLOGY CONTINUES TO ADVANCE As technology enhances our daily lives, it also continues to advance the science of orthodontics. More and more companies are utilizing digital computer imaging to make orthodontic treatment more precise. The SureSmile system by OraMetrix, for example, takes a detailed 3-D model of a patient’s teeth and helps the orthodontist develop a precise treatment plan for tooth movement. The orthodontist's treatment plan then drives a highly accurate robotic process to customize the arch wires needed for treatment. This often shortens treatment time and gives highly accurate results. NASA developed one of the late 20th century's most dramatic orthodontic breakthroughs: heat-activated nickel-titanium alloy wires. At room temperature, heat-activated nickel-titanium arch wires are very flexible. As they warm to body temperature they become active and gradually move the teeth in the anticipated direction. Because of their high-tech properties, these wires retain their tooth-moving abilities longer than ordinary metal wires and need less frequent attention from the orthodontist. Many orthodontists now employ heat-activated wires in their treatment plans. What does all this mean for the orthodontic patient of the future? As companies develop more precise, high-tech materials and methods, your braces will be on for a shorter period of time, be smaller and less visible, result in less discomfort, and give great results. We've sure come a long way from the wrap-around quot;
metal mouthquot;
-- and that's something we can all smile about! DISCUSSION Othodontistry has a long and fascinating history. From the earliest of times, humans have been plagued by malocclusions.Many of the remarkable techniques in modern dentistry can be traced to the very earliest of times in every culture.Today, orthodontics has become a popular procedure to improve a person's smile, even if there is no functional problem with the teeth. The braces and wires used to move the teeth used to be uniformly made of metal, and were not very popular with the young people who had to wear them for up to several years. In the last 15 years, though, the metal bands have been replaced with small brackets that are bonded onto the front teeth, greatly reducing the quot;
metal mouthquot;
look. Metal bands are still used on the back teeth, which are harder to move. The wires guide the teeth into the proper position. Thanks to improvements in materials and technique, braces can also be made of clear or tooth-colored ceramic materials, or applied to the inside of the teeth so they don't show as much. The wires can be made of new metal alloys (combinations of metals) that hold their shape better and reduce the time the patient has to wear braces. Other appliances include elastics and headgear to move the jaw into a new position, and retainers, which are used to keep the teeth in place after the braces are removed. Patients can even make a fashion statement with their braces by having some parts in different colors. we strongly belive that this project will help you render better materials and treatment for correction of malocclusions following the path of our old ,energetic orthodontists. Conclusion The longer you look back, the greater you can leap ahead .” BIBILOGRAPHY ,[object Object]

Proffit – Contemporary Orthodontics, III Ed.

Graber, Vanersdal – Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques, II Ed.

Graber, Swain – Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques, III Ed.

T.M. Graber – Orthodontics: Principles & Practice, III Ed.

Strang – Textbook of Orthodontia, I Ed.

Graber, Rakosi, Petrovic – Dentofacial Orthopedics & Functional Appliances, I Ed.

Graber, Neumann – Removable Orthodontic Appliances, I Ed. McLaughlin, Bennet, Trevisi – Systemized Orthodontic Treatment Mechanics. New Vistas in Orthodontics, III Ed. Dr. V.P. Jayade – Refined Begg for Modern Times. Jarabak – Jarabak Lightwire Technique. Alexander – Alexander Discipline. George Hahn: History & Philosophy of Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia – 25th Anniversary of the Society, Chicago, Nov. 6th 1955. T.M. Graber: An Orthodontic Perspective After 75 years, AJO, May 1976, Vol. 69, No. 5. T.M. Graber: The Past as a Prelude to the Future – Part IV, Heritage Lecture at AAO. Milton Asbel: A Brief History of Orthodontics, AJO-BO, Sept. 1990, Vol. 98, No. 3. Dr. V.P. Jayade: Personal Perception of 3 ‘Ps’ of Indian Orthodontics – 32nd IOS Conference, Bangalore. Claude Matasa: Angle, the Innovator, Mechanical Genius & Clinician, AJO-DO, 2000, Vol. 117, No. 4. Lee Graber: Vignette – T.M. Graber, AJO-DO, May 2000, Vol. 117, No. 5 Dr. V.P. Jayade: Integrated Orthodontics. Dr. Chetan Jayade: Emerging Trends in Orthodontics

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