3. He said, “ I have lost my
umbrella”
Reporting verb +
Inverted commas
Direct
speech
Exact words
,
He said (that) he had lost his
umbrella
Reporting
verb + (that)
Changes: same meaning without exact
words
Reported
speech
5. DIRECT
I /
MY /
INDIRECT/REPORTED
ME
HE, SHE / HIS, HER / HIM,
HER
YOU / YOUR
I / MY
WE / OUR / US
Don‟t change or THEY / THEIR
/ THEM
HE, SHE, IT / HIS, HER, ITS /
HIM, HER, ITS
Don‟t change
He THIS,“ THAT to apply for this job”
said, I want
THE
He said that he wanted to apply for the job
She told me, “ You have to do some exercise”
She told me I had to do some exercise
He said to me, “ he came through the window”
He said that he ( the thief) had come through the
window
6. DIRECT
INDIRECT/REPORTED
TODAY, TONIGHT
THAT DAY / THAT NIGHT
YESTERDAY
THE DAY BEFORE/ THE
PREVIOUS DAY
TOMORROW
THE NEXT DAY/ THE
FOLLOWING DAY
NOW
THEN
LAST WEEK, YEAR..
THE WEEK BEFORE/ THE
PREVIOUS WEEK
NEXT WEEK, YEAR…
THE FOLLOWING WEEK
A YEAR AGO
A YEAR BEFORE/ THE
PREVIOUS YEAR
HERE
THERE
7. TENSE
DIRECT
INDIRECT/REPORTED
Simple
present
He said, ”I never eat meat”
Simple
past
He said that he never ate meat
Pres. Cont
She said, “ I‟m waiting for Ann”
Past.
Cont.
She said she was waiting for Ann
Pres. Perf.
He explained, “I have found a flat”
Past.
Perf.
He explained that he had found a flat.
Pres. Perf.
Cont
He said, “I’ve been waiting for
ages”
Past.
Perf.Con
t
He said that he had been waiting for
ages.
Simple
Past
She said, “ I took it home with me”
Past.
Perf.
She said she had taken it home with
her
Future
He said, “ We will be in Paris on
Monday”.
Conditio
nal
He said they would be in Paris on
Monday.
Fut. Cont.
She said, “ I will be using the car
myself on the 24th”
Cond.
Cont.
She said that she would be using the
car herself on the 24th
Can
He said, “ You can do it yourself”
Could
He said I could do it myself
May
He said, “ She may be at home
tonight”
Might
He said she might be at home that day.
Must/ Have
to
She said, “ You must go to the
doctor”
Had to
She said that I had to go to the doctor.
9. We usually use the verbs SAY and TELL, but
other possible verbs are EXPLAIN, POINT OUT,
COMPLAIN
THAT can be omitted after SAY or TELL, but it
should be kept with other verbs.
Construction:
SAY + ( TO + indirect complement ) + ( THAT )
She said to me that she was looking for a
job
She said she was looking for a job
TELL + indirect complement + ( THAT )
She told me that she was looking for a job
She told me she was looking for a job
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
S
10. He said, “ She is coming this week to stay with us”
He said that she was coming that week to stay with them.
She said, “ I bought these pearls for my mother a year ago”
She told me that she had bought the pearls for her mother the previous year/ the year before.
John said, “I couldn‟t get on time because I lost the bus”
John explained that he couldn’t get on time because he had lost the bus
Hadn’t been able to get
Christine said, “ we will pay you back next month”
Christine told me they would pay me back the following week
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
S
11. The main introductory verbs are
ASK, WONDER, WANT TO KNOW, INQUIRE…
Apart from the general changes there are other
important changes:
- The interrogative form changes to affirmative
form
- The question mark is omitted
Q
U
E
S
T
I
O
N
S
12. He said, “ Where is she going ?”
He asked where
she
was going
“ Do you want to go to the cinema with me today?” he asked.
He asked me
IF
I
wanted to go to the cinema with him that day
He asked, “have you seen my cousin at school today?”
He wanted to know IF I had seen his cousin at school that day
Mark asked, “Why are you wearing my new shoes, Peter?”
Mark asked Peter WHY he was wearing his new shoes.
Q
U
E
S
T
I
O
N
S
13. We will study them in groups depending on
their behaviour when we apply the necessary
changes.
They don‟t follow the changes in the verb form.
Some of them will be followed by INFINITIVE,
while others will be followed by GERUND.
INFINITIVE
GERUND
S
P
E
A
K
E
R
„S
I
N
T
E
N
T
I
O
N
S
14. (I)
TELL +someone + TO INF / NOT TO INF
ORDERS
COMANDS
“Don‟t make too much noise, children” he said.
He told the children not to make too much noise
ASK+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF
PETITIONS
“You might post some letters for me” said my boss.
My boss asked me to post some letters for him
WARN+ someone+ TO INF / NOT TO INF
WARNINGS
“Don‟t go alone” Her father warned her
Her father warned her not to go alone
ADVISE + someone +TO INF / NOT TO INF
ADVICES
“You must see this exhibition” said all my friends.
All my friends advised me to see that exhibition
REMIND + SOMEONE + TO INF / NOT TO INF
REMINDS
“Don‟t forget to buy the wine” said Mrs Pitt.
15. ( II)
OFFER + TO INF / NOT TO INF
OFFERS
“I can look after the child while you are working” he
said.
He offered to look after the child while she was
working
PROMISE + TO INF / NOT TO INF
PROMISES
“ I will give you a raise ” my boss promised.
My boss promised to give me a raise
REFUSE + TO INF / NOT TO INF
REFUSALS
THREATENS
“I won‟t lend you any more money” his sister said.
His sister refused to lend him any more money.
THREATEN + TO INF / NOT TO INF
“I will call the police if you don‟t stop making noise” said my
neighbour
My neighbour threatened to call the police if we didn’t stop
making noise.
16. APOLOGISE FOR + GERUND
APOLOGIES
“I‟m sorry I‟m late” he said.
He apologised for being late
THANK FOR + GERUND
THANKS
“You have worked till late, thank you” said my boss.
My boss thanked for having work till late
SUGGEST + ING
“Let‟s go for a walk, it‟s a wonderful afternoon” she
SUGGESTIONS
said
She suggested going for a walk because it was a
wonderful afternoon.
DENY + ING
DENIAL
“I didn‟t steal the money” said the employee.
The employee denied stealing the money
ADMITT + GERUND
ADMISSIONS
“All right, I took the money” the secretary said.
The secretary admitted taking the money
