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RHS Level 2
Certificate
Year 2 Week 3 – cultivation and soil
water
Quiz

 Tests last two week’s material.
 15 minutes, test conditions.
Quiz Answers
   Surface capping arises when the particles in the soil
    (particularly in silty soils) bond together. This means that
    water cannot soak into the soil and air cannot enter. This
    prevents seedlings from breaking through the soil
    surface. It also means that roots cannot get the oxygen
    they need to respire.
   Cultivation pan may either be made up of iron leached
    from the top soil and bonded to clay particles, or of stones
    that have settled out of the top soil during cultivation.
    This prevents the roots of plants from penetrating into the
    sub soil and may lead to poor establishment. Cultivation
    pan may be rectified by double digging
Quiz answers continued
   Question 2 – (a) and (c)
   Question 3 – (c)
   Question 4 – (a)
   Question 5 – Sandy soil
   Question 6 – 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
   Question 7 – (b)
   Better than 3 or 4 out of 7 is a good result at this
    stage. Less than that you need to review your
    notes again.
Learning Outcomes
2.5 Describe the benefits and limitations of basic cultivation techniques.
2.6 Describe the use of pedestrian operated soil cultivating machines
2.7 Describe the management of minimal cultivation systems e.g. no dig systems.
3.6 Describe two methods by which soil structure can be improved and two
    practices which damage soil structure, to include: incorporation of organic
    matter; addition of inorganic soil improvers; compaction; and cultivation
    techniques.
 3.7 State what is meant by ‘surface capping’; explain how it may happen and what
    effects it can have on plant establishment and growth.
3.8 Describe how a cultivation pan can be formed, what effect it has on plant
    growth, and how it can be rectified.
4.1 Describe the relationship between air and water content in the pore space of
    soils and growing media.
 4.2 Explain the importance of an appropriate balance between air and water for
    the healthy growth of plants.
.4.4 Identify a range of management techniques for maintaining soil moisture at
    appropriate levels
4.5 Identify the surface symptoms of poor drainage, to include: standing water,
    surface run-off and indicator plant species.
Cultivation techniques

 Single digging – used for previously
  cultivated soil with good structure.
 Double digging – for uncultivated soil or
  to improve clay soils or those with
  cultivation pan, poor drainage etc.
 Rotavation – for larger areas. Safety
  considerations – PPE, maintenance,
  correct operation.
Benefits and limitations -
           digging
Benefits                                  Limitations


Improves the structure of the soil –      Disturbs natural structure of the soil and
allows access for water and air           may harm beneficial organisms


Exposes pests to predators and the        Can damage soil structure if the texture
weather. Allows clay clods to be frosted. and wetness of the soil are not taken into
                                          account.

Breaks up cultivation pans and improves   Brings dormant weed seeds to the
drainage.                                 surface where light will stimulate
                                          germination

Incorporates organic matter and buries    Leaves a bare surface which may lead to
crop residues and weeds                   leaching or capping
Benefits and Limitations -
            Rotavation
Benefits                                     Limitations
Less hard work than manual digging           Expensive to buy or hire, safety
                                             considerations.


Makes larger areas more manageable           Can produce a very ‘fluffy’ tilth with large
                                             air pockets – will need raking and
                                             possibly firming before planting

Provides a good tilth in a short period of   Will not effectively break up hard or stone
time                                         pan and may cause a cultivation pan by
                                             smearing wet clay soils.

Has most of the benefits of single           Not ideal for incorporating organic matter
digging.
No Dig Systems
Benefits                               Limitations
Less work than traditional digging     Will not remedy soil structure problems
approaches to soil management          like hard pan or poor drainage


Does not damage soil structure where   Large amounts of organic matter are
this is already good                   required


Weed seeds are not brought to the      Some risk of long term soil acidification
surface                                – which reduces beneficial organisms


Soil organisms are not disturbed       Pests may build up in the soil as the
                                       larvae are not exposed by winter
                                       digging
How Water is lost from the soil
What water is available to
plants?
Drainage

 Symptoms of poor drainage – standing
  water; gleys; indicator plant species;
  surface run off.
 Cures – double digging; incorporate
  coarse organic matter; install tile drains or
  sub-soiling (clay soils) on large areas.
Water retention and irrigation

   Irrigate to restore capillary water – so add enough to
    do so when needed rather than water little and often.
   Mulches and timing of irrigation can reduce
    evaporation. Water at the roots – not on the leaves
    and bare soil.
   Organic matter acts like a sponge and creates
    aggregates with both intermediate and macro pores.
Learning Outcomes
2.5 Describe the benefits and limitations of basic cultivation techniques.
2.6 Describe the use of pedestrian operated soil cultivating machines
2.7 Describe the management of minimal cultivation systems e.g. no dig systems.
3.6 Describe two methods by which soil structure can be improved and two practices
    which damage soil structure, to include: incorporation of organic matter; addition of
    inorganic soil improvers; compaction; and cultivation techniques.
 3.7 State what is meant by ‘surface capping’; explain how it may happen and what
    effects it can have on plant establishment and growth.
3.8 Describe how a cultivation pan can be formed, what effect it has on plant growth,
    and how it can be rectified.
4.1 Describe the relationship between air and water content in the pore space of soils
    and growing media.
 4.2 Explain the importance of an appropriate balance between air and water for the
    healthy growth of plants.
.4.4 Identify a range of management techniques for maintaining soil moisture at
    appropriate levels
4.5 Identify the surface symptoms of poor drainage, to include: standing water, surface
    run-off and indicator plant species.

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Rhs year 2 week 3 presentation 20

  • 1. RHS Level 2 Certificate Year 2 Week 3 – cultivation and soil water
  • 2. Quiz  Tests last two week’s material.  15 minutes, test conditions.
  • 3. Quiz Answers  Surface capping arises when the particles in the soil (particularly in silty soils) bond together. This means that water cannot soak into the soil and air cannot enter. This prevents seedlings from breaking through the soil surface. It also means that roots cannot get the oxygen they need to respire.  Cultivation pan may either be made up of iron leached from the top soil and bonded to clay particles, or of stones that have settled out of the top soil during cultivation. This prevents the roots of plants from penetrating into the sub soil and may lead to poor establishment. Cultivation pan may be rectified by double digging
  • 4. Quiz answers continued  Question 2 – (a) and (c)  Question 3 – (c)  Question 4 – (a)  Question 5 – Sandy soil  Question 6 – 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.  Question 7 – (b)  Better than 3 or 4 out of 7 is a good result at this stage. Less than that you need to review your notes again.
  • 5. Learning Outcomes 2.5 Describe the benefits and limitations of basic cultivation techniques. 2.6 Describe the use of pedestrian operated soil cultivating machines 2.7 Describe the management of minimal cultivation systems e.g. no dig systems. 3.6 Describe two methods by which soil structure can be improved and two practices which damage soil structure, to include: incorporation of organic matter; addition of inorganic soil improvers; compaction; and cultivation techniques. 3.7 State what is meant by ‘surface capping’; explain how it may happen and what effects it can have on plant establishment and growth. 3.8 Describe how a cultivation pan can be formed, what effect it has on plant growth, and how it can be rectified. 4.1 Describe the relationship between air and water content in the pore space of soils and growing media. 4.2 Explain the importance of an appropriate balance between air and water for the healthy growth of plants. .4.4 Identify a range of management techniques for maintaining soil moisture at appropriate levels 4.5 Identify the surface symptoms of poor drainage, to include: standing water, surface run-off and indicator plant species.
  • 6. Cultivation techniques  Single digging – used for previously cultivated soil with good structure.  Double digging – for uncultivated soil or to improve clay soils or those with cultivation pan, poor drainage etc.  Rotavation – for larger areas. Safety considerations – PPE, maintenance, correct operation.
  • 7. Benefits and limitations - digging Benefits Limitations Improves the structure of the soil – Disturbs natural structure of the soil and allows access for water and air may harm beneficial organisms Exposes pests to predators and the Can damage soil structure if the texture weather. Allows clay clods to be frosted. and wetness of the soil are not taken into account. Breaks up cultivation pans and improves Brings dormant weed seeds to the drainage. surface where light will stimulate germination Incorporates organic matter and buries Leaves a bare surface which may lead to crop residues and weeds leaching or capping
  • 8. Benefits and Limitations - Rotavation Benefits Limitations Less hard work than manual digging Expensive to buy or hire, safety considerations. Makes larger areas more manageable Can produce a very ‘fluffy’ tilth with large air pockets – will need raking and possibly firming before planting Provides a good tilth in a short period of Will not effectively break up hard or stone time pan and may cause a cultivation pan by smearing wet clay soils. Has most of the benefits of single Not ideal for incorporating organic matter digging.
  • 9. No Dig Systems Benefits Limitations Less work than traditional digging Will not remedy soil structure problems approaches to soil management like hard pan or poor drainage Does not damage soil structure where Large amounts of organic matter are this is already good required Weed seeds are not brought to the Some risk of long term soil acidification surface – which reduces beneficial organisms Soil organisms are not disturbed Pests may build up in the soil as the larvae are not exposed by winter digging
  • 10. How Water is lost from the soil
  • 11. What water is available to plants?
  • 12. Drainage  Symptoms of poor drainage – standing water; gleys; indicator plant species; surface run off.  Cures – double digging; incorporate coarse organic matter; install tile drains or sub-soiling (clay soils) on large areas.
  • 13. Water retention and irrigation  Irrigate to restore capillary water – so add enough to do so when needed rather than water little and often.  Mulches and timing of irrigation can reduce evaporation. Water at the roots – not on the leaves and bare soil.  Organic matter acts like a sponge and creates aggregates with both intermediate and macro pores.
  • 14. Learning Outcomes 2.5 Describe the benefits and limitations of basic cultivation techniques. 2.6 Describe the use of pedestrian operated soil cultivating machines 2.7 Describe the management of minimal cultivation systems e.g. no dig systems. 3.6 Describe two methods by which soil structure can be improved and two practices which damage soil structure, to include: incorporation of organic matter; addition of inorganic soil improvers; compaction; and cultivation techniques. 3.7 State what is meant by ‘surface capping’; explain how it may happen and what effects it can have on plant establishment and growth. 3.8 Describe how a cultivation pan can be formed, what effect it has on plant growth, and how it can be rectified. 4.1 Describe the relationship between air and water content in the pore space of soils and growing media. 4.2 Explain the importance of an appropriate balance between air and water for the healthy growth of plants. .4.4 Identify a range of management techniques for maintaining soil moisture at appropriate levels 4.5 Identify the surface symptoms of poor drainage, to include: standing water, surface run-off and indicator plant species.