1. HISTORY OF AEROPLANE

2. ORNITHOPTER
҉ Thinking of human flight imagination was
created on the wings flapped by birds
҉This concept was done by flapping up and down
by various mechanism by human arm or legs
҉LEONARDO DA VINCI possessed the idea of
ornithopters
҉This concept was failure due to poor knowledge
of aerodynamics stability and control

3. HOT AIR BALLOONS
҉The balloon was inflated and hot air from an
open fire burning in an ‘large wicker basket ‘ for
lifting purpose
҉MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS, JOSEPH & ETIENNE
designed the first hot air balloon
҉It was the first to lift the human beings from
ground level
҉Based on this concept J.A.C.CHARLES built and fly
an hydrogen filled an air balloon

4. MULTI PLANES
• CAYLEY’S TRIPLANE
҉ Model airplane is designed by the concept of Sir
GEORGE CAYLEY
҉He is the grand parent of the concept of model
aircraft
҉His tri plane enlighted as “ON AERIAL
NAVIGATION” in Nicholson’s journal of national
philosophy & his another paper on mechanics
magazine enlighted
҉These are the important contribution of
theoretical and applied thermodynamics

5. MAJOR CONTRIBUTION OF SIR
CAYLEY
҉Separate mechanism for propulsion
҉The use of flappers for propulsion
҉ A version towards propeller and rotary
machinery of any kind
҉Combined horizontal and vertical tail for
stability of air plane
҉Tests where conducted to measure
aerodynamic force and center of pressure on a
lifting surface

6. FEATURES
҉A main wing at an angle for lift and lateral
stability
҉An adjustment in tail for longitudinal and
directional stability
҉Pilot operate elevator and rudder
҉Cayley is the first to identify the aerodynamic
forces and velocity resolve them into lift and
thrust forces
҉Fixed wing for generating lift

7. JOHN STRING FELLOW’S TRIPLANE
҉In first aeronautical exhibition organized by
Royal aeronautical society of Great Britain
a beautiful triplane model submitted by
stringfellow weighted with of boiler 6kg
҉The model ran along with wire stretched with
the ground
҉This was the first experiment of a steam
engine
҉H.P=0.75kw

8. LANGLEY’S AEODROMES
҉Samuel porpoint & secratory of Smithsonian
institute designed many types of aerodromes
҉It can fly up to 3300 feet
҉It has stem engine which contains two propeller
҉The two propeller rotate in opposite direction one
in clock wise and other in anticlockwise
҉If two propeller rotate in same direction then
torque &damped vibration are produced
҉Langley produced first gasoline engine with her
assistants Charles mangley of 52.4H.P

9. WRIGHT BROTHER’S PLANE
҉Wright brothers are first invented the ailerons used to increase the flow of
flight and also designed a 6 feet wind tunnel
҉They invented more than 200 designs
҉Wright Brothers tested all the invented flight by the help of 6 feet wind
tunnel
҉Types of wind tunnel
1.Sub sonic ; m=1
2.super sonic ; m>1
3.hyper sonic ;m>25
҉m is called as MAC NUMBER
҉They invented 5 feet glider
then 14 ,, ,,
then 22 ,, ,,
then 32 ,, ,, with vertical rudder
҉Their first successful model is Flyer -1

10. FLYER -1
҉32 feet glider then called as flyer-1
҉The wing size is increased to 40 feet and they
placed two rudder behind the aircraft
҉At first flyer-1 propeller’s one side is
connected to one engine and leaving the
other end leaving free it create damped
vibration
҉It is the first failure

11. FLYER-2
҉This aircraft has a smaller wing camber and a
more powerful and efficient engine
҉In outward it look like as an flyer-1

12. FLYER-3
҉ The wing area was slightly smaller than
flyer-2
҉The aerofoil looks like as an flyer-2
҉The biplane elevator was made larger and was
placed further in front of wing
҉The double rudder was placed further behind
the wings

13. WORLD WAR -1 PLANES
҉Design = Biplane
҉Constructed by wood , fabric , steel plane
, fittings
҉Ailerons = lateral control
҉Propeller is run by piston engine
҉Empennage at tail
҉single pilot with cockpit in fuselage
҉instrument - airspeed , altimeter , engine RPM
, magnetic compass
Weight = 600 – 1200kg Engine RPM = 100 – 300RPM
Top speed = 200 – 250 km/hr Range = 200km
Altitude = 7000m Ascent rate =7km in 1 hour

14. SUMMARY
NAME OF SCIENTIST ACHIVEMENTS
&AIRCRAFT YEAR
LEONARDO DA VINCI 1489-1490 INTRODUCED’FLAPPING OF
“ORNITHOPTER” WINGS UP AND DOWN’
MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS 1783 “LIFTING POWER OF HOT
“BALLOON” AIR “
SIR GEORGE 1804 WHIRILING ARM
CAYLEY”GRAND PARENT OF APPARATUS MEASURED
MODERN AEROPLANE” AERODYNAMIC AND
CENTER OF PRESSURE ON
LIFTING SURFACE
FRANCIS WENHAM 1849-1871 FIRST WIND TUNNEL IN
THE WORLD TO CALCULATE
WILLIAM SAMUEL HENSON 1843 DESIGNED “FIXED WING
MONOPLANE”POWERED
BY STEAM ENGINE
FELIX DU TEMPLE 1857-1858 INTRODUCED
MONOPLANE”SWEPT

15. NAME OF SCIENTIST ACHIVEMENTS
&AIRCRAFT YEAR
LANGLEY “AERODROME” 1896 INVENT GASOLINE POWER
FOR ENGINE
WRIGHT BROTHERS 1871 – 1948 WING WARPING TO
CONTROL AIRPLANE IN
LATERAL MOTION
SEP 1900 HORIZONTAL ELEVATOR
FOR LONGITUDINAL
MOTION
WRIGHT BROTHERS 1901 USED HORIZONTAL
ELEVATOR IN FRONT OF
WING
1901 – 1902 BUILT “WIND TUNNEL FOR
LIFT , DRAG “
BIPLANE GLIDER NO 3 1902 RUDDER , LINKED WING
GLIDER
WRIGHT FLYER – 1 17 DEC 1903 DOUBLE RUDDER &
ELEVATOR , TWO
PROPELLER

16. NAME OF SCIENTIST ACHIVEMENTS
&AIRCRAFT YEAR
OCTAVE GHANUTEA 1896 TRUSS METHOD OF
STRUCTURAL
RIGGINGWHICH WAS
SIMILAR TO WRIGHT
BROTHERS
GERMAN MESSERSCH MITT 1939 TURBOJET ENGINED
ME 262 AIRCRAFT DECELOPED BY
VON OHAIN GERMANY
BRITISH GLOSTER METEOR 1941 TURBOJET ENGINE
FJGHTERS DEVELOPED BY SIR FRANK
WHITTLE OF UK
USA F 86 E SABRE SOVIET 1950 TRANSONIC FIGHTERS
MIG 15
US F 16/D SOVIET M21B 1984 MACH 2+
MACH 2 DELTA WING
PLANFORMS

17. INSTRUMENTS
BOURDON TUBE - To measure pressure
DIAPHRAGAM - To measure pressure
BELLOWS - To measure pressure
PITOT STATIC TUBE - To identify air speed
ALTIMETER - To identify the height of
aircraft from ground
MACHMETER - To measure the air speed
sound