5. INTRODUCTION
oThe term “weapon of mass destruction” (WMD) is used
to characterize a variety of weapons that share two key
features:
1. Their potential for large-scale destruction.
2. Indiscriminate nature of their effects.
oThere are three major types of WMD: nuclear weapons,
chemical warfare agents, and biological warfare agents.
7. NUCLEAR WEAPONS
oNuclear weapon, is a device designed to release
energy in an explosive manner as a result of
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or a combination of
the two processes.
oWords kiloton (1,000 tons) and megaton (1,000,000
tons) are used to describe their blast energy.
8. oDelivery vehicles for nuclear weapons are different types of rocket or jet-
propelled missiles.
9. NUCLEAR WEAPON STATES
oThere are nine nuclear-weapon
states (NWS) which include China,
France, Russia, United Kingdom,
United States ,India, Israel, and
Pakistan.
oNine countries together possess
more than 15,000 nuclear weapons
10. CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES
oNuclear weapons convention is a
proposed multilateral treaty to outlaw nuclear weapons.
This may include the possession, development, testing,
production, stockpiling, transfer, use and threat of use
of nuclear weapons, as well as provide for their
elimination.
oPartial Test Ban Treaty (1963) restricted all nuclear
testing to underground nuclear testing, to prevent
contamination from nuclear fallout
11. oNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) attempted to place restrictions on the types of
activities signatories could participate in, with the goal of allowing the transference of non-
military nuclear technology to member countries without fear of proliferation.
oIn 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established under the
mandate of the United Nations to encourage development of peaceful applications for
nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against its misuse.
oIn 1996, many nations signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which prohibits all
testing of nuclear weapons.
oMany nations have been declared Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones, areas where nuclear
weapons production and deployment are prohibited, through the use of treaties.
12. NUCLEAR WARFARE
oNuclear warfare is a military
conflict or political strategy in which nuclear
weaponry is used to inflict damage on the
enemy.
oCompared to conventional warfare, nuclear
warfare can be more destructive in range and
extent of damage in a short interval.
13. ATOMIC BOMBNGS OF HIROSHIMA
AND NAGASAKI
oDuring the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted atomic raids on
the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
oOn August 6, 1945, a uranium gun-type device (code name "Little Boy") was detonated over
the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium implosion-
type device (code name "Fat Man") was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki.
DEATH TOLL :
129,000
14.
15. NUCLEAR MISHAPS
GOLDSBORO B-52 CRASH:
On January 24, 1961 an American B-52 carrying two
Mark 39 nuclear weapons crashed.
◦The plane broke apart as it spiralled to the ground
◦The nuclear weapons were separated from the craft.
◦The wreckage of the plane and its two nuclear warheads
landed in an area of tobacco and cotton farmland near
Goldsboro, North Carolina.
◦ Three crewmen died
16. BANEBERRY BLAST
The Nevada Test Site is a U.S. site for the testing of
nuclear devices.
One of the most notable nuclear accidents at the Nevada
Nuclear Site was the Baneberry blast which occurred on
December 18, 1970, during the Operation Emery series
of nuclear tests.
After the explosion, the bombs energy cracked the soil
of the ground in an unexpected way.
This caused a plume of hot gases and radioactive dust
to be released.
17. SOVIET SUBMARINE K-219
the K-219 submarine was a ballistic missile sub used by the Soviet Union during the
Cold War.
On October 3, 1986, seal in one of the missile hatch covers failed.
Seawater leaked into the missile tube and reacted with residue from the missile’s liquid
fuel, producing nitric acid.
18. CASTLE BRAVO
Castle Bravo was the code name given to the first U.S. test
of a dry fuel thermonuclear hydrogen bomb.
When the weapon was ignited, it formed a fireball almost
four and a half miles (roughly 7 km) across the sky within a
second.
This led to the most significant accidental radiological
contamination ever .
19. ◦ FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR DISASTER
An accident at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, initiated primarily by
the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011.
THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE TSUNAMI PRODUCED :
i.Equipment failures
ii Three nuclear meltdowns
◦ It is one of the largest nuclear disaster.
21. BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS(BW)
◦ Often termed as bio weapons, biological threat agents or bio agents
◦ Biological weapons (BW) introduce a bacteria or virus into an
environment for hostile purposes that are not prepared to defend it from
the intruder. As a result, this agent can become very effective at killing
plants, livestock, pets, and humans
◦ Biological Weapons Include :
◦ Pathogenic viruses
◦ Bacteria,
◦ Biological toxins
22.
23. COUNTRIES POSSESSING BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS
◦ The countries possessing
Biological Weapons include
China, Cuba, Egypt, India
,Iraq, Iran, Israel, Libya, North
Korea, Pakistan, Russia,
South Korea, Syria, Taiwan,
and United States.
24. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE
◦ Deliberate spreading of disease by the use of
microbial forms of life to diminish the
capabilities, disrupt the organization, and
terrorize the noncombatant population of an
adversary.
◦ This form of warfare has been used
throughout history and has gained renewed
interest
26. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS
Bacteria : cause diseases
such as anthrax, brucellosis,
tularemia, and plague
Rickettsiae : Typhus and Q
fever
Virus small pox,Lassa
Fungi rice blast, cereal rust,
wheat smut, and potato blight
Toxins ricin, enterotoxin B
(SEB), botulinum toxin
27. EFFORTS TO BAN BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS
◦ Biological Weapons Convections:
◦ Using biological and chemical weapons was condemned by international
declarations and treaties notably by the :
1 .1907 Hague Convention (IV) respecting the laws and customs of war on land.
2.Geneva Protocol(1925) banned the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other
gases, , as well as the use of bacteriological methods of warfare.
Include not only bacteria, but also other biological agents, such as viruses or
rickettsiae which were unknown at the time the Geneva Protocol was signed.
28. 3.BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION
(BWC):
It was opened for signature on 10 April 1972 entered into
force on 26 March 1975.
◦ The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), formally
known as the Convention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production and Stockpiling of Biological and
Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, was the first
multilateral disarmament treaty
◦ The BWC currently has :
◦ 163 states parties
◦ 110 signatories
29. EXPORT CONTROLS AND BIOLOGICAL THREAT
REDUCTION
◦ The Australia Group, created in 1985, harmonizes export controls in
participating states to minimize, if not eliminate, sales to customers
likely to misuse BW-related materials
◦ On 28 April 2004, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted UN
Security Council Resolution 1540 (UNSCR 1540).
◦ The Resolution 1540 helped to fill some of the gaps in biological
weapons nonproliferation
30. FAMOUS CASES WHERE BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS HAVE BEEN USED
Bioterrorism and Bio-warfare Today:
◦ A number of countries have continued offensive biological weapons
research and use.
PAST EVENTS :
◦ During World War I, Germany developed a biological warfare program
based on the bacterium Bacillus anthraces and a strain of
Pseudomonas, which causes glanders disease in cattle.
31. ◦ Japan, during 1932-1945 conducted extensive biological weapon research at
Unit 731 in occupied Manchuria, China.
◦ Used variety of pathogens, including meningitis, anthrax, black plague
◦ Death Toll :
◦ 2,60,000
32. ◦ World War II, prisoners in German Nazi
concentration camps were infected with
pathogens, such as Hepatitis A and two types of
Rickettsiae bacteria.
◦ A large reservoir in Bohemia was poisoned with
sewage by the German army in 1945.
◦ In 1985, Iraq began an offensive biological
weapons program.
◦ During Operation Desert Storm, the coalition of
allied forces faced the threat of biological agents.
◦ Following the Persian Gulf War, Iraq disclosed that
it had bombs, 122-mm rockets, and artillery shells
armed with botulinum toxin, anthrax, and aflatoxin.
33. ◦ The Red Indian in North America were given the small pox infected blankets,
◦ In 2001, anthrax was delivered by mail to U.S. media and government offices.
Leading to 22 cases and 5 deaths.
◦ During Mar 2012 – Apr 2013 terrorist’s organizations in Afghanistan used rat
poison as a biological warfare agent infecting police and other civilians causing 53
deaths and 40 injuries
34. IMPACT OF BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
◦ Use of biological warfare agents in a terrorism-related issue or in a warfare situation is
real and looming before the states.
◦ The bioterrorist events are difficult to predict and prevent;
◦ In the case of a release, accurate, easy deployable detection systems are needed to
minimize the damage and to prevent further spread of these agents.
◦ They may be more potent than the most lethal chemical warfare agents
◦ Provide a broader area of coverage than any other weapons system
◦ BW when compared to the cost of a nuclear weapons program, are extremely cheap.
This makes BIO WEAPONS –
THE POOR MAN’S NUCLEAR BOMB
◦
