1. 00EVOLUTION OF THE SYSTEMS IN THE WORLDEVOLUTION OF THE SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD<br />Evolution of the Computer in the Organization.In the seventies, Richard Nolan, a well known author and professor at Harvard Business School, developed a theory that impacted the process of resource planning and activities of the Computer. Because of its importance and application in this context, discussed the highlights of his Theory of Stages.According to Nolan, the role of IT in organizations evolves through certain stages of growth, which are explained below: Initial stage.Some of the major characteristics of this stage are: • Start with the acquisition of the first computer and is usually justified by labor savings and excess paperwork. • Typical applications are deployed are transactional systems such as payroll or accounting. • Small systems department depends in most cases the area of ​​accounting. • The type used is poor management and the role of the systems is usually handled by an administrator who has no formal training in the computer area. • Staff working in this small apartment has at most one operator and / or developer. The latter may be under the regime of fees, or you can get support from a local manufacturer of application programs. • At this stage it is important to be aware of the resistance to change of staff and users (ciberfobia) involved in the first systems to develop, as these systems are important in the labor savings. • This stage ends with the first successful implementation of Information System. It should be noted that some organizations may live several stages of initiation in which the resistance to change by the users involved aborted first attempt to introduce the computer to the company.Stage of infection or expansion.The salient features that allow quick diagnosis of a company is at this stage are: • It starts with the first successful implementation of information system in the organization. Following this, the chief executive becomes the user or person paradigm will have to follow. • Applications that are often implemented at this stage are the other transactional systems are not developed in the initial stage, such as billing, inventory control, customer and supplier orders, checks, etc... One highlight is the proliferation of applications throughout the organization, due to lack of standards and infrastructure, is done in a disorderly manner and without control. • The small apartment was promoted to a higher category, which depends on the Administrative Management and Comptroller. • The type of employee management is oriented toward the sale of applications to all users of the organization at this point is usually contracted to a specialist role with academic preparation in the area of ​​systems. • Start the recruitment of specialized personnel and birth positions such as systems analyst, programmer / analyst, systems programmer, development manager, head of technical support, and so on. In addition, analysts are assigned to the functional areas of users, in order to expedite the development of new applications. • Applications developed no automatic interface between them, so that the outputs produced by a system must be manually fed into another system, with consequent irritation of the users. • Applications are developed with little or no labor standards, which results in poor quality systems, i.e. systems that frequently cause problems for users. The percentage of rework of the systems grows, which negatively impacts the productivity of the department and the level of user satisfaction. • Expenditures for systems begin to grow significantly, which sets the tone to begin rationalizing the use of computational resources within the company. This problem and the beginning of the solution set the pace for the next stage.Control or formalization stage.To identify a company that goes through this stage is necessary to consider the following elements: • This stage of evolution of IT in business begins with the need to control the use of computing resources through the zero-based budgeting techniques (assuming that you have nothing) and the implementation of systems of charges users (for the service provided). • Applications are designed to facilitate the control of business operations to make them more effective, such as systems to control cash flow, control of purchase orders to suppliers, inventory control, project management control and so forth. • The department of enterprise systems is usually located in a managerial position, depending on the flow chart of the Directorate of Administration and Finance. • The type of management employed within the Technology sector is geared to administrative control and economic rationale for developing applications. Comes the need to establish criteria for priorities in the development of new applications. The backlog of pending applications to develop starts to grow. • At this stage, initiate the development and implementation of labor standards within the department, such as documentation standards, project control, development and system design, auditing and programming systems. He joins the organization of the systems department, staff with management skills and technical equipment. • Start the development of automated interfaces between systems. • Birth of the role of systems focused planeaci6n budgetary control, including computing requirements planning and acquisition planning of computing resources, among others.Stage of integration.The characteristics of this stage are: • Integration of data and systems arises as a direct result of the centralization of the department of systems under a single administrative structure. • New technologies related to database systems, database administrators and fourth-generation languages, made possible the integration. At this stage comes the first electronic spreadsheet and business user’s start making their own applications. This tool really helped users to do their own work and not have to wait for their proposed systems were implemented. • The cost of equipment and software declined for which was available to more users. • In parallel to technological changes, changed the role of the user and Information Systems department. The systems department developed into a decentralized structure, allowing the user to use tools for system development. • Users and the IT department initiated the development of new systems replacing older systems, the benefit of the organization.Data management stage.Among the features that stand out in this stage are the following: • The Information Systems Department recognizes that information is a valuable resource that should be accessible to all users. • To comply with the above is necessary to manage the data properly, that is, stored and maintained properly so that users can use and share this resource. • The user of the information takes on the responsibility for the integrity of the same and must drive different levels of access.Maturity.Among the highlights that indicate that a company is at this stage include the following: • At this stage, Information within the organization is defined as a basic function and is located at the top levels of the organization (address). • Systems are systems being developed by Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Knowledge Based Systems and Expert Systems, Systems Decision Support Systems, Strategic and in general, applications that provide information for senior management decisions and applications strategic. • At this stage have developed applications in database technology and achieve the integration of communications networks with terminals in remote locations through the use of computational resources. • are polished many of the controls implemented in the previous stages, being less rigid in their application. • In many cases down prices for computer services, and some others define the area of ​​Computing as Utility Center instead of Cost Center. Born the idea of ​​freeing the area of ​​systems from the standpoint of economic and organizational (outsourcing). • There is often a rigorous planning of computing resources and applications planning horizon of not less than five years. • In general, maintaining good communication with the Directorate and the various users of the organization.<br />