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Advanced Methods for ULS and FLS
- 1. Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of
Floaters
DNV Software
Torbjørn Lindemark, Nauticus Product Manager
- 2. Agenda
Strength assessment of FPSOs and related software from DNV
Introduction to direct load and strength calculations
Deterministic vs. spectral analysis
Fatigue loading and critical details for FPSOs
Case study and software demo on direct strength calculations of a ship shaped
FPSO
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 2
- 3. FPSO - What is required?
FPSO - Complex design process
- Ships and Offshore Rule requirements
- Regulatory requirements
- Seakeeping, Hydrodynamic analysis
- Long operation life without docking
- Topside & Topside/Hull interaction
- Turret area
- Risers & Moorings
- Deep water
Tools for assessment of
- Conversion of tanker to FPSO
- FPSO newbuilding
Tools for maintenance of FPSO’s in operation
We deliver a package that ties it all together and provide a
complete, integrated toolkit, tailor made for FPSOs
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 3
- 4. Challenge of FPSO New Build and Conversion
New Builds Conversions
- Selection corrosion protection - Increase certainty that the
strategy to determine a rational chosen vessel is suitable for
material thickness conversion,
- Identify comprehensive - Determine how much steel
analysis requirements for design should be replaced during
- Develop Inspection Plans conversion/maintenance,
- Choice of turret design - Identify where to focus surveys.
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 4
- 5. FPSO Package for design and analysis
Risk Analysis
Hydrodynamics Safeti
Topside
• Seakeeping Genie
• Wave loads
HydroD
Main scantlings
3D Hull Nauticus Hull
modelling
GeniE
Fatigue
Turret Simplified,
Local analysis Spectral
GeniE Nauticus Hull
Sesam/Stofat
Risers
DeepC Mooring
Proven solutions in use Mimosa
by major companies
around the world
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 5
- 6. Direct Calculations in an Integrated Analysis System
1. Stability and wave load 2. Pressure loads and
analysis accelerations
Wave
scatter diagram
Load transfer
Local FE analysis
5. Local stress and
deflection & fatigue
FE analysis
4. Global stress and 3. Structural model loads
(internal + external pressure)
deflection & fatigue
screening
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 6
- 7. Wave Load Analysis
Input Output
- Models - Load transfer functions (Response Amplitude
- Panel &/or Morrison model Operators – RAOs)
- Mass model - Motions in 6 dof (+ derived velocities and
accelerations)
- Compartments
- External wave pressures
- Structural model for load transfer
- Internal tank pressures
- Loading conditions
- Morrison forces
- Compartment fillings, draught and trim
- Sectional loads
- Wave and environmental data
- Load statistics
- Scatter diagram
- Derived by combining the load RAOs with wave data
- Wave spectrum
- Design values for ULS/ALS
- Directionality and spreading
- Long term load distribution for simplified fatigue
- Current calculations
- Water depth
- Load files for transfer to structural model
- Design waves for deterministic ULS and/or FLS
analysis
- Load RAOs for stochastic ULS and FLS analysis
- Both containing accelerations, external and internal
pressures
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 7
- 8. Finite Element Analysis
Deterministic Analysis Spectral Analysis
Input Input
- Global and local FE models - Global and local FE models
- Design wave load transfer files (or long term - RAO based load transfer files
loads by manual input) - Wave and environmental data
- Scatter diagram
- Wave spectrum
- Directionality and spreading
Output Output
- Stress response for a given design wave/load - Stress transfer functions (Response Amplitude
Operators – RAOs)
- Stress statistics
- Derived by combining the stress RAOs with wave
data
- Short and long term distribution
- Design values for specified probability level/return
period
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 8
- 9. Fatigue Analysis by Cumulative Damage
Deterministic Analysis Spectral Analysis
Input Input
- Long term stress distribution - Stress transfer functions (Response Amplitude
- Described by Weibull distribution or stress histogram Operators – RAOs)
- The Weibull distribution is described by - Wave and environmental data
- Stress at a given probability level
- Scatter diagram
- Weibull parameter
- Wave spectrum
- Zero crossing frequency
- Directionality and spreading
- S-N curves - S-N curves
Output Output
- Calculated fatigue life or damage - Calculated fatigue life or damage
- Fatigue calculations performed based on short term
statistics by summing up part damage for each cell in
the scatter diagram the uncertainties involved in
Weibull fitting are avoided
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 9
- 10. Simplified vs. direct fatigue calculations
Environment Simplified Spectral Analysis
Long term Weibull Wave scatter diagram and
distribution by rule energy spectrum
formulas
Wave Load Analysis: Accelerations, pressure and
Direct calculated loads -
moments on 10^-4 or 10^-8 3D potential theory
probability level by rule
formulas
Stress analysis:
Rule formulations for Load transfer to FE model.
stresses and correlation of Stress transfer function implicit
different loads in FE model
Based on expected largest stress Based on summation of part damage
Fatigue damage among 10^4 cycles of a rule long from each Rayleigh distributed sea
analysis: term Weibull distribution state in scatter diagram.
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 10
- 11. Fatigue loads and stress components
Global wave bending moments
Hull girder stress
Stress in topside supports due to global hull
deflections
Stress in turret and moonpool areas due to hull
deflections
Wave pressure
Shell plate local bending stress
Local stiffener bending stress
Secondary stiffener bending due to deflection
of main girder system
Local peak stresses in knuckles due to
deflection of main girder system
Vessel motions (accelerations)
Liquid pressure in tanks
Stress in topside support from inertia forces
Mooring and riser fastenings
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 11
- 12. Moonpool areas
Increased plate
thickness
Nominal stress
level
Actual stress
distribution
CL
Long. stress in deck (no Long. stress in deck
Long. stress in deck
shear lag effect) when plates near side
uniform deck thickness
are increased
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 12
- 13. In-service Experience on Fatigue Critical Details
Stiffener end connections
Web-plating
Root source of cracking Stiffener
Global hull girder bending Longitudinal
Local dynamic pressures
Relative deflections caused by bending of
girder system
Stress concentration at stiffener toe and
heel
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 13
- 14. In-service Experience on Fatigue Critical Details
Knuckles in inner structure (hopper knuckle)
Root source of cracking:
Deflection on main girder system
High stress concentration
Cracks under development
Repair example
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 14
- 15. In-service Experience on Fatigue Critical Details
Shell plating
Root source of cracking
Local pressure
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 15
- 16. In-service Experience on Fatigue Critical Details
Main deck openings and attachments
Root source of cracking
Global hull girder stress
Stress due to hull girder deflection and stiff topside
lattice construction
Stress from topside inertia forces
Local stress concentrations
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 16
- 17. Summary Fatigue Critical Details
Main deck openings, attachments and topside support
Moonpool area
Knuckles and discontinuities in the main girder system
Stiffener end connections
Side shell plating
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 17
- 18. A few useful ratios
Ratio Stress factor Fatigue Damage
factor
(equivalent stress
reduction)
Base / Weld - SN (10^12.89) / 0.83 1.74
curve (10^12.65)
World wide / North 0.8 / 1.0 0.8 2.0
Atlantic ocean
Non-corrosive / (10^12.65) / 0.81 2.0
corrosive environment (10^12.38)
Mean / Design SN (10^12.09) / 0.7 3.0
curve (10^11.63)
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 18
- 19. Part 2 – Case Study and Demos
Direct strength ULS and FLS calculations of a ship
shaped FPSO
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 19
- 20. Why direct load and strength calculations
Rule loads are not always the truth Modern 2000000
calculation tools give more accurate loads 1500000
[kNm]
- Ultimate strength loads 1000000
- Fatigue loads 500000
- Phasing and simultaneity of different load effects 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Design and strength optimizations based on analysis VBM (linear)
closer to actual operating conditions
150000
Improved decision basis for 100000
[kN]
- In-service structural integrity management
50000
- Life extension evaluation
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Vertical Bending
Moment VSF (linear)
Sea Pressure
Double Hull Bending
Total Stress
−−−
Stress
Rule
Direct −−−
Pressure
Time
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 20
- 21. Direct calculated loads vs. rule loads
Fatigue loads:
1.20
1.00
0.80
Direct
0.60 DNV Rule
CSR
0.40
0.20
0.00
Vertical Horizontal Pressure WL Vert. Acc.
Bending Bending
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 21
- 22. Spectral vs Simplified Fatigue Analysis
Comparison of fatigue damage by DNV rules and Common Scantling Rules relative
to spectral fatigue calculations:
1.20
1.00
0.80
Comp. Stoch.
0.60 DNV Rule
CSR
0.40
0.20
0.00
Bottom at Side at Side at T Trunk
B/4 T/2 Deck
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 22
- 23. Analysis Overview
Task Purpose Input Output
Global modelling Make global model for Ship drawings Global FE model
hydrodynamic and Loading manual
strength analysis
Hydrodynamic Calculate loads for Global FE model Load files for
analysis fatigue and ultimate Wave data structural analysis
strength
ULS analysis Calculate hull girder Global FE model Ultimate strength
strength Snap shot load files results
from HydroD
Spectral fatigue Fatigue screening on Global FE model Calculated fatigue
analysis nominal stress Frequency domain load lives
Local fatigue analysis files from HydroD
Spectral ULS Calculate long term Global FE model Long term stress
analysis stress based on spectral Frequency domain load
method files from HydroD
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 25
- 24. Creating the Global Model
Model requirements Challenges
The global model is used to calculate Modelling of hull form
loads and strength and must represent
the actual properties of the ship Creating compartment and loads
For direct strength calculations Mass tuning
essential properties are
- Buoyancy and weight distribution
- Compartment loads
- Structural stiffness and strength
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 26
- 25. Demo – Global Modelling with GeniE
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 27
- 26. Benefits of GeniE for Global Modelling
One common model for hydrodynamic
and structural analysis
Geometry modelling
- Advanced surface modelling functions
- Re-use data from CAD
- Parametric modelling using JavaScript
- Use of units
Compartment and loads
- Compartments are created automatically
- GeniE calculates tank volumes and COG
- Loads are generated from compartment
fillings and automatically applied to tank
boundaries
Mass tuning
- Scaling mass density to target mass
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 28
- 27. Analysis Overview
Task Purpose Input Output
Global modelling Make global model for Ship drawings Global FE model
hydrodynamic and Loading manual
strength analysis
Hydrodynamic Calculate loads for Global FE model Load files for
analysis fatigue and ultimate Wave data structural analysis
strength
ULS analysis Calculate hull girder Global FE model Ultimate strength
strength Snap shot load files results
from HydroD
Spectral fatigue Fatigue screening on Global FE model Calculated fatigue
analysis nominal stress Frequency domain load lives
Local fatigue analysis files from HydroD
Spectral ULS Calculate long term Global FE model Long term stress
analysis stress based on spectral Frequency domain load
method files from HydroD
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 29
- 28. Hydrodynamic Analysis
Model requirements Challenges
Hull shape as real ship Obtain correct weight and mass
distribution
Correct draft and trim
Balance of loading conditions
Weight and buoyancy distribution
according to loading manual
Mass and buoyancy in balance
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 30
- 29. Demo – HydroD
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 31
- 30. Benefits of HydroD
One common model for
- Stability calculations
- Linear hydrodynamic analysis
- Non-linear hydrodynamic analysis
- With or without forward speed
Supports composite panel & Morrison models
Model shared with structural analysis
Loading conditions
- Multiple loading conditions by changing compartment
contents
Balancing the model
- Auto balance of loading conditions by draft and trim or
compartment fillings
Built in roll damping module
- Stochastic linearization
- Quadratic damping
Strong postprocessing and graphical results
presentation
Load transfer to FE analysis
- Snap shot or frequency domain
- With splash zone correction for fatigue
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 32
- 31. Analysis Overview
Task Purpose Input Output
Global modelling Make global model for Ship drawings Global FE model
hydrodynamic and Loading manual
strength analysis
Hydrodynamic Calculate loads for Global FE model Load files for
analysis fatigue and ultimate Wave data structural analysis
strength
ULS analysis Calculate hull girder Global FE model Ultimate strength
strength Snap shot load files results
from HydroD
Spectral fatigue Fatigue screening on Global FE model Calculated fatigue
analysis nominal stress Frequency domain load lives
Local fatigue analysis files from HydroD
Spectral ULS Calculate long term Global FE model Long term stress
analysis stress based on spectral Frequency domain load
method files from HydroD
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 33
- 32. Ultimate Strength Analysis
Global structural analysis with load
transfer from hydrodynamic analysis
Snap shot load transfer of non linear
loads for selected design conditions
Yield and buckling check with PULS
Benefits of global analysis with direct
load transfer
Eliminate effect of boundary conditions
Loads applied as a simultaneous set of sea
and tank pressures according to the
calculated design wave No need for
conservative and/or uncertain assumptions
Integrated buckling check
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 34
- 33. Cutres - Verification of Applied Loads
Cutres calculates and integrates the force distribution of cross sections and is ideal
to evaluate the hull girder structural response
Vertical shear force distribution Vertical bending moment distribution
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Vertical bending moment
Vertical shear force
WASIM WASIM
CUTRES CUTRES
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Distance from AP Distance from AP
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 35
- 34. PULS – Advanced Buckling & Panel Ultimate Limit State
PULS is a code for buckling
and ULS assessments
of stiffened and unstiffened
panels
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 36
- 35. Benefits of PULS
Py
Characteristics
- Higher accuracy than traditional rule formulations
and classic buckling theory
- Quick and easy-to-use design tool for calculation of
ULS capacity Px
- Valuable information about failure mode and
buckling pattern
- Effective to evaluate
Benefits 250
Abaqus
PULS
DNV Rules
- Design optimization with increased control of safety
200 GL Rules
margins 150
τ 12 (MPa)
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
σ 2 (MPa)
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 37
- 36. PULS - Element library
Un-stiffened plate element
Stiffened plate element (S3)
Corrugated plate element (K3)
Stiffened plate element (T1)
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 38
- 37. Demo – PULS Code Check in GeniE
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 39
- 38. Analysis Overview
Task Purpose Input Output
Global modelling Make global model for Ship drawings Global FE model
hydrodynamic and Loading manual
strength analysis
Hydrodynamic Calculate loads for Global FE model Load files for
analysis fatigue and ultimate Wave data structural analysis
strength
ULS analysis Calculate hull girder Global FE model Ultimate strength
strength Snap shot load files results
from HydroD
Spectral fatigue Fatigue screening on Global FE model Calculated fatigue
analysis nominal stress Frequency domain load lives
Local fatigue analysis files from HydroD
Spectral ULS Calculate long term Global FE model Long term stress
analysis stress based on spectral Frequency domain load
method files from HydroD
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 40
- 39. Stochastic Fatigue Analysis
Wave Load Analysis
- Input: Global model, wave headings and frequencies
- Output: Load transfer functions (RAOs)
Direct Load
Transfer
Stress Response Analysis
- Input: FE models and load file from wave load analysis
- Output: FE results file with load cases describing complex
(real and imaginary) stress transfer functions (RAOs)
Stress Transfer Functions
S-N Fatigue
Fatigue Damage Calculation Curves
- Input: Stress transfer functions (FE results file), wave data Wave scatter
- Output: Calculated fatigue life diagram
Fatigue Life
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 41
- 40. Global Frequency Domain Analysis
Loads from HydroD
Static load case
- For verification of load balance and static shear
and bending compared to loading manual
- Enables automatic calculation of mean stress
Head Sea
effect in fatigue calculartions
- Enables possibility for to calculate long term
extreme loads including static stress
Dynamic load cases
- Number of complex dynamic load cases =
number of wave headings x number of wave
periods (e.g. 12 x 25 = 300)
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 42
- 41. Demo - Stofat
Calculated fatigue damage by nominal stress and user defined SCF
for an LNG carrier
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 43
- 42. Global Screening Analysis
Fatigue calculations based on nominal
stress from global analysis and stress
concentration factors
Typical use
- Identify fatigue sensitive areas
- Determine critical stress concentration factors
for deck attachment and topside supports
- Determine location of local models and fine
mesh areas
- Decide extent of reinforcements based on SCF
from local analysis
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 44
- 43. Local Fatigue Analysis
Local fine mesh model created
from global GeniE model by
changing the mesh density in
the location of the crack
Hot spot stress RAOs at the
location of the crack
established by spectral FE
calculation
Submodelling techniques is Local fine mesh model
used to transfer the results
from the global FE analysis to
the boarders of the local model
Fatigue damage/life calculated
using Stofat
Concept model with mesh densities
Calculated fatigue life
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 45
- 44. Fatigue Strengthening and Screening of Extent
Soft bracket added in the local
model of the stringer at crack
location
Re-run sub-model analysis and
fatigue calculation to check
effect of strengthening proposal
Necessary extent of repair
evaluated by fatigue screening
of global Local model with new bracket Fatigue results
Stress concentration factor used
in global screening calculated by
the ratio of long term stress from
local and global analysis
Results from fatigue screening of global model to evaluate extent of repair
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 46
- 45. Analysis Overview
Task Purpose Input Output
Global modelling Make global model for Ship drawings Global FE model
hydrodynamic and Loading manual
strength analysis
Hydrodynamic Calculate loads for Global FE model Load files for
analysis fatigue and ultimate Wave data structural analysis
strength
ULS analysis Calculate hull girder Global FE model Ultimate strength
strength Snap shot load files results
from HydroD
Spectral fatigue Fatigue screening on Global FE model Calculated fatigue
analysis nominal stress Frequency domain load lives
Local fatigue analysis files from HydroD
Spectral ULS Calculate long term Global FE model Long term stress
analysis stress based on spectral Frequency domain load
method files from HydroD
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 47
- 46. Stochastic ULS Analysis
Challenge: Determine ULS design wave for areas subjected to a combination of different load effects
(e.g. turret area)
Typical way: Selection of one or several design waves Uncertainties
New solution with Stofat: Spectral stress analysis to determine long term stress distribution directly
Wave Load Analysis
- Input: Global model, wave headings and frequencies
- Output: Load transfer functions (RAOs)
Direct Load
Stress Response Analysis Transfer
- Input: FE models and load file from wave load analysis
- Output: FE results file with load cases describing complex (real and
imaginary) stress transfer functions (RAOs)
Stress Transfer Functions
Long Term ULS Load Calculation Wave scatter
diagram
- Input: Stress transfer functions (FE results file), wave data
- Output: Calculated long term stress
Long term stress
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 48
- 47. Stofat – Features and Benefits
Features
- Stochastic fatigue calculations based on wave
statistics
- Supports all common wave models
- Predefined and user defined S-N curves
- Option for implicit mean stress correction (by static
load case)
- Statistical stress response calculations
- Calculation of long term stress and extreme response
including static loads
Calculated fatigue damage by nominal stress
- Graphical presentation of fatigue results and long and user defined SCF for an LNG carrier
term stress directly on FE model
Benefits
- Unique functionality for spectral fatigue and
stochastic long term stress and extreme
response calculations
- Flexible – support all your needs
- Transparent – all calculation steps can be
documented
Calculated long term stress amplitude (left) and fatigue
damage (right) for the hopper knuckle in an oil tanker
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 49
- 48. Benefits of Sesam for Advanced Analysis
Complete system – Proven Solution
- Cover your needs for strength assessment of ship and offshore
structures
- 40 years of DNV experience and research put into software tools
Concept modelling
- Minimize modelling effort by re-use of models for various
analysis
- Same concept model for global & local strength analysis and for
hydrodynamic analysis
- Same model basis for hydrostatics and frequency and time domain
hydrodynamic analysis
Same system for offshore and maritime structures
- Minimizes the learning period and maximizes the utilisation of
your staff
Process, file and analysis management by Sesam Explorer
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 50
- 49. Safeguarding life, property
and the environment
www.dnv.com
Advanced Methods for Ultimate and Fatigue Strength of Floaters
© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved. 51