1. Are You Going to Fight or Flee?
(9 ©)

2. Meninges and Spinal Fluid
(8 ©)
Ventricles
Central
Canal

3.  Infection and inflammation of the meninges is termed meningitis,
and involves the arachnoid and pia mater, or the leptomeninges.
 Spinal fluid, three distinct layers: Dura mater, arachnoid
membrane, and pia mater. Because the brain and spinal cord are
both delicate and vital, nature has provided them with two
protective coverings. The outer covering consists of bone: cranial
bones encase the brain; vertebrae encase the spinal cord. The
inner covering consists of membranes known as meninges.
 Epidural space- The epidural (“on the dura”) space is immediately
outside the dura mater but inside the bony coverings of the brain
and spinal cord. It contains a supporting cushion of fat and other
connective tissues.
 Subdural space: the subdural (“under the dura”) space is
between the dudra mater and the arachnoid membrane. It
contains a small amount of lubricating serous fluid.
 Subarachnoid space- It is under the arachnoid and outside the pia
mater. This space contains a significant amount of cerebrospinal
fluid.
 Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space around the
brain and spinal cord and within the cavities and canals of the
brain and spinal cord (2).

4. Structure and Function of
the Spinal Cord
(8 ©)

5.  The Spinal Cord is like the brain, it is
completely encased in bone. It resides
within the vertebral column and connects
directly to the medulla section of the brain.
In an adult, the spinal cord is approximately
45 centimeters long. It receives sensory
messages and sends motor messages
straight to the brain. There are 6 sections of
the spinal cord 3 vertebrae sections and 3
nerve sections; C1-C7 is the Cervical
Vertebrae, T1-T12 is the Thoracic
Vertebrae, and last is the Lumbar Vertebrae
L1-L5. On the nerve side, C1-C8 is the
Cervical Nerves, T1-T12 are the Thoracic
Nerves and L1-L5 are the Lumbar nerves.

6. Brain Stem, Cerebellum
Cerebrum
(8 ©)
Cerebrum (9 ©)
Cerebellum

7.  The brain step has three major parts: Medulla
Oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain.
 The medulla oblongata is like a turkey neck as it is an
“extension of the spinal cord” (2). It is located
directly beneath the pons. It also has reflex centers
inside of it, but mainly for issues concerning the
throat.
 Most of the peripheral nerves are located in the pons,
which are directly above the medulla. They also “help
regulate respiration” (2).
 The midbrain is the part of the neck that you don’t
want to brake. Unless you want to stop moving your
eyes and look like your ready to have an apple put in
you r mouth to be served on the table.

8. The cerebellum
(9 ©)
• 2nd largest part of the brain!!!
• It has 3 cerebellar peduncles: inferior, middle, and
superior.
• It helps to provide special movements along with the
cerebral cortex (2).
• Helps you stand tall and proud like a pilgrim.
• Maintain balance so that you can run, sit straight, and
enjoy Thanksgiving meals with your family.
(9 ©)

9. Diencephalon
 Contains the Thalamus, and the Hypothalamus.
 The thalamus interprets impulses of pain. It helps our
brain recognize when we are hurt or not.
 The hypothalamus helps regulate body temeperature,
“synthesizes hormones,” helps the body stay awake
(useful during school), and keeps the appetite in check
(takes vacation time during Thanksgiving) (2).

10. Cerebral Cortex
VOCAB :
 Fissure: deep grooves
 Sulci: shallow grooves
 Gyri: convultions
(2).
 Each section of the cerebral cortex has different functions:
sensory, motor, mixed.
 Some of the special functions the cortex has are monitoring
consciousness, interpreting language, controlling emotions,
and retaining memory (2).
 EEGs are tests that allow doctors and scientists to monitor
the cortex’s activity (2).

11. Somatic Sensory Pathways in
the Central Nervous System
 Impulses must be conducted to its sensory areas by
way of relays of neurons referred to as sensory
pathways. There are three different types of sensory
neurons; primary, secondary, and tertiary sensory
neurons.
 Primary sensory neurons go from the periphery to the
central nervous system.
 Secondary sensory neurons go from the cord or
brainstorm up to the thalamus.
 Tertiary sensory neurons go from the thalamus to the
postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
 Each side of the brain registers sensations from the
opposite side of the body. (1)

12. (8 ©)