6. Developmental Rate and Sequences:
+
Implications
• May have unusual or peak skills
• Uneven skill development
• Skill development may not follow normal developmental
patterns
7. +
Cognition:
Implications
• Inconsistent intellectual
responses
• May function nearly
normally in one or more
intellectual areas
• Difficulties with imitation
• Low cognitive skills
8. +
Communication: Implications
• Lacks understanding of body language, gestures,
facial expressions and hand signals
• Difficulties with conversational turn-taking
• May use immediate or delayed echolalia; repeats
questions
• Unusual language structure
• Unusual intonation, tone, pitch, rate and/or rhythm
• Speech can be literal or concrete (doesn’t
understand metaphors, jokes, idioms, sarcasm or
humor)
• Deficits in expressive/receptive language; skills
range from no communication to adequate speech
with idiosyncrasies
9. • +
Appears to be hearing impaired;
unpredictable response to sounds
• Difficulty filtering out extraneous
sensory information
• Tactile defensiveness
• Sensitivity to smells, tastes, and
textures; licks, chews, mouths,
smells objects
• Avoids looking at people; views
things at unusual angles
• Stares through people/space;
strange responses to mirrors/lights
Sensory Processing:
Implications
10. +
Social Participation: Implications
• Difficulty understanding
another person’s perspective
• Difficulty establishing or
maintaining relationships
• Difficulties with imagination
• Inappropriate/odd play
• Lacks understanding of
reciprocity (turn taking)
• Lack of eye gaze
• Prefers solitary play or work
11. +
Repertoire of Activities: Implications
Difficulty with change/transitions
Need for routine and sameness, may have
rituals
May use toys in inappropriate or odd ways.
Repetitive, non-functional movements that
serve no purpose (body rocking, finger and
hand posturing, spinning)
Displays behaviors characterized as self-
stimulatory (paper flapping)
Stereotypical patterns of behavior; strong
attachment to particular objects
12. +
Facts About ASD Developmental disability that
life long
is
Occurs in approximately 1/88 births
Ratio of males to females is 4:1
Occurs on a continuum from mild to
severe
Some children appear to be
developing normally until they are
about 18 months of age
Many parents report that they knew
something was different about their
child as an infant
Lifetime costs associates with ASD
are high – reduce costs by choosing
effective treatments
13. 1. Antecedent Package
+
2. Behavioral Package
Evidence-Based Practice and Autism in the
3. Comprehensive Behavioral Treatment
for Young Children
4. Joint Attention Intervention
Schools: NAC Report (2009)
5. Modeling
6. Naturalistic Teaching Strategies
7. Peer Training Package
8. Pivotal Response Treatment
9. Schedules
10. Self-management:
11. Story-based Intervention Package
14. +
Research from the University of Chicago
– warning signs
no eye contact at 3 to 4 month
no babbling, pointing, or gesturing
by age 12 months
no single words spoken by age 16
months
no two-word spontaneous (non-
echolalic, or not merely repeating
the sounds of others) expressions
by age 24 months
loss of any language or social skills
at any age
15. +
By a child’s first
birthday she/he
should:
•Turn to look at you when you call
their name?
•Seem bothered by loud sounds?
•Should look at a familiar face for
comfort in a new or unfamiliar
situation?
•Becontent to play alone for an
hour or more at a time?
16. +
Infant Brain Imaging-
EmergingLongitudinal Study
Differences
evident in
communication
pathways
between parts of
the brain
18. +
Basic Assumptions
A cookbook approach DOES NOT work
Ifuniversal interventions and targeted group interventions
are not successful, a student with ASD may require
individualized interventions.
Current literature suggests need for VISUAL SUPPORTS
for student with autism.
Research has demonstrated that students with ASD
tended to perform better in a STRUCTURED teaching
situation compared to unstructured environments.
Changing the environment is easier than changing the
person.
19. Elements of the
+
Environment
Physical Environment
Routines and Procedures
Activities and Schedules
Visually-Cued Instruction
20. EVIDENCE-BASE: Antecedent
Strategies
National Autism Center Standards Report (2009): Antecedent Package (Established
Practice)
+
“These interventions involve the modification of situational events that typically
precede the occurrence of a target behavior. These alterations are made to
increase the likelihood of success or reduce the likelihood of problems occurring.
Treatments falling into this category reflect research representing the fields of applied
behavior analysis (ABA), behavioral psychology, and positive behavior
supports. ” (NAC, page 44)
21. + The physical structure of an area
establishes the basic foundation for the
learning space and can have
tremendous influence on student
behavior, thus it is an ANTECEDENT.
Physical
Environment
23. +
How do you know if you need to modify
the physical environment?
Child may be wandering
Child may spend a lot of
time self-stimulating
Leaving the area or room
Distractibility
Lack of engagement
Unaware of spatial
boundaries
24. +
Setting up the Environment
to meet Your Child’s Needs
Things needed to meet your child’s needs:
Visual Cues
Predictability
Structure
25. +
Visual Cuesassist in providingPredictability
and Structure
*People with autism learn by seeing
They help your child know:
What to do
When to do it
Where to do it
How to do it
What will happen when it is
done
30. +
THINK OF YOUR
CURRENT ROOM
ARRANGEMENT:
Does it pass the stranger
Stranger Test test?
If a stranger walked in, is
it visually clear where
different activities occur?
31. +
How do we know that a person may
need support while working?
Not starting or completing work
Not moving on to the next activity
Work is done incorrectly
Adult prompt dependent
Stereotypy/self-stim
Disorganized, can’t find materials
32. +
Considerations
Level of functioning and age of person
Prompts needed
Reinforcers that support independent work
Life skills
Need to match work content to student’s
ability level
34. +
Common Difficulties
Nonverbal communication
Social initiation
Reciprocity and terminating interactions
Social cognition
Behaviors associated with perspective taking and
self-awareness
Social anxiety and social withdrawal
Bellini, Building Social Relationships, 2006
35. People with
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Social dysfunction is
the single most defining
feature of autism and
arguably its most
handicapping as well.
37. +
Social Skills are Learned Behaviors
Related to Getting Along in Everyday
Life.
38. Life Implications
How can we help people with Autism
Spectrum Disorder increase meaningful
social interactions and social
competence?
39. +Social Skills
5 Step Model in Assessing/Intervening
1. Assess Social Functioning
2. Distinguish Between Skill Acquisition and Performance
Deficits
3. Select Intervention Strategies
• Strategies That Promote Skill Acquisition
• Strategies That Enhance Performance
4. Implement Intervention
5. Evaluate and Monitor Progress
Scott Bellini, Building Social Relationships
40. +
Strategies to Enhance Socialization
and Social Competence
“Students with Autism
Spectrum Disorder may
lack the prerequisite skills
imitation, play, and
attending/engagement,
which facilitate the
development of appropriate
social skills. These
students need direct
instruction to remediate
these skill deficits.”
( National research council, 2001;Wolery and Garfinkle,2002)
41. +
Social Skill Differences
Areas to Consider When Assessing
Social Interaction and Competence
Play/Leisure
functional toy play to
cooperative play
Social Reciprocity
“give and take of social
interactions”
Imitation
“Doing what I do, following peers”
Joint Attention
Attending in Unison to an Object with another Person
42. + Areas to Consider When Assessing
Play or
Leisure
Skills
Social
Reciprocity
Imitation
Joint Attention
Acquisition Performance / Fluency
Can They Do Will They Do It?
It?
43. Three Areas of Social Skills Deficits
Acquisition – “Can’t Do”
Performance – “Won’t Do”
Fluency – “Might Do”
46. +
Acquisition Deficits
Results from lack of knowledge about
social skills.
Teach skill using effective instruction
guidelines.
Reinforcement of skill.
Generalization – practice in multiple
settings.
47. Effective Instruction for Acquisition
Deficits
Review and check
Present new content or skill (I do
it)
Provide guided student practice
(We do it)
Provide feedback and correction
Independent practice (You Do it)
Frequent review
49. Acquisition Deficits: Instructional Strategies
Direct teaching of social skills
I Do, We Do, You Do
Feedback/Correction
Frequent Review/Opportunities to Practice
Facilitating expected behavior
Methods to supplement direct instruction
Social stories
Video Modeling
Comic strip conversations
Concept mastery
Social autopsies
Cost/payoff
51. +
Performance Deficits
Occurs when student has been taught a
behavior, but does not consistently use the
behavior.
The problem behavior is more effective
than the appropriate social skill in getting
the student’s needs met.
52. Effective Instruction for
Performance Deficits – 4 steps
1. Provide guided practice
• “We do it”
2. Provide feedback and
correction
• reinforcement of appropriate
behavior
• withholding of reinforcement for
displays of inappropriate behavior
3. Independent practice
“You do it”
4. Frequent review
54. Performance Deficits:
Instructional Strategies
Facilitate Expected Behavior
Peer Training
Methods to supplement Direct
Instruction
Social Narratives (social stories, scripts and action
Cards”
Video Modeling
Comic strip conversations
Cognitive Mapping
Social autopsies
Cost/payoff
Visual Supports (cues, “Action Cards”)
55. +
Fluency Deficits
Know the correct response,
have exhibited the correct
response in the past, but have
not practiced to the point of
mastery.
Practice of skills in multiple
settings
Reinforcement of skills
56. Effective Instruction for Fluency
Deficits – 3 steps
1. Provide feedback and
correction
reinforcement of
appropriate behavior
withholding of
reinforcement for
displays of
inappropriate behavior
2. Independent
practice
3. Frequent review
57. + Generalizing Social Skills-an example
From “Using key instructional elements to systematically promote social skill generalization for students with challenging behavior” by S. W. Smith and D. L.
Gilles, 2003, Intervention in School and Clinic, 39, pp. 30-37. Copyright (2003) by PRO-ED, Inc. Reprinted with permission.
58. +
Social Stories
Presents information visually
Describes expected behavior
Helps student see social situations from
another person’s perspective
Proactive strategy
Designed to reduce future social dilemmas
Developed by Carol Gray
59. + Social Stories – type of sentences
Descriptive sentences- describes the situation
Directive sentences-explains the expected
behavior
Perspective sentences-what people might be
thinking, feeling, or believing
Affirmative sentences- helps identify
important concepts
Cooperative sentences-a description of roles
others play in a situation
Control sentences-written by student to assist
in recall
60.
61. +
Social Scripts
Provide pre-taught language for specific situations
based around social interactions.
When I go to a fast food
restaurant I stand in line
until it is my time to order.
The person taking the
order will say something
like, “Hi, what would you
like to order?” I will say, “I
want a cheeseburger, a
small order of fries and a
small coke.” If he asks me
if I want anything else, I
will say “No.” I will then
hand him a five dollar bill
and will be given some
change. I will say, “Thank
you,” when I get my food.
63. +
Video Modeling
Involvesthe
presentation and
observation of a
videotaped episode of
target behaviors being
completed by a model
or by the student
themselves (Video
Self-Modeling)
64. Comic Strip Conversations
Allows the person to see
the invisible thoughts and
reactions of others.
Adult encourages and
prompts student to
consider situational
features of a specific
conversation.
66. +
Peer Training
Teaching others
without disabilities
strategies (initiation
and peer training) for
facilitating leisure
and social
interactions with
people on the autism
spectrum.
68. +
Activity: What is challenging behavior?
What words come to mind
when you think of challenging
behavior?
Tantrums
Stress
Fighting
Ignoring directions
Others????
69. +
Challenging Behavior Defined
“Any repeated pattern
of behavior that
interferes with or is at
risk of interfering with
optimal learning or
engagement in pro-
social interactions with
peers and adults.”
Smith & Fox (2003)
71. + Prove
it’s
Existence
Behavior is Observable
See It
Hear it
Touch it
72. +
Behavior is Measurable
If a behavior is measurable you can
determine:
How many (frequency)
How long (duration)
How severe/forceful (intensity)
How long between (latency)
How accurate
73. +
Behavior Examples
Examples: Non-examples:
Hitting Angry
Crying Depression
Throwing Autism
Not following Sad
directions
Running away
74. +
Challenging Behavior Communicates a
Message
Behavior = communication
Used instead of
language when people
have limited
communication skills,
social skills, or has
learned that behavior
will result in meeting
his/her needs
75. +
Challenging Behavior Works
People engage in behavior because it “works” for them
Challenging behaviors result in the person “gaining” or
“escaping” something or someone
Challenging behavior is functional
76. +
Basic Three-Term Contingency
A (antecedent) ->B (behavior) ->C (consequence)
The Three-Term Contingency is used to:
Teach new behaviors/skills in any domain
Understand and decrease problem behaviors
Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence (ABC) Relationship
Antecedent = environment and what happens before a target
behavior
Behavior = the observable actions an individual displays
Consequence = responses to the target behavior that
determine whether or not the behavior will occur in the future
(reinforcement) or not (punishment)
77. +
How Do We Learn?
Antecedent
(Stimulus)
Consequence Behavior
(Reinforcement) (Response)
78. + How Do We Learn?
I want “it”!!
Antecedent/S
timulus
“It’s
available!”
It worked!! Behavior/Resp
Consequence/ onse
Reinforcement
I cry or take
I get it it
79. + How Do We Learn?
I don’t know how to
do it.
Antecedent/S
timulus
Clean the
kitchen
Consequence/
It worked!! Reinforcement Behavior/Resp
onse
You help me
I cry, hit
or don’t
myself or
make me do hide
it
80. + How Do We Learn?
Antecedent/S
timulus
I don’t want
to work”
It worked!! Behavior/Resp
Consequence/
onse
Reinforcement
I cry , run
“I stay in my
away or hit
room” myself
81. +
Information for an FBA
Antecedents
Behavior
Consequences
Data
82. Behavior Problem
Underlying Purpose
(Function)
(usually Escape from… or
Gain access to…)
Skill deficits, neurological differences,
and learning history combine to lead to
problem behavior.
83. +
GAIN: ESCAPE/AVOID:
Activity, Toy or Item Unwanted Attention
Parent’s Attention Non-Preferred
or Activities, Items or
Family Member’s Objects, Difficult
attention Tasks
AUTOMATIC:
While multiple factors contribute to the
development of these behaviors,
understanding their purpose or function is
the key to addressing the problem.
84. +
Functions of Challenging Behavior
Gain Escape
Things (money, food, Things (unwanted
toys, etc.) tasks, something
scary, etc.)
Attention (smiles,
conversations, Attention
(reprimands,
reprimands, etc.) conversation, hugs,
etc.)
Function = Purpose
86. +
Process for Behavior Support
Step 1: Gathering information (Functional Behavior Assessment)
Step 2: Develop a hypothesis (best guess)
Step 3: Design a Behavior Intervention Plan
Step 4: Implement, monitor, evaluate outcomes
Step 5: Revise plan, generalize plan into other environments
87. +
What is a Functional Behavior
Assessment (FBA)?
“Identify the function(s) of an individual student’s behavior and
provide information leading to effective interventions and
needed supports” (State Special Education Manual)
A process for developing an understanding of challenging
behavior and how the behavior is governed by environmental
events.
Results in the identification of the “purpose” or “function” of the
challenging behavior.
88. +
Step 1: Gathering Information
Review records
Interview those who interact with the child
Observe the child in target routines and settings
Collect data on challenging behavior
Situations/settings that likely result in the behavior occurring
(triggers)
Situations/settings that are linked with appropriate behavior
occurring
What changes to the environment immediately occur as a result of
the behavior occurring
89. +
Define behavior (describe what you see)
Behavior measurement (frequency, intensity, duration, etc.)
Identify predictors (triggers)
Identify immediate environmental changes due to behavior
Identify current communicative functions
Identify how fast the behavior “works”
Identify previous efforts for intervention
Identify possible reinforcers
90. +
Step 2: Develop a Hypothesis
Putting ALL the information together
A hypothesis includes:
Antecedents: Triggers of the challenging behavior
Consequences: Responses that maintain the challenging behavior
(why behavior increases or decreases)
Function: Purpose of the behavior
91. +
Possible antecedents/triggers: Possible
Type of work/direction consequences/responses:
Difficulty of work Adult or peer gives attention
Quality of attention Adult or peer gives help
Communication skills Toys or items are provided
Availability of preferred items Work/direction is removed or
temporarily delayed
NOTE: consequences do
NOT always equate to
punishment
92. +
Example: Ethan
Ethan is playing with Legos. He tries to attach a block to his
stack of 3. He can’t quite get the blocks to connect. He looks up
at the adult and begins fussing. He holds the stack of blocks
up, looks at the blocks, and looks at the adult. The adult helps
him put the blocks together.
93. +
The “ABC’s”
Consequence/Resp
onse
Antecedent/Trigger Behavior
Playing alone, can’t Looks at adult and Adult provides
get blocks to work starts fussing assistance
Function: gain
adult
attention/assistanc
e
94. +
Example: Claire
Claire is playing in her room. Her mom says, “Come on Claire.
Time to go to brush your teeth.” Her mom pulls on her arm to
try to get Claire to stand and go to the bathroom. Claire yells,
screams, and begins throwing her toys. Her father says, “All
right, 5 more minutes. But then we have to brush teeth.”
Claire’s dad walks away, and Claire continues playing with her
toys.
95. +
The “ABC’s”
Consequence/Resp
onse
Antecedent/Trigger Behavior
Playing with toys Yelling, screaming, Dad gives 5 more
and Dad gives throwing toys minutes to play,
direction to “brush Function: escape delays brushing
teeth” direction, gain teeth
access to toys
97. +
Step 3: Develop a Behavior Intervention
Plan
Prevention Strategies
New skills
New responses to
challenging behavior
98. +
EVIDENCE-BASE: Antecedent
Strategies
National Autism Center Standards Report (2009): Antecedent
Package (Established Practice)
“These interventions involve the modification of situational
events that typically precede the occurrence of a target
behavior. These alterations are made to increase the likelihood
of success or reduce the likelihood of problems occurring.
Treatments falling into this category reflect research
representing the fields of applied behavior analysis (ABA),
behavioral psychology, and positive behavior supports.” (NAC,
page 44)
99. +
EVIDENCE-BASE: Consequence
Strategies
National Autism Center Standards Report (2009): Behavioral
Package (Established Practice)
“These interventions are designed to reduce problem behavior
and teach functional alternative behaviors or skills through the
application of basic principles of behavior change. Treatments
falling into this category reflect research representing the fields
of applied behavior analysis, behavioral psychology, and
positive behavior supports. Treatments involving a complex
combination of behavioral procedures that may be listed
elsewhere in this document are also included in the behavioral
package category..” (NAC, page 45)
100. +
Prevention Strategies
Ways to make events and interactions that trigger
challenging behavior easier for the person to
manage
How can the environment be changed to reduce the
likelihood that challenging behavior will occur?
What can be done to make challenging behavior
irrelevant?
What procedures can I select that fit in the natural
routines and structure of the home or family?
How can I build on what works?
What can be done to help the person not respond to
the trigger or change the trigger so it does not cause
challenging behavior?
101. +
Sample Prevention Strategies
Modify instruction, materials, or activities
“Catch them being good”
Remind of rules/expectations prior to behavior occurring
Use visual supports: schedules, timers, first/then, etc.
Provide choices
102. +
New Skills
New skills to teach
throughout the day to
replace the challenging
behavior
Replacement skills must
be efficient and effective
(i.e., work quickly for the
child).
Consider skills that the
person already has
Make sure the response
for appropriate behavior
is consistent
103. +
Does it feed the function?
Identify an acceptable way
that the person can deliver
the same message.
Make sure that the new
response is socially
appropriate and will access
the person’s desired
outcome.
Teach the person a skill that
honors that function of the
behavior (e.g., if the person
wants out of activity, teach
child to gesture “finished”).
104. +
Sample Replacement Behavior
Gain Escape
Request leisure items Request a break
Request more time Say “all done”
Ask for help/attention Request “a minute”
Ask for a turn Say “no” or protest
Raise hand
105. +
Response Strategies
What adults will do when the
challenging behavior occurs
to ensure that the
challenging behavior is not
maintained and the new skill
is learned
Respond in a way that will
make challenging
behavior ineffective.
Make sure responses for
appropriate behavior are
equal to or exceed
responses for challenging
behavior.
106. +
Sample Response Strategies
Gain Escape
Planned ignoring Avoid removing the demand
Restrict access to the Redirect to use replacement
preferred item behavior that allows for
Redirect to use replacement escape
behavior that allows gain Break activity down into
Use “wait time” smaller steps
Avoid using time-out
107. Ethan’s Behavior Intervention
+ Trigger Behavior Maintaining Consequence
• Playing alone: can’t get Looking at adult, fussing • Adults provided assistance
toys to work
Function:
gain attention
Preventions New Skills New Responses
• Adult remains • Request adult help when • Ignore fussing but
within close he is unable to work a toy prompt to request help
proximity during
play (individualized dependent • Provide immediate
on current verbal skills attention for appropriate
• Prior to play review
new skill such as sign, picture card, help request
• Provide toys that gesture, etc.)
he is more likely
successful with
108. Claire’s Behavior Intervention
+ Trigger Behavior Maintaining Consequence
• Playing with toys: Dad Screams, yells, throws toys • Dad gives 5 more minutes
gives direction to brush • Temporarily delays
teeth Function: brushing teeth
gain access to
toys, delay
direction
Preventions New Skills New Responses
• Use visual cues of • Request more time with • Restrict access to toys
timer; provide toys (i.e., one more during challenging
transition warning
minutes) behavior
• Have her clean up • Request to take a toy with • Continue to provide the
prior to giving the
direction to brush her to brush teeth direction to brush teeth
teeth • Prompt to use new
• First/then: first skill(s)
brush teeth, then • Immediately honor
play with toys appropriate use of new
again skill
109. +
Step 4:
Identify outcomes valued by the team
“KIS
it” (Keep It Simple) Create simple, user-friendly
forms to monitor outcomes (e.g., rating scales,
check sheets)
Schedule dates for check-ins
110. +
If Challenging Behavior Returns:
First,
Review plan and make
sure it is being
implemented as
planned.
Review evaluation data
to determine if the
pattern is an extinction
burst (worse before it
gets better).
Examine events to see
if there are new triggers
for behavior.
111. +
If Challenging Behavior Returns
(cont.)
Then,
Restore support plan
and implement with
fidelity
Continue plan through
extinction burst
Add components to plan
to address new triggers
Conduct a new
functional assessment
and develop new
support strategies.
112. +
Step 5: Revise plan, generalize plan
into other environments
Teach student to wait
Reduce supports
Increase expectations
Practice in new settings
Gradually decrease levels of reinforcement
**NOTE: These changes should be made utilizing a planful team
decision making process
113. How to Intervene with
Escape/Avoid Behaviors
+ Teach an alternative acceptable way to
escape/avoid:
•Ask for break or ALL DONE
• This is too difficult
• I need HELP
114. +
How to Intervene with Escape/Avoid
Behaviors
Provide break from nonpreferred following
appropriate request or appropriate behavior.
Proactively decrease or eliminate the
demand and gradually increase demand
once successful (shaping).
Break an activity down into smaller steps.
Teacher should avoid removing demand
(e.g., assignment) immediately following
115. How to Intervene with Attention-
Maintained Behaviors
Teach an alternative
acceptable way to gain
attention: +
•Ask for ADULT attention
• Request to talk
• I need HELP
• I want to play
116. +
References
Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W., L. (2007). Applied
behavior analysis 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Pearson Education, Inc.
Dooley, P., Wilczenski, F. L., & Torem, C. (2001). Using an activity
schedule to smooth school transitions. Journal of Positive Behavior
Interventions, 3(1), 57-61.
Heflin, L.J. & Alaimo, D.F. (2007). Students with autism spectrum
disorders: Effective instructional practices. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Education, Inc.
Hume, K. & Odom, S. (2007). Effects of an individual work system
on the independent functioning of students with autism. Journal of
Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1166-1180.
117. + References
Kanner, 1943
Bellini,S (2006), Building Social Relationships, Autism Asperger Publishing Co.
Peterson and Haralick, 1977;Mundy et al., 1987;Wetherby and Prutting,
1984;Corona et al., 1988
Dawson, Meltzoff, Osterling, Rinaldi, and Brown, 1998
National research council, 2001;Wolery and Garfinkle, 2002
Terpstera et al., 2002
Gray,
Bulgren and Lenz,1996
Winner
Utley and Mortweet, 1997
118. +
References
Lequia, J., Machalicek, W., & Rispoli, M. J. (2012). Effects of
activity schedules on challenging behavior exhibited in children
with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in
Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 480-492.
MacDuff, G., Krantz, P., & McClannahan, L. (1993). Teaching
children with autism to use pictographic activity schedules:
Maintenance and generalization of complex response chains.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 26, 89-97.
Mayer, G. R., Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Wallace. M. (2012). Behavior
analysis for lasting change (2nd Ed.) Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY:
Sloan Publishing.
National Autism Center (2009). National standards report. The
national standards project: Addressing the need for evidence-
based practice guidelines for autism spectrum disorders.
Randolph, MA: National Autism Center.
119. +
References
O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J., Lancioni, G., Edrisinha, C., & Andrews,
A. (2005). An examination of the effects of a classroom activity
schedule on levels of self-injury and engagement for a child with
severe autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,
35, 305-311.
Panerai, S., Ferrante, L., & Zingale, M. (2002). Benefits of the
treatment and education of autistic and communication
handicapped children (TEACCH) program as compared with a
non-specific approach. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,
46(4), 318-327.
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Notas del editor
**Give handoutEstablished Treatments – An extensive review of treatment literature indicated that there was sufficient evidence to determine that these 11 treatments are effective.Antecedent Package: Modifying the events that happen before the target behavior occurs. These modifications are intended to increase the likelihood the student will be successful and / or decrease the occurrence of problem behavior. Treatments that fit into this category include applied behavior analysis (ABA) and positive behavior supports. Some examples include: behavioral momentum, prompting / prompt fading, environmental modification of task demands, inter-trial interval, seating, errorless learning, non-contingent reinforcement, and stimulus variation.Behavioral Package: The goal is to use behavior change principles to reduce problem behavior and to teach a more appropriate replacement behavior. Treatments that fit into this category ABA and positive behavior supports. Some examples include:chaining, differential reinforcement strategies, discrete trial teaching, functional communication training, mand training, reinforcement, shaping, successive approximation, task analysis, and token economy.Comprehensive Behavioral Treatment for Young Children: This treatment reflects programs that include a combination of ABA procedures, which are delivered to children typically 8 years old or younger in a variety of locations (e.g., home, self-contained classroom, inclusive classroom, community). These programs usually involve a low student-to-teacher ratio (e.g., 1:1). You may also hear these programs referred to as ABA programs. Joint Attention Intervention: This involves teaching a child to respond to the nonverbal social bids of others or to initiate joint attention interactions. Examples include pointing to objects, showing items / activities to another person, and following eye gaze.Modeling: These interventions rely on an adult or peer providing a demonstration of the target behavior that should result in an imitation of the target behavior by the individual with ASD. Modeling can include simple and complex behaviors. This intervention is often combined with other strategies such as prompting and reinforcement. Examples include live modeling and video modeling. Naturalistic Teaching Strategies: These interventions involve using primarily child-directed interactions to teach functional skills in the natural environment. These interventions often involve providing a stimulating environment, modeling how to play, encouraging conversation, providing choices and direct / natural reinforcers, and rewarding reasonable attempts. Examples of this type of approach include but are not limited to focused stimulation, incidental teaching, milieu teaching, embedded teaching, and responsive education and prelinguistic milieu teaching. Peer Training Package: These interventions involve teaching children without disabilities strategies for facilitating play and social interactions with children on the autism spectrum. Peers may often include classmates or siblings. Common names for intervention strategies include peer networks, circle of friends, buddy skills package, Integrated Play Groups, peer initiation training, and peer-mediated social interactions. Pivotal Response Treatment: This treatment is also referred to as PRT, Pivotal Response Teaching, and Pivotal Response Training. PRT focuses on targeting “pivotal” behavioral areas – such as motivation to engage in social communication, self-initiation, and self-management, and responsiveness to multiple cues, with the development of these areas having the goal of very widespread and fluently integrated collateral improvements. Key aspects of PRT intervention delivery also focus on parent involvement in the intervention delivery, and on intervention in the natural environment such as homes and schools with the goal of producing naturalized behavioral improvements. This treatment is an expansion of Natural Language Paradigm, which is also included in this category.Schedules: These interventions involve the presentation of a task list that communicates a series of activities or steps required to complete a specific activity. Schedules are often supplemented by other interventions such as reinforcement. Schedules can take several forms including written words, pictures or photographs, or work stations. Self-management: These interventions involve promoting independence by teaching individuals with ASD to regulate their behavior by recording the occurrence/non-occurrence of the target behavior, and securing reinforcement for doing so. Initial skills development may involve other strategies and may include the task of setting one’s own goals. In addition, reinforcement is a component of this intervention with the individual with ASD independently seeking and / or delivering reinforcers. Examples include the use of checklists (using checks, smiley/frowning faces), wrist counters, visual prompts, and tokens. Story-based Intervention Package: Treatments that involve a written description of the situations under which specific behaviors are expected to occur. Stories may be supplemented with additional components (e.g., prompting, reinforcement, discussion, etc.). Social Stories are the most well-known story-based interventions and they seek to answer the “who,” “what,” “when,” “where,” and “why” in order to improve perspective-taking.
University of Chicago –Comer Children’s Hospital
Grace Baranek, Ph.D., and Steve Reznick, Ph.D. All are team members in UNC’sProgram for Early Autism Research, Leadership & Service (PEARLS), 2002
Joseph Piven, MD – Infant Brain Imaging Study a longtitudinal study **Brains studies via MRI and 6, 12 and 24 monthsChildren’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of North Carolina, University of Washington and Washington University in St. LousPiven and his colleagues followed 92 infants to study early brain and behavior development. Many of these infants had older siblings on the autism spectrum and, so, were at elevated risk of developing ASD themselves.
Examples include but are not restricted to: behavior chain interruption (for increasing behaviors); behavioral momentum; choice; contriving motivational operations; cueing and prompting/prompt fading procedures; environmental enrichment; environmental modification of task demands, social comments, adult presence, intertrial interval, seating, familiarity with stimuli; errorless learning; errorless compliance; habit reversal; incorporating echolalia, special interests, thematic activities, or ritualistic/obsessional activities into tasks; maintenance interspersal; noncontingent access; noncontingent reinforcement; priming; stimulus variation; and time delay.
This is how many environments look to our students with autism: OVERWHELMING
Nonverbal Communication Difficulties:- Recognizing the facial expression of others, maintaining eye contact, facial expressions that are congruent with emotion, modulating tone of voice, recognizing the “meaning behind the tone of another’s voice, recognizing nonverbal cues/body language, uses gestures to communicate needs, correctly interpreting emotions of others, demonstrate wide range of facial expressionsSocial Initiation - Joining in activities with peers, asking a question to request info, requesting assistance, demonstrating timing with social initiation, asking question to request info about topic, invite peers to join activities, joins a conversation with two or more people, initiates greetings with others, introduces self to othersSocial Reciprocity- Taking turns, responds to the greeting of others, allows peers to join in activities or assists with tasks, ends conversations properly, maintain give/take of conversations, reads .Social Cognition – (compromises during disagreements, responds promptly in conversations, talks about topics others find interesting, understanding of jokes/humor, considers multiple view points, correctly interprets the intention of others, staying on-topic during conversations, using eye contact or other gestures to direct another’s attention.Perspective Taking and Self-Awareness – expresses sympathy for others, talks about or acknowledges the interests of others, provides compliments to others, engages in socially appropriate behaviors,
Research indicates a correlation between poor social skills and negative peer relationships, peer rejection, depression, aggression, anxiety, poor school performance, and delinquency (e.g., Parker & Asher, 1987). ExamplesSocial Domain -Interactions with peers, empathy, social participationPeer relationshipsSelf-management - Self-control, responsibility, classroom compliance, independence, social conventionAcademic - Following rules, task orientation, academic responsibilityCompliance - Cooperation to explicit and implied rulesAssertion - Assertive social skills, initiation
This is a process..We have to assess before we can teach/support
Very Literal“Keep your heads up”…Must be taught these skills directlyNoticed anything unusual about the dramatic play area in the classroom here? (KIDS ARE NOT REALLY USING THIS AREA AS OTHER YOUNG CHILDREN
Very Literal“Keep your heads up”…Must be taught these skills directlyNoticed anything unusual about the dramatic play area in the classroom here? (KIDS ARE NOT REALLY USING THIS AREA AS OTHER YOUNG CHILDREN
If the problem is an acquisition deficit, or a “can’t do” problem, you can use effective instruction to teach the missing skills. Effective instruction consists of six key elements:1. Review and check the previous day’s work (and reteach, if necessary).2. Present new content or skills (model demonstration).3. Provide guided student practice (and check for student understanding).4. Provide feedback and correction (and reteach if necessary).5. Provide independent student practice.6. Review frequently.
Facilitate = set up opportunity for “it” to happen
Example of Answering the phone – video is on the drop box under videos for vsm
IDEA definition of challenging behavior Repeated pattern that interferes with daily functioning Smith, B., & Fox, L. (2003). Systems of service delivery: A synthesis of evidence relevant to young children at risk of or who have challenging behavior. Tampa,FL: Center for Evidence-Based Practice: Young Children with Challenging Behavior, University of SouthFlorida.
AcademicAdaptive living skillsBehaviorCommunicationSocialVocational
Timmy videoShow video clips and practice taking ABC data and completing the behavior support plan for the child in the video.
Examples include but are not restricted to: behavior chain interruption (for increasing behaviors); behavioral momentum; choice; contriving motivational operations; cueing and prompting/prompt fading procedures; environmental enrichment; environmental modification of task demands, social comments, adult presence, intertrial interval, seating, familiarity with stimuli; errorless learning; errorless compliance; habit reversal; incorporating echolalia, special interests, thematic activities, or ritualistic/obsessional activities into tasks; maintenance interspersal; noncontingent access; noncontingent reinforcement; priming; stimulus variation; and time delay.
Examples include but are not restricted to: behavioral sleep package; behavioral toilet training/dry bed training; chaining; contingency contracting; contingency mapping; delayed contingencies; differential reinforcement strategies; discrete trial teaching; functional communication training; generalization training; mand training; noncontingent escape with instructional fading; progressive relaxation; reinforcement; scheduled awakenings; shaping; stimulus-stimulus pairing with reinforcement; successive approximation; task analysis; and token economy. Examples include but are not restricted to: choice + embedding + functional communication training + reinforcement; task interspersal with differential reinforcement; tokens + reinforcement + choice + contingent exercise + overcorrection; noncontingent reinforcement + differential reinforcement; modeling + contingency management; and schedules + reinforcement + redirection + response prevention. Studies targeting verbal operants also fall into this category
Choices: may need to be provided depending on the situation (i.e., wouldn’t do extinction in Walmart)
***Update referencesDuker, P.C., & Rasing, E. (1989). Effects of redesigning the physical environment and on-task behavior in three autistic-type developmentally disabled individuals. Journal of Autism and Other Developmental Disorders, 19, 449-60.Flannery, K. B., & Horner, R. H. (1994). The relationship between predictability and problem behavior for students with severe disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 4, 157-176.Horn, 2003?????????Kozol, J. (1991). Savage inequalities: Children in America’s schools. New York: Crown.\\Minshew, N., Goldstein, G., Muenz, L., & Payton, J. (1992). Neuropsychological functioning of non-mentally retarded autistic individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 749-761. Steingard, R.J., Zimnitzky, B., DeMaso, D.R., Bauman, M.L. & Bucci, J.P. (1997). Sertraline treatment of transition-associated anxiety and agitation in children with autistic disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 7, 9-15.Schopler, R.J., Brehm, S., Kinsbourne, M., & Reichler, R.J. (1971). The effect of treatment structure on development of autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 415-421Schopler, E., Mesibov, G., and Heasey, K. (1995). Structured teaching in the TEACCH system. In E. Schopler and G.B. Mesibov, Eds., Learning and Cognition in Autism (pp 243-268).
***Update referencesDuker, P.C., & Rasing, E. (1989). Effects of redesigning the physical environment and on-task behavior in three autistic-type developmentally disabled individuals. Journal of Autism and Other Developmental Disorders, 19, 449-60.Flannery, K. B., & Horner, R. H. (1994). The relationship between predictability and problem behavior for students with severe disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 4, 157-176.Horn, 2003?????????Kozol, J. (1991). Savage inequalities: Children in America’s schools. New York: Crown.\\Minshew, N., Goldstein, G., Muenz, L., & Payton, J. (1992). Neuropsychological functioning of non-mentally retarded autistic individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 749-761. Steingard, R.J., Zimnitzky, B., DeMaso, D.R., Bauman, M.L. & Bucci, J.P. (1997). Sertraline treatment of transition-associated anxiety and agitation in children with autistic disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 7, 9-15.Schopler, R.J., Brehm, S., Kinsbourne, M., & Reichler, R.J. (1971). The effect of treatment structure on development of autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 415-421Schopler, E., Mesibov, G., and Heasey, K. (1995). Structured teaching in the TEACCH system. In E. Schopler and G.B. Mesibov, Eds., Learning and Cognition in Autism (pp 243-268).