TITANIC ETHICAL CASE STUDY, IT PROVIDES THE UN-ETHICAL ACTS AND ISSUES THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE WRECK OF TITANIC

2. ABSTRACT

3. THE TITANIC
*The Titanic began its maiden voyage to
New York just before noon on April 10,
1912, from Southampton, England.
*Two days later at 11:40 P.M, Greenland
time, it struck an iceberg that was three to
six times larger than its own mass,
damaging
the hull.
* so that the six forward compartments
were ruptured.
*The flooding of these compartments
Was sufficient to cause the ship to sink
within two hours
and 40 minutes
*With a loss of more than 1,500 lives.

4. 11:35 p.m.
Lookouts spot the iceberg 1/4 mile
ahead.
11:40
The Titanic sideswipes the iceberg,
damaging nearly 300 feet of the
hull.
Midnight
Watertight compartments are filling;
water begins to spill over the tops
of the transverse bulkheads.
1:20 a.m.
The bow pitches; water floods
through anchor-chain holes.
2:00
The bow continues to submerge;
propellers lift out of the water.
2:10
The Titanic tilts 45 degrees or more;
the upper structure steel
disintegrates.
2:12
The stern raises up out of the water;
the bow, filling with water, grows
heavier.
2:18
Weighing 16,000 tons, the bow rips
loose; the stern rises to almost
vertical.
2:20 The stern slips beneath the surface.
2:29
Coasting at about 13 mph, the bow
strikes the ocean floor.
2:56
Falling at about 4 mph, the stern
strikes the ocean floor.

7. WHY DID
TITANIC SANK?

8. THE MANAGING
CREW
TITANICS ENGINEERING
FLAWS

9.  This was Captain E.J. Smith's
retirement trip. All he had to
do was get to New York in record
time.
 Captain E.J. Smith said years
before the Titanic's voyage,
"I cannot imagine any condition
which would cause a ship to
founder. Modern shipbuilding has
gone beyond that.”

10.  Captain Smith ignored seven iceberg
warnings from his crew and other ships. If he
had called for the ship to slow down then
maybe the Titanic disaster would not have
happened.

11. It was Bruce Ismay’s
fault
Bruce Ismay was the managing
director of the White Star Line and
he was aboard the Titanic.
Competition for Atlantic passengers
was fierce and the White Star Line
wanted to show that they could
make a six-day crossing.
To meet this schedule the Titanic
could not afford to slow down. It is
believed that Ismay put pressure on
Captain Smith to maintain the
speed of the ship.

12.  The ship continued at a speed of about
21.5 knots.
 Each ship had three propellers
 Each outboard propeller was driven by a
separate four-cylinder, triple expansion,
reciprocating steam engine.
 The center propeller was driven by a low-
pressure steam turbine using the exhaust
steam from the two reciprocating engines.
 The power plant was rated at 51,000 I.H.P.

13. It was Thomas
Andrews' faultThe belief that the ship was
unsinkable was, in part, due
to the fact that the Titanic
had sixteen watertight
compartments. However, the
compartments did not reach
as high as they should have
done. The White Star Line did
not want them to go all the
way up because this would
have reduced living space in
first class. If Mr Andrews, the
ship's architect, had insisted
on making them the correct
height then maybe the

15.  269.1 meters long, 28.2 meters maximum
wide, and 18 meters tall from the water line
to the boat deck.
 a gross weight of 46,000 tons.
 The steel plate from the hull of the Titanic
was nominally 1.875 cm thick.
 while the bulkhead plate had a thickness of
1.25 cm.

17. On an expedition in 1991 to the
Titanic wreck, scientists discovered a
chunk of metal lying on the ocean
floor that once was a part of the
Titanic's hull
The Frisbee sized piece of steel was
an inch thick with three rivet holes
(each 1.25 inches in diameter)

18.  The causes of brittle fracture
 Low Temperature
 High Impact Loading
 High Sulfur Content

19.  Titanic disaster came following the recovery
of a piece of the hull steel from the Titanic
wreck
 After cleaning the piece of steel, the
scientists noted the condition of the edges
 The edges of the piece of steel appeared
almost shattered, like broken china
 The metal showed no evidence bending or
deformation

21.  Charpy test determines the amount of energy
absorbed by a material during fracture
 A piece of modern high-quality steel was
tested along with the coupon from the hull
steel
 Both coupons were placed in a bath of alcohol
at -1°C to simulate the conditions on the
night of the Titanic disaster

22.  Charpy test is run by holding the coupon against a steel backing and
striking the coupon with a 67 pound pendulum on a 2.5-foot-long arm

23.  Results of the Charpy test for modern steel and Titanic steel [Gannon,
1995]. When a pendulum struck the modern steel, on the left, with a
large force, the sample bent without breaking into pieces; it was ductile.
Under the same impact loading, the Titanic steel, on the right, was
extremely brittle; it broke in two pieces with little deformation.

25.  How rivets may have contributed to disaster

26.  When the iceberg tore through the hull plates
 Huge holes were created that allowed water
to flood the hull of the ship
 The hull plates transferred the inward forces
 The rivets were then either elongated or
snapped in two, which broke the caulking
along the seams and provided another inlet
for water to flood the ship

28. Vessel Particulars
•LOA: 882 ft 9 in
•Breadth: 92 ft 6 in
•Depth: 64 ft 3 in
•Draft: 34 ft 7 in
•Gross Tonnage: 46,328 GT
•Displacement: 52,310 LT
•Passengers & Crew: 3,547
•Design Speed: 21 knots
•Builder: Harland and Wolff,
Belfast, Ireland
•Year Built: 1912
•Flag: United Kingdom
•Registered Owner: White Star
Line
•Vessel Type: Passenger Liner
•Hull Material: Riveted Steel

29.  These type of bulkheads are used nowadays
in all most all types of ships.
 They provide maximum safety in times of
flooding or damage of hull.
 They divide the ship into watertight
compartments which prevents seeping of
water to other parts of the ship incase the
hull is broken.
 The number of compartments that a
particular ship has depends on the type and
requirement of the vessel.

30.  Correct height of the water tight
compartments.
 One of Titanic's greatest innovations was the
placement of fifteen watertight bulkheads
(with electrically operated watertight doors)
that extended from the ship's double bottom
through four or five of her nine decks and
were said to make the ship "unsinkable."

33.  700 survivors among
2235 passengers.
 Most of 2nd and 3rd
class passengers
came to about
sinking of ship when
water entered their
compartments.
 Unethical act
 Crew should have
treat all passengers
equally.

34.  Titanic was receiving warnings
from other ships 60 hours
before collision
• uncommon warnings,
• Ship was cruising
with maximum speed
• Difficult for the crews to
spot icebergs

35. • Pride E.J Smith
• Unethical act
• Decision that strongly influenced , as the crews
were not emphasizing safety for the passengers. .
• According to our perspective , if they would not
treated warnings uncommon and could have
reduced the speed
‘loss of many lives would not occurred’

36. • Ship was cruising
at maximum speed
(22 knots), on a
moonless night.
• Design speed was
21 knots.
• Unethical act ,
causes death of so
many passengers

37.  There was room on deck
for twice as many
lifeboats.
 Carried just over half of
passengers and crew.
 Unethical act
 Decision supported
concept of ‘unsinkable
ship’
 Number of lifeboats were
more , more passengers
could’ve survived.
 Designer shouldn’t
approved this change
that leads to the death
of many passengers.

38.  2,235 passengers in Titanic , includes Mr
Ismay, whose company The White Star Line,
owned the Titanic. Loss of 1,522 lives Cause
There were not enough life boats.
 Mr Ismay aware that capacity of lifeboats was
not enough ,Did not bother him
 Unethical act.
Had explanations –
The Titanic was unsinkable so there was
no risk;
Lifeboats were expensive both in cost and
the deck space they occupied.

39.  He complied with the law.
 Number of lifeboats required by law to carry
was measured on the weight of the ship not
on the number of passengers.

41.  Portion of the hull was damaged by filled with
water quickly and, water filled the other
compartments.
• Design was not watertight, Engineers/designers
made clear assumptions of the amount of water
they predicted would enter the hull.
• As it would reduce the living space in first class
Said by ‘WHITE STAR LION’.
• Unethical act
• If there were no watertight compartments ,
Titanic could have been afloat for 2 to 3 days.

42.  The ice patrol could have informed the
captain of the ice fields and surrounding
icebergs and instructed him to stop the ship
until morning.
 Most of the life boards had the capacity of 65
people,held only 27 people.
 Unethical act.
 By carring equal no of people in each
boat,could ‘ve saved the life of many
passengers.
The crew stands blameworthy.

43.  About three million rivets were
used to hold the sections of the
Titanic together. Some rivets have
been recovered from the wreck and
analysed. The findings show that they were
made of sub- standard iron.
 When the ship hit the iceberg, the force of the
impact caused the heads of the rivets to break
and the sections of the Titanic to come apart. If
good quality iron rivets had been used the
sections may have stayed together and the ship
may not have sunk.

44.  Bruce Ismay was the managing
director of the White Star Line
and he was aboard the Titanic.
Competition for Atlantic passengers
was fierce and the White Star Line wanted to
show that they could make a six-day
crossing
 To meet this schedule the Titanic could not
afford to slow down. It is believed that Ismay
put pressure on Captain Smith to maintain
the speed of the ship.

45.  The belief that the ship was
unsinkable was, in part, due
to the fact that the Titanic
had sixteen watertight compartments. However,
the compartments did not reach as high as they
should have.
 The White Star Line did not want them to go all
the way up because this would have reduced
living space in first class. If Mr Andrews had
insisted on making them the correct height then
maybe the Titanic would not have sunk.

46.  What changes does the titanic design
required?
 How life of more peoples could have saved?
 What changes could’ve occurred when
“Women and Children first” policy would not
have applied?
 What decision Captain Smith could have made
, when ship was recieving uncommon
warnings?
 Why ship was moving with 22 knots speed
when design speed was 21 knots?

47.  The Titanic tragedy was a warning to all other
ships
 From that point on ALL ships had enough
lifeboats for every single person on the ship
and sometimes more
 There has been some other big ship crashes
after that but usually not as many people died
and the ship did not make the same mistakes
as the Titanic did

48.  There was certainly no such thing as an
“unsinkable ship”
 The Titanic will most likely continue to lure
people for generations to come, since every
generation is able to take something different
from its historic tragedy.